Zakrzewska Osada: cmentarzyska kultury pomorskiej i wielbarskiej na Pojezierzu Krajeńskim
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bydgoszcz ; Pękowice
Muzeum Okręgowe im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego w Bydgoszczy
2013
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| Schriftenreihe: | Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne
2 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027335078&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027335078&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Bibliografie Seite 139-149 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache |
| Umfang: | 157, LVI Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 31 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363572280 9788393134571 |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Bydgoszcz ; Pękowice |b Muzeum Okręgowe im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego w Bydgoszczy |c 2013 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne |v 2 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Spis tresci
Sfowo wstçpne - Micha} R Wozniak
1. Wstçp..................................................................................... 13
1.1. Historia i metoda badañ.............................................................. 13
1.2. Polozenie stanowiska................................................................. 13
1.3. Charakterystyka zródef.............................................................. 14
1.4. Dotychczasowe opracowanie zródel..................................................... 17
1.5. Sposób ujçcia pracy................................................................... 18
2. Kataíog zródef............................................................................ 19
3. Cmentarzysko kultury pomorskiej.......................................................... 47
3.1. Analiza materiaíów.................................................................... 47
3.1.1. Ceramika........................................................................ 47
3.1.2. Wyroby metalowe..................................................................... 50
3.2. Formy grobów i elementy obrz^dku pogrzebowego........................................ 50
3.3. Chronologia........................................................................... 52
3.4. Uwagi koñcowe......................................................................... 52
4. Cmentarzysko kultury wielbarskiej......................................................... 55
4.1. Analiza materialów...................................................................... 55
4.1.1. Ceramika........................................................................... 55
4.1.2. Zapinki............................................................................. 57
4.1.3. Sprz^czki i okucia pasa............................................................. 59
4.1.4. Bransolety...-...................................................................... 60
4.1.5. Szpile............................................................................ 60
4.1.6. Paciorki i wisiorki............................................................... 60
4.1.7. Ostrogi............................................................................. 61
4.1.8. Grzebienie.......................................................................... 62
4.1.9. Astragale........................................................................... 62
4.1.10. Przçsliki.......................................................................... 63
4.1.11. Pozostale elementy wyposazenia................................................... 63
4.2. Obrzqdek pogrzebowy................................................................. 63
4.2.1. Typy i formy grobów............................................................... 64
4.2.2. Cechy obrzqdku...................................................................... 69
4.2.3. Uwagi na temat wposazenia........................................................ 71
4.3. Chronologia i planigrafia cmentarzyska.................................................. 73
4.3.1. Datowanie archeologiczne zabytków................................................... 75
4.3.2. Wyniki badañ radiowçglowych......................................................... 76
4.4. Podsumowanie......................................................................... 77
4.5. Oblicze kulturowe Pojezierza Krajewskiego na przetomie wczesnego i mfodszego okresu wpfy-
wówrzymskich........................................................................... 79
5. Analiza antropologiczna materialów kostnych (Tomasz Koczorski, Bartosz Kajmowicz, Andrzej Flor-
kowski].................................................................................... 81
6. Ocena archeozoologiczna pozostafosci kostnych (Daniel Makowiecki]........................ 105
7. Analiza skfadu chemicznego przedmiotów zabytkowych (Pawel Kucypera, Krzysztof Rybka)..... 117
8. Technologia zabytków metalowych (Jarosfaw Strobin)....................................... 121
9. Tkaníny (Andrzej Sikorski]................................................................. 129
10. Analiza próbek pobranych w trakcie badañ w Zakrzewskiej Osadzie (Mafgorzata Grupa]....... 133
11. Bibliografía............................................................................. 139
12. Summary.................................................................................. 151
13. Tablice.................................................................................. 157
12. Summary
Site 1 at Zakrzewska Osada, Wi^cbork commune, Kujawsko-Pomorskie province, is situated in the Krajna Lake District, also known as the Krajna Plateau. The natural borders of Krajna are marked by the following rivers: the Notec from the south, the Gwda from the west, the Debrzynka and Kamionka from the north, and the Brda from the east. The site was discovered accidentally in March 1999 during the extraction of sand. Due to the direct threat posed to the site by the uncontrolled acquisition of aggregate, the decision was taken to conduct rescue excavations. They were led by archaeologists Joanna Szafkowska-Los and JozefLos from the Department of Archaeology of the Leon Wyczolkowski Regional Museum in Bydgoszcz. The excavations took place in the years 1999-2003 and in 2006 (6 seasons in total), and encompassed approximately 1500 m2 of the area most at risk. The part of the site which is communal property was investigated, so from the perspective of heritage protection there is no need for further excavations to be undertaken. However, field-walking surveys revealed the occurrence of archaeological material and anthropogenic traces further to the south and east. At present this area is privately owned and no aggregate exploitation is planned.
During the excavations, prehistoric features of various chronology were found: sporadic settlement features dated to the Stone Age, and - mainly - sepulchral features dating to the Early Iron Age and the Roman Period. Generally, burials linked with the Wielbark culture were prevalent.
The present study is divided into three parts and consists of a source section (catalogue), an analytical part and, finally, illustrations; it presents the materials collected during the excavations at Zakrzewska Osada in the two chronological phases identified for the cemetery. The catalogue (in which the graves are described in order from 1 to 144, where the numbers from 1 to 8 refer to the graves from the older phase of the cemetery) and the tables (which present the material in order of cultural units) play the role of a database for the analyses of source material, which are performed according to specific taxonomic formulas. Moreover, a body of information was provided by specialist analyses, including archaeozoological research, radiocarbon dating, analyses of chemical composition of bronzes and of manufacturing techniques of ornaments, and the analysis of organic samples including textiles.
The Pomeranian culture cemetery (Chapter 3)
There were 8 burials recorded which were connected with the Pomeranian culture cemetery. Each of these features were interesting in their own way, either broadening the source basis or introducing new elements to the studