Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Tschechisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Národní Památkový Ústav
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Archeologické prameny k dějinám Prahy
6 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027369910&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027369910&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Umfang: | 475 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788087220122 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 264 | 1 | |a Praha |b Národní Památkový Ústav |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 475 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Archeologické prameny k dějinám Prahy |v 6 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819315026981289984 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
I. ČÁST
-
Nebovidy
Úvod
.....................................................................................11
Výpověď písemných pramenů
...............................................................15
Přírodní prostředí a zdroje nerostných surovin, Jan Zavřel
-
Jan Havrda
............................25
Nejstarší osídlení
...........................................................................39
Raně středověké opevnění podhradí
..........................................................51
Románská architektura
.....................................................................65
Gotické kláštery
...........................................................................75
Hřbitovní areály
...........................................................................87
Komunikace
..............................................................................109
Řemeslná výroba
..........................................................................121
Osada Nebovidy
..........................................................................139
Diskuse a závěr
...........................................................................151
Exkurs. Archeologické kulturní dědictví
........................................................161
II.
ČÁST
-
studil
Kostel sv. Vavřince. Přehled dosavadních průzkumů stavby, Jiří Varhaník
..........................171
Středověké nástěnné malby v kostele sv. Vavřince pod Petřínem na Malé Straně v Praze,
Zuzana Všetečková
.......................................................................187
Pohřebiště
u
kostela sv. Vavřince. Základní
antropologické
zpracování, Pavel Kubálek
................201
Flóra a vegetace Nebovid, Petr Kočár
-
Romana Kočárová
.........................................219
Stopy neželezné metalurgie, Jan Zavřel
........................................................223
lií.
CAST
—
к.л
talog
archeologických výzkumu
A Hellichova ulice ppč.
1054,
výstavba odvodftovacího potrubí, výzkum
1969.....................251
В
Hellichova ulice ppč.
1054,
rekonstrukce středotlakého plynovodu, výzkum
1977................253
С
Karmelitská ulice a Nebovidská ulice, výkopy pro inženýrské sítě, výzkum
1979 ................257
D
Hellichova ulice čp.
459,
kanalizační šachta, výzkum
1979....................................259
E
ulice Újezd čp.
450,
teplovod na nádvoří Tyršova domu, výzkum
1983-85.......................261
F
Hellichova ulice čp.
553,
rekonstrukce bývalého kostela sv. Vavřince,
výzkumy
1967-68,1984,1985.............................................................266
G
Nosticova ulice čp.
634,
rekonstrukce objektu, výzkum
1984..................................279
H
ulice Újezd před čp.
450,
přeměna el. napětí, výzkum
1985....................................281
I Újezd čp.
450,
rekonstrukce tělocvičny Tyršova domu, výzkum
1987 ...........................282
J
Karmelitská ulice čp.
528
a Újezd čp.
389,
výkopy pro inženýrské sítě, výzkum
1987..............288
К
Nosticova ulice, výkop pro inženýrské sítě, výzkum
1992.....................................290
L
Nosticova ulice čp.
463,
rekonstrukce domu, výzkum.
1996...................................292
M
Hellichova ulice čp.
632,
novostavba domu, výzkum
1999 ....................................295
N Maltézske
náměstí čp.
471,
rekonstrukce Nostického paláce, výzkum
1998......................303
O Pelclova ulice čp.
460,
rekonstrukce domu, výzkum
2000.....................................308
P
Karmelitská ulice čp.
528,
výstavba teplovodu, výzkum
1999-2001.............................310
Q
Karmelitská ulice čp.
529,
rekonstrukce domu, výzkumy
1985
a
2000...........................325
R
ulice Újezd
,
rekonstrukce tramvajové tratě a inženýrských sítí, výzkum
2001...................328
S
Karmelitská ulice a ulice Újezd, rekonstrukce tramvajové tratě a inženýrských sítí,
výzkum
2002 ..........................................................................333
T
Karmelitská ulice čp.
388,
rekonstrukce objektu, výzkum
2002................................339
U
ulice Újezd
u čp.
450,
zjišťovací sonda na nádvoří Tyršova domu, výzkum
2002..................343
V Karmelitská ulice čp.
378,
rekonstrukce domu na hotel
Mandarin,
výzkum
2003-2005............345
W
Nebovidská čp.
459,
rekonstrukce objektu na hotel
Mandarin,
výzkum
2003-2004 ...............365
X
Hellichova ulice, rekonstrukce dešťové kanalizace, výzkum
2008..............................394
Y
Hellichova ulice, výkop pro hydroizolaci domu čp.
300,
výzkum
2008..........................401
Z Všehrdova ulice před čp.
430
a Karmelitská ulice před čp.
528,
kanalizační šachty,
výzkum
2009 ..........................................................................403
Ž
Hellichova ulice čp.
464,
rekonstrukce domu, výzkum
2011...................................405
i i ,
<
ρ
I
Prameny a nepublikované práce
...............................................................417
Literatura
...................................................................................421
SUMMARY
part I
-
NEBOVÍDY
Nebovidy.
Mediaeval
settlement
around Prague Castle
............................................433
part II-PAPERS
The church of St. Lawrence,
Jiří Varhaník ........................................................
438
Mediaeval wall paintings in the church of St. Lawrence,
Zuzana Všetečková...........................
439
Burial Ground at the church of St. Lawrence. Preliminary results of antropological research,
Pavel
Kubálek
..............................................................................441
Traces of recovered metalurgical objects,
Jan Zavřel
...............................................441
The flora and vegetation of Nebovidy,
Petr Kočár
-
Romana Kočárová
.................................441
UST
Ob
ľ
-
1 i
part I
....................................................................................443
part II
...................................................................................453
part III
...................................................................................456
->·
I-ART I
4EBOVÎDY
VÎEDTAEVAl
SETTLEMENT
Λ
ROUX
О
PRAGUE CASTLE
In
1235
King Wenceslaus I granted the settlement („vicus ) of Nebovidy to his
burgrave
Mstidruh,
with the the exception of the house owned by a canon named
Přibyslav.
This account is the first written
source to mention the settlement of Nebovidy. Its location is known: it lay south of the fortified centre of
Malá Strana,
between
Petřín
Hill to the west and the river to the east. To the north lay land owned by the
Order of St. John, which contained a commandry and the Church of St. Mary beneath the Chain. Only the
southern boundary of the settlement is uncertain. In the ensuing centuries the original settlement slowly
began to merge with the bailey of Prague Castle. It was incorporated into the expanding city shortly after
1348,
when the city walls were erected. A note from
1522
already mentions
Nebovidská
Street, and the name
of Nebovidy eventually fell out of use altogether in Prague.
The basis of publication is a catalogue of all archeological research projects from the territory of
Nebovidy, which summarizes the most important results thus far. An area of
335 * 308
m
was evaluated
for the purposes of this book. Individual research points
-
a total of
26
archaeological projects undertaken
from
1969
to
2012 -
have been assigned the letters A to Z. Their description, along with a basic evaluation,
forms the third and most extensive section of the book. Research of just about every kind was conducted
in the area, which covers around
10
hectares. These ranged from targeted research (Church of St.
Lawrence) to rescue excavations, from individual test pits to full area excavations, and from projects
that took only a couple of hours to those that involved months of fieldwork. Most projects involved
the excavation of ditches, which we collectively refer to as utilities. These tend to yield few finds, which
causes difficulty in dating the uncovered contexts. Only three of the projects undertaken in this can be
considered full area excavations. All research
-
with the exception of that on the earliest settlements
-
was
conducted by employees of the Prague office of the National Heritage Institute, most of them with the
author s participation.
The second part of the book is comprised of five contributions from specialists in various fields.
The historic architectural development of the Church of St. Lawrence, which earlier generations of scholars
believed it to be Gothic, is analysed. Its unique mediaeval frescoes are also analysed from an art-historical
perspective. The subsequent chapter contains an anthropological description of the skeletal remains from
a nearby cemetery. The work of the archaeobotanists helped to outline the vegetation of Nebovidy and the
species of plants in use. The final specialist chapter deals with the geochemical analysis of several metal
fragments, which indicate the existence of specialised workshops for bronze casting and silver working
within the settlement in the 12th century.
Mediaeval settlement around Prague Castle
433
In the first part of the book the authors attempt
-
partially using written sources, but mostly using
the results of archaeological research
-
to reconstruct the emergence, extent, character and development
of the settlement from the
10*
century to the Hussite wars, I.E. around
1420.
Based findings from
archaeological research to date, the development of the settlement in the place known in the middle ages
as Nebovidy can be summarised thus: Before the
10*
century there was no permanent or continuous
settlement in the area. Several pottery fragment finds dated to the end of the 9lh or the beginning of the
IO 1
century are generally an admixture in younger contexts. Other than that we have only one feature in
Nostitz Palace, house no.
471
(research N). It is only during the
IO 1
and especially the 11th century that the
situation begins gradually to change, albeit not universally across the entire territory. Whereas the centre
around the Church of St. Lawrence and the south have yielded only a few smaller cuts of uncertain use,
the situation in the northern area towards the town centre and
Maltézske
Square is quite different. Apart
from hard-to-identify cut features we also have evidence of settlement layers dated using Prague type of the
chalice like rims pottery to the 2nd quarter of the
ΙΟ 1
century to the first half of the 11th.
The most important factor influencing land use on the site was the construction of a line of sturdy
fortifications. This served to fortify the newly expanded Prague Castle bailey, whose northern edge merged
with the early mediaeval urban agglomeration beneath Prague Castle. The fortifications consisted of a moat
roughly
15
metres wide and an approximately
12
metres wide wood and earth rampart with a stone face.
It is somewhat unclear when this fortified line was constructed, probably towards the end of the
IO 1
century
or at the beginning of the 11th. The picture of the settlement pattern, as ascertained from archaeological
research, begins to change radically in the second half of the ll 1 and especially in the 12th century. It was
at this time that the fortifications were removed
-
having existed for only a relatively short period
-
and
the moat was filled in. It was only after the disappearance of the fortifications, which had up to this point
divided the territory into separate halves that conditions began to favour the settlement s expansion. It was
in this time that the main road connecting the bailey to areas south of
Malá Strana
valley was established in
the area of modern-day
Újezd
and Hellichova Streets. Its paving stones were found on the site of the moat,
which had by then been filled in.
One of the most important discoveries was that of several hitherto unknown Romanesque
stone buildings, which stood upon the site of the later Magdalenite convent of the Church of St. Mary
Magdalene. The extent of the excavations was not, however, sufficient for us to reconstruct the layout of
the entire early mediaeval structure. A thick wall was discovered in one location, which is believed to
form part of the structure of a tower. What is certain, however, is that it was built on the site of an existing
burial ground, which we can only broadly date to a period spanning from the 10th(?) to the 12th century.
We therefore conclude it to be a religious building. The entire excavation is confined to a very small area
and unfortunately yielded no finds, which precludes the more accurate dating of the time of its construction
or the when burials began take place there. The site was unfortunately almost entirely disturbed by the
digging of graves in the 14th century, by which time the Gothic convent church could already be found here.
A second partially uncovered necropolis is the graveyard around the Nebovidy parish church of
St. Lawrence. This was builded on slightly elevated ground near the edge of the settlement. The current
Romanesque phase of the church is dated to the 12th century or a slightly earlier period. Some archaeological
finds suggest that it may not have been the oldest religious structure in this locality. A small and hard to
date fragment of foundation wall was uncovered in the nave of the church, possibly older than
-
or at the
very least contemporaneous to
-
the surrounding stone structures uncovered in the same area. Neither
the form of this possible earliest phase of the church or the time of its construction is known. The origins of
burial activity in the Church of St. Lawrence are also unclear. Based on the few graves that were uncovered
we can speculate that it was probably during the 11th century. We can not therefore rule out the possibility
that the graveyard already served the inhabitants of the early mediaeval fortified suburbium. The location
of the necropolis on a hill slope is essentially analogous to that of a burial ground dating from the end
of the
IO 1
to the early 13th century in the garden of nearby
Vratislav
Palace, which is considered to be the
434
chief burial ground for the population of the central part of the
Malá Strana
bailey. The burial ground by
the Church of St. Lawrence gradually expanded, with graves found south of the church beneath modern-
day Hellichova Street as well as to the north in the courtyard of the Ministry of Education building
(house No.
528).
Almost all archaeological research conducted in the central part of the territory confirm that the
area was settled by the second half of the 12th century or the beginning of the 13th (the aforementioned
older settlement continuous with the settlement of the central bailey is mostly attested in the area around
Nebovidská
Street). The archaeological records contain fragments of the leading pottery style of the period
-
so called classic bulged rim pottery. It would therefore appear that
-
with a few exceptions
-
the territory
in question was permanently and densely populated by this period. The exceptions are points where the
western slopes of
Petřín
hill become too steep. The absence of older settlement activity is evident from the
results of research on the plot of house No.
632,
where a burial ground dating to the second half of the
13*
century was uncovered (research G) or in the eastern part of the foundation cut of house No.
300
in
Hellichova Street (research Y). This is evidently evidence of the furthest extent of permanent settlement.
On the eastern side, the low lying ground along the River Vltava
-
the area between modern-day Nosticova
Street and the River
-
was only thinly populated. The investigation of the early mediaeval settlement is
hampered by thick flood sediments deposited throughout the high-mediaeval and early post-mediaeval
periods (research
Ž).
Therefore, based on current findings, we presume the settlement of Nebovidy to have emerged
only in the 12th century, a time when see a change in land use patterns (disappearance of the early
mediaeval fortifications, intensive settlement activity). We characterise Nebovidy as a primarily non-
agrarian settlement, based on archeological finds. The use of the Latin term („vicus ) does not contradict
this interpretation.
The following outline of production activities attested for mediaeval Nebovidy was compiled using
information from archaeological research conducted here. The most intensive non-agricultural activities
discovered include iron working, attested by tens of pyrotechnological features as well as finds of waste
products and iron ore. Iron production in the Prague bailey clearly played a major part in the economy of
the
Přemyslid
state. Further, we have evidence of the working of non-ferrous metals (copper, tin, lead) and
even silver. Other archaeologically visible non-agricultural activities attested include weaving, working of
bone (specifically cattle horns), stone working (siltstone mortars) or lime production and probably pottery.
Some of the inhabitants may have devoted themselves to raw material extraction. Because none of the
research in southern
Malá Strana
was conducted in conditions favourable to the preservation of organic
materials, we are unfortunately not able to prove the presence of a large number of mediaeval production
activities.
Towards end of the 12th or the beginning of the 13th century a Romanesque courtyard was constructed
at the foot of
Petřín
Hill,
45
metres north of the Church of St. Lawrence. It s central structure (structures?)
has been preserved in the material of modern day house No.
529.
No remains which would give evidence
as to the nature of the land use in the vicinity of the stone block structure were preserved due to later
landscaping of the sloped terrain.
It was probably due to high-mediaeval urbanisation and need for land within the city that lead to the
substantial reduction of the graveyard by the Church of St. Lawrence. Evidence of the subsequent use of the
former graveyard comes in the form of a lime kiln, which disturbed the mediaeval graves. By the second
half of the 13th century even iron working facilities begin to be pushed to edge of the settlement. It was at
this time that a concentrated iron working site developed at the foot of
Petřín
Hill, around
300
to
400
metres
distant from the
Malá Strana
urban center.
Given a lack of older written sources, records of
16*
century legal disputes over restitution of property
confiscated during the Hussite wars are the only way we can attempt to reconstruct earlier ownership
patterns. An exception is the property of the Dominican nuns from St. Anne s, whose convent disappeared
without a trace. These records show that around the mid 14th century the territory of
Újezd
(the territory
between the
Přemyslid
and Royal walls, including Nebovidy) was almost completely divided between five
V··,1
· , · . -. ■ *. : :
;
; 435
religious institutions. Land originally held by feudal lords was transferred to the church in a number of
ways either directly as a gift (the settlement of
Trávník)
or through aristocratic landholders, which was
very probably the case with Nebovidy. In any case, the patronage of the Church of St. Lawrence was held by
the abbess of the Convent of St. George (report from
1357).
In the early 14th century, a reeve administering
the property is mentioned in the Old Town chronicle in
1417
and
1419:
...Witko
judex in Vgezd... in
bonis
abbatissae
monasteri! S.
Georgii...
How and why the ownership of Nebovidy was transferred to St. Georges
Convent is unclear, however. The situation of northern Nebovidy was somewhat different. Bishop John IV
of
Dražice
transferred the Magdalenite Convent here from the Old town in
1315.
It is highly probable that
he transferred ownership of the Order to the bishopric or (more likely) the Prague Metropolitan Chapter.
Further evidence is contained in several later mentions in later sources, through which we can deduce the
property relations of the Magdalenites to the convent buildings.
At the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries the situation changes once again, and evidence for iron
working and iron production disappears. Based on our current knowledge of the territory in the 14th
century it would not appear the construction of the Royal fortifications
-
initiated after
1348 -
had any
major impacted on land use, despite the fact that the settlement became an organic part of greater
Malá
Strana
in the second half of the 14th century, and was protected by the city walls. In any case, the 14th century
was a time of great change. The Church of St. Lawrence was greatly expanded and its interior once again
decorated with paintings. It was at this time that the perimeter wall of the graveyard was probably built.
Churches and two convents were erected, first that of the Dominicans, who took over the yard previously
held by the Premonstratensian nuns of
Chotětov,
and later the Magdalenites.
While the Dominican Convent of St. Anne disappeared during the Hussite wars and was not
restored
-
meaning we can only make a rough guess as to its location
-
research has brought to light
new information about the nature of the Magdalenite Convent and especially their Church of St. Mary
Magdalene. It transpired that the floor plan of the elongated presbytery of the church with metre-high
walls above ground was preserved beneath the floor of house no.
387
in
Karmelitská
Street. The nave was
destroyed at some point during the Hussite wars, but its foundations are preserved beneath the road in front
of the house. Architecturally historical research accompanied the archaeological research. This resulted in
an attempted material reconstruction of the Church. Part of the 14th century graveyard within the church
was also uncovered, which was probably used as a burial ground for the nuns. Other structures uncovered
on the grounds include the foundations of the Convent building and several types of wood and earth house,
which could have been a part of the convent s economic life. South of the convent several basements of wood
and earth houses
-
including their entryways
-
were uncovered, as well as three wooden or wood and earth
houses built on stone foundations. North of the southern section of Hellichova Street we have a suggestion
of the regular arrangement of houses along the road, a path of some local importance leading from the
Church of St. Lawrence to the river.
There is little information about non-religious Gothic-period stone structures. With the exception of
sporadic written sources we must rely primarily on the research of architectural historians from the
1960s.
This research shows how sparsely we are Gothic elements preserved in the material of buildings between
Harantova
Street to the north and
Všehrdova
Street to the south. Also, the dating of uncovered masonry is
not without difficulties. It is probable that they belong to the 15th century, some even the 16th. That would be
consistent with the first mention of individual structures in the written sources.
The Results of archaeological research has not yet made a major contribution to this debate. What
is certain is that the documentation of archaeological research of 14th century contexts shows a decline of
pyrotechnological features associated with iron production. The production facility uncovered on the plot
of house No.
632
at the foot of
Petřín
Hill south of the Church of St. Lawrence ceased its activity sometime
in the early 14th century. We cannot say with certainty what the reasons for this change were. Whether it
was the depletion of nearby deposits or pressure for alternative land use. Several uncovered wall sections
and pits for lime burning are thus far insufficient for any satisfactory conclusions, we must wait until the
full area excavations have been processed. It would so far appear that there was too little time between the
incorporation
oí
the territory into the fortified area in
1348
and the Hussite wars, and that the territory was
436
too vast, to allow it to influence land use. The urbanisation process was slow, which is confirmed by the
fact that
Újezd
is not
-
with a few exceptions
-
referred to as a suburbium, even after being incorporated in
1362.
That goes for even the part of
Újezd
which remained within the city walls. This process was further
cut off by the outbreak of the Hussite wars, from which southern
Malá Strana
recovered only very slowly.
The results of architecturally historic research and analysis of source materials suggests that permanent
stone buildings did not appear until at least the 15th, probably the 16th century.
It was probably around the end of the high middle ages (end of the 14th century), after the
intensification of building activity in southern
Malá Strana,
that the term Nebovidy began to be used
as a place name for a part of
Újezd.
Roughly a hundred years later it appears as the name of the street
containing a parish church at one end, today s Hellichova Street. It must be pointed out that street names
became widespread in Prague during the 15th century.
The picture of the development of Nebovidy presented here is somewhat simplified (some might say
too much so). The past was clearly more complicated. The complex, albeit natural, process of conversion
of a self-sustaining, primarily non-agricultural territory in the Prague bailey to integral part of the urban
organism will no doubt be further clarified by future research.
I
>
A EVA!. SETTLEMENT AROUND PRAGUE CASTLE
437
PART II
-
PAPERS
The Church of St.
Lawrence -
overview of actual
buîldfng
research
Jiří Varhaník
This text summarises the evolution of our knowledge of minor but significant architectural features of
the church of St. Lawrence, and that in the form of a summary of all architecturally historical investigations
conducted since the
1930s.
This includes both published works and previously unpublished texts from the
former State Archive for Urban Renovation
(SÚRPMO).
An investigation was conducted after the discovery
of the earliest
-
Romanesque
-
phase of the structural organism. This was initially limited by the fact that
the interior was in use and could be cleared out only in sections. It was only the renovations of the
1980s
that
brought about the opportunity for a thorough evaluation. At this period many of the modifications made
after the church s deconsecration were removed. The text is accompanied by photographic documentation,
mostly made during these renovations. A number of notable features were discovered during this time,
many of which however had to be later adapted to allow the building to serve as a concert hall.
The structure of the Romanesque church deviates from contemporary building practices in Bohemia.
The structure consists of a rectangular nave and a right-angled presbytery, with a transverse rectangular
feature inserted between the two. The thicker masonry on its northern and southern walls allows us to
consider the possibility of a tower. Of the Romanesque architectural elements, all that is preserved in the
interior are sections of cornices beneath the tower and the frame of a one-piece hexagonal window in the
presbytery s northern wall. In the southwestern part of the nave a cornice has evidently been hacked off,
along with a row of arches supporting the matroneum in the nave s southern wall. A fragment of paneling
from the original southern doorway into the nave was uncovered. The doorway led
-
somewhat atypically
-
right beneath the matroneum, which is a fairly rare occurrence. The matroneum was accessed by a stone
staircase, beneath which we can make out a section of the arch in the northern arcade which provided
support. None of these features is chronologically specific enough to allow us to more precisely date the
church s origin. The literature typically places it in the
2ηά
half of the 12th century, but the early 13th century
can not be ruled out. The unconventional form of the church was further emphasised some time in the mid
13th century when a pointed barrel vault was added over the nave.
The extensive rebuilding during the Gothic period saw a southern aisle added, along with a rib vault
over the presbytery, which fitted in seamlessly with the vault of the southern nave. The building than
underwent a Baroque era renovation in the early 18th century, with a new presbytery added on the western
side, leading to a complete
reorientation
of the church. All these modifications saw the destruction of
Romanesque masonry, often in massive quantities. During the Gothic period, three arcades were knocked
through in the southern wall of the nave and the area beneath the tower. In the Baroque period a sizable
victory arch was built into the western wall of the nave. As a result of the Josephine reforms, the church was
abolished. The interior was rebuilt to serve as a residential building.
During the renovation of the
1980s,
most of the new walls inside the church were removed, opening
up the space again. The face of the Romanesque masonry was also restored with siltstone blocks. The church
is now being used as a concert hall by the
Pražské Jaro
festival.
438
¡
Мл-:а Ѕтал: ->_
.>
Fk
ич
ϊ
Zuzana Všetečková
In the church of St. Lawrence at the foot of
Petřín
hill in Prague Romanesque and Gothic murals
were uncovered between the years
1958-1960,1985-1987
and
1990-1991.
Romanesque wall paintings are
found on the north wall of the Romanesque church, along with the figure of the donor on the victory arch.
Three Christological scenes unfold in two bands along the north wall. In the upper band is the scene of
the Deposition of the Cross and in the lower the Adoration of the Magi and the Shepherds receiving the
good tidings. In the centre of the composition is the cross bearing the body of Christ. Earlier paintings
found beneath shown that the original depiction was of the Crucifixion. Behind the cross a halo is visible.
Christ s hands are nailed to the horizontal beam of the cross and the chalice lies beneath his feet. In the
definitive composition the Deposition of the cross Josef of Arimathea and Nicodemus were depicted, who
lowered Christ s body from the cross. To the right, a servant removes a nail from Christ s hand with pliers
and behind him stands St. John the Evangelist. The donor, dressed in a short coat and kneeling in prayer, is
depicted on the right. A composition analogical to this one was found in the illumination of the Deposition
in the Codex Aureus in
Gniezno.
Both compositions were inspired of the text of the Gospel of Nicodemus.
Further, I propose that the chalice beneath Christ s feet may be based the writings of Rathramnus of Corbie
(+870),
who wrote about the true presence of Christ in the Eucharist, as opposed to Paschasius Radbertus
and later Guitmund, who interpreted the Eucharist sacraments as more substantial. The discussion about
this theological matter came to a climax at the Fourth
Lateran
Council in
1215,
when Pope Innocent III
declared transubstantiation to be dogma. The best preserved figure in the Annuciation of the Shepherds
is the angel whose face and garments are analogous with the paintings of Heavenly Jerusalem in the choir
of the church and with the paintings in northern nave of St. George s basilica in Prague and also in the
church of
Prüfening
near
Regensburg
from the late 12th century. The figure of donor on the victory arch in
the Church of St. Lawrence is dressed in a red robe, girded by a belt with a metal buckle and faces the nave
of the church and the wall paintings on the north wall. Particularly captivating is the gesture of a ring held
with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand. The metal buckle symbolised fidelity, love and faith in the
protection of God the Father and Christ. I propose that the object held by the donor is a ring on the basis
of pen
-
and
-
ink drawings from codex of the
Augustinian
monastery at Diessen. Depicted there is the
enthroned Virgin and Child with the kneeling Duke Henry of
Wolfrathausen,
who holds a ring between
the thumb and palm of his right hand and offers it to the Virgin. The gift of the Prague donor might have
been connected with his return from the crusades or a pilgrimage to the Holy Land or Rome. The small
church of St. Lawrence in Nebovidy
(Malá Strana)
could have belonged to one of the courtiers in the village
of Nebovidy who donated the wall paintings in the spirit of
a
memoriam .
According to our sources, in
the year
1235
Mstidrug, who was active at the Prague Castle, received a house in the village of Nebovidy
which had previously belonged to Przibyslav. The donor of the wall paintings could have been Przibyslav or
Mstidrug. I dated the paintings to the beginning of the 13th century.
The Romanesque paintings were later repainted, perhaps at the beginning of the 14th century. Here,
we can see rest of the Passion cycle. From the Resurrection only half of the body and the face of Christ are
preserved. From Doubting Thomas only the head and face of Christ and the apostle, who places two fingers
in Christ s wounds.
During the first period of the restoration works in
1960,
figures of St. Dorothy and St Andrew and
the Martyrdom of St. Erasmus were discovered on the east wall of the church choir. Both saints belonged
stylistically to the beautiful style used around
1400,
St. Dorothy is depicted in the typical
S
-
shape,
her face is young and a dress is draped around her with soft folds. St. Andrew is depicted as an old man
with an old face, living ears and a long beard and holding a large St. Andrew s Cross in both hands.
Stylistically, both saints are bear resemblance to the saints of the panel paintings of the Master of the
Třeboň
(Wittigonen) Altar. Sources report that
Magister
Petrus Apothecarius
commissioned by the Altar of
PAKT
II
-
pavers
439
St. Dorothy in the church in
1399.
On the southern wall of the presbytery, near St. Andrew, the donor is
depicted kneeling with a coat-of-arms, which is divided by six black-and-white stripes. The man in his dress
looks like a scholar-like analogy to Peter of Mladejovic in the manuscript of the Bible of
Martinice
(Czech
Academy of Sciences).
The Martyrdom of St. Erasmus to the left of St. Dorothy shows the naked lying body of the saint with
a bishop s mitre on his head. Four male figures surround him, two of them winding St. Erasmus s intestines
on a windlass. One man assists them, while the other sits on a bench. In the centre of the composition above
is depicted a half-figure of Christ, who is prepared to take the soul of St. Erasmus to Heaven. Another
possibility is that the picture depicts Christ as a Man of Sorrows, probably in the sense as for example
the martyrdom of St. Erasmus as „imitatio
Christi also
in the
eucharistie
sense typical for paintings
on the east wall of the church.
In the lower band, St. Jerome is depicted sitting on a bench before a Gothic church. He faces a lion
offering him its paw. In Bohemia compositions of St. Jeremy caring for the lion were very common, probably
in connection with the foundation of the Slavic monastery
„Na Slovanech
in Prague, dedicated to the
Virgin Mary, St. Jerome, St. Adalbert, St. Procopius, St. Cyril and St. Methodius by Charles IV in the year
1346.
Similar pictures of St. Jerome are found in many illuminated manuscripts and on wall paintings,
for example in the Library of the
Augustinian
monastery in
Roudnice,
in the church of the Dominican
nunnery of St. Anne in Prague and in the Church of our Lady before
Týn
on the Old Town Square in Prague.
Very interesting is the fact that St. Jeremy is accompanied by Latin text in the church of St. Lawrence, which
-
according
Veronika Horová
-
is the donor s personal supplication or prayer to St. Jeremy.
On the upper portion of the north wall of the church choir is a depiction of Christ on Mount Olivet
kneeling before the hill, with a chalice, an angel and a half figure of God the Father. The interpretation
emphasises the suffering of Christ on Mount Olivet, his prayers to God the Father and his humility before
death. Compositions of Christ on Mount Olivet were a common devotional theme at the beginning of the
15th century, as for example the sculpture of Mount Olivet it St Mauricius s Church in
Olomouc
from the
beginning of the 15th century or in Marlborg, from the end of 14th century. This features only a kneeling
Christ, which, as many others works, was inspired by a panel painting with Christ on the Mount of Olivet
of the
Třeboň
Altar from
1370-1380.
The painting in the Church of St. Lawrence was possibly finished at the
beginning of the
Ιδ 1
century.
Beneath that was depicted the Martyrdom of St Lawrence, situated above the sanctuary, again in
a eucharistie
sense. The naked St. Lawrence lies diagonally on a gridiron with his hands in prayer. On the
stands a man, which branch to gridiron, which is full of flames from the fire. The technique of the wall
painting shows some analogies to paintings in
Karlštejn
Castle (Madonna in the chapel of St. Catherine),
where, for example, the same stucco
pastiglia in
the form of stars were used as in the Church of
St. Lawrence. I surmise that the picture of St. Lawrence must been painted between
1370-1380.
On the west side of the first pillar the Crucifixion was depicted, with Christ situated high above
St. Mary and St. John Evangelist. The composition is stylistically younger than the paintings on the church
walls. Analogically to the Crucifixion a priest is situated on the second pillar, standing before the altar
with a chalice in his right hand and an open book in his left hand. We do not know if he was a saint or only
a priest because his head is not preserved. The practice of the Utraquists may have influenced the donor,
but in the case that the saint was, for example, St. Eligius, patron of goldsmiths, the interpretation would be
Roman Catholic.
The kneeling young man on the east side of second pillar holds in his hands a staff with a cross,
which has three horizontal bars
-
the form of the Papal Cross. It is possible that the painting was made
during the reign of king Wladislaw II Jagielo
(1475-1515).
In this time there was religious tolerance, but
the Roman Catholic Church was still dominant.
440
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Pavel Kubálek
This article summarizes preliminary results of basic anthropological research located in
Karmelitská
Street in
Prague-Malá Strana.
Human remains from burial ground are dated to the Middle Age
(approximately
18*
century AD). These human remains were excavated in
2000
during the rescue excavation
and the research was obtained by the National Heritage Institute in Prague. In the collection of
45
burials
was found
52
individuals
(7
admixtures), from this was
19
individuals presented as immature and
35
as
matured. From the total of
35
matured individuals,
15
were interpreted as males and
13
individuals were
interpreted as females. According to used method, by
7
individuals were not possible to determinate sex
neither the age.
For sex determination was used morphological method based on
(Brůžek
2002)
and morphological
determination of skull (Acsadi-Nemeskeri
1970).
For age determination was applied tooth abrasion based
on Lovejoy s scheme
(1985).
Estimation of immature individuals went towards to mineralization of teeth
(by Walkhoff-Hess
1954,
in
Fiala,
1968)
and teeth eruption (by Ubelaker,
1978).
For the height estimation was
applied the method of Sj0vold
(1990)
and the method of Stewart
(1948,
in Olivier
1960).
There was found one male and one female cranium, where exhibits bone changes by endocraniosis
(Hyperostosis
frontalis
interna),
condition involving limited proliferation of the inner table of the frontal
bone.
(Translated by Joanne
Strobachová)
Traces of recovered metallurgical objects
Jan Zavřel
The site of today s Hotel Mandarin in
Karmelitská
Street, house
Nos.
387 & 459
yielded
-
apart from
non-ferrous metal slag
-
metal lumps and coating remains, often covered in multicoloured weathering
crusts. A portion of finds of this type, dating to the 12th century, was subjected to microanalysis and
observation under an electron microscope. The results most probably attest to the existence of an advanced
metallurgical facility focused on the manufacture and processing of tin bronze, silver and probably
also iron.
Accompanying evidence (e.g. a higher phosphorus, calcium and sodium content, further the presence
of chlorides and sulphides in the weathering crusts) appear to indicate the use of fluxes (bone ash, halite)
and the manufacture of at least some of the metals directly from ores or mattes. Less noticeable evidence of
the working of non-ferrous metals (lead slag, a number of bronze and copper fragments, platelets and wires)
were recovered from the site of house No.
632
in Hellichova Street.
Tilt FLORA
ANU
V EGEYATÍQN
Or
Γ
IKBC
І- ПП
Petr Kočár
-
Romana Kočárová
Plant remains from the Nebovidy archaeological site helped significantly in reconstructing a more
complete picture of everyday life of the settlement, especially its environment, local economy and
subsistence strategy.
The range of recovered productive plant species is similar to that of other early mediaeval localities in
Central Bohemia and contains the usual types of mediaeval field crops (common wheat, rye, oats, common
barley, millet, peas and lentils), technical and oilseed crops (hemp, opium poppies and the rare camelina
sativa
flax), fruit (greengages, apples, pears, cherries, sour cherries, grapes), wild nuts and berries (hazelnuts,
strawberries, blackthorn, dewberries, blackberries, raspberries), imports (figs), vegetables (cucumber) as well
as medicinal plants and herbs (hops, common juniper, carum, wild roses and, in the earliest phase of the
high mediaeval period, winter cherries, phylasis alkekengi).
PART
Π
-papers
441
The assemblage of field crop remains appears to be the most valuable. Upon it we can observe the
changes taking place during the course of the 11th to 14th centuries. In the oldest chronological phase of
the ll 1 century, common wheat predominates among the cereals. In later periods, wheat yields to rye,
therefore common rye
(Secale cereale)
becomes dominant at the beginning of the 12th century. This change is
interpreted as a change in the agricultural system in the vicinity (rye is the most important cereal in high
mediaeval crop-rotation systems). Amongst the pulses we observe a similarly dated receding of lentils.
We can also observe a decreasing significance of oats and rye in the latest settlement phase, probably
related to the smaller role of agricultural activities in the direct proximity of the settlement, which relates to
the emergence of a high mediaeval urban centre.
In the residential area of the settlement we observe throughout the entire early mediaeval period
a diverse range of ruderal ecosystems. Apart from those ruderal ecosystems known even today, which
indicate disturbance and loosening of substrates and their subsequent compacting by pedestrian activity
on paths and in public spaces, we observe a higher proportion of species that are associated with a higher
concentration of nutrients, wet sites (ruderal vegetation as well as vegetation on the banks of stagnant or
very slow moving water), plots abandoned for longer periods of time (clusters of elderberry bushes) and
middens (particularly certain tall ruderal plants). The differences stated here reflect a lower level of hygiene
in certain areas, a higher significance of cattle-rearing and a general higher diversity of substrates (poor,
disturbed substrates, in recession today, where also recorded). Changes in the local vegetation in time are
insignificant, indicating, in particular, more intensive substrate compacting in the latest observed period
(the transition from an early mediaeval settlement to a high mediaeval city?).
The analysis of macro-remains helped to reconstruct the vegetation of non-arboreal areas around
the settlement. Deforested areas around the settlement saw a growth of scrubland, pastures and, to a lesser
extent, meadows.
Thanks to the analysis of charcoal from the oldest
stratigraphie
context of the type soil we can
reconstruct the arboreal vegetation in the area surrounding Nebovidy as a mosaic of acidophilic oaks,
thermophilic oaks and, to a lesser extent, of preserved oak-hornbeam groves.
Unlike analogically situated older prehistoric and early mediaeval localities
(Radlická
Street,
Roztoky
u
Prahy)
we observe in Nebovidy a significant rise in the proportion of pine and heliophilic
angiosperme
(birch, hazel) and a corresponding decrease in representation of oaks. There is, however,
a slight increase in indicators of grove forest vegetation
-
hornbeam and broad leaved trees demanding
of space. The early assemblage of mediaeval charcoal from Nebovidy is therefore close in composition to
high mediaeval assemblages recovered from the territory of Prague (especially in the high proportion of
pine charcoal). Analysis of the charcoal discovered an increasing proportion of wood from mid to high
altitude trees (fir, beech, spruce), which was interpreted as a rise in importance of imports of wood and
charcoal into Nebovidy from the 12th century onward. A relatively high proportion of pine can however be
observed even in the oldest samples recovered from the vicinity of Nebovidy (samples from the type soil
and from the 11th and
12*
centuries). These data can be interpreted in two ways.
(1)
Arboreal ecosystems
surrounding the settlement were already strongly modified in the oldest period
-
the 11th century, the oak-
hornbeam groves were removed and, in areas of acidophilic oak, oak gave way to pine.
(2)
a lack of fuel and
construction wood in the settlement was originally solved by importing pine wood and charcoal (from near
the settlement we are dealing with a low altitude species) and only later, when the sources around Prague
were exhausted, was there an intensification of imports of wood and charcoal from further out in Central
Bohemia (indicated by the rising proportion of charcoal from fir, spruce and beech
-
species from mid to
high altitudes).
442
|
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| author | Havrda, Jan 1969- Tryml, Michal 1946- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)14193915X (DE-588)1153214830 |
| author_facet | Havrda, Jan 1969- Tryml, Michal 1946- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Havrda, Jan 1969- |
| author_variant | j h jh m t mt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041926503 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)884715551 (DE-599)BVBBV041926503 |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Nebovidy Prag (DE-588)1054970181 gnd Prag (DE-588)4076310-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Nebovidy Prag Prag |
| id | DE-604.BV041926503 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:58:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788087220122 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027369910 |
| oclc_num | 884715551 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M157 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M157 |
| physical | 475 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Národní Památkový Ústav |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Archeologické prameny k dějinám Prahy |
| series2 | Archeologické prameny k dějinám Prahy |
| spellingShingle | Havrda, Jan 1969- Tryml, Michal 1946- Nebovidy středověká osada v pražském Podhradí Archeologické prameny k dějinám Prahy Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)1054970181 (DE-588)4076310-9 |
| title | Nebovidy středověká osada v pražském Podhradí |
| title_auth | Nebovidy středověká osada v pražském Podhradí |
| title_exact_search | Nebovidy středověká osada v pražském Podhradí |
| title_full | Nebovidy středověká osada v pražském Podhradí Jan Havrda a Michal Tryml |
| title_fullStr | Nebovidy středověká osada v pražském Podhradí Jan Havrda a Michal Tryml |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nebovidy středověká osada v pražském Podhradí Jan Havrda a Michal Tryml |
| title_short | Nebovidy |
| title_sort | nebovidy stredoveka osada v prazskem podhradi |
| title_sub | středověká osada v pražském Podhradí |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Ausgrabung Nebovidy Prag Prag |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027369910&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027369910&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV037464669 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT havrdajan nebovidystredovekaosadavprazskempodhradi AT trymlmichal nebovidystredovekaosadavprazskempodhradi |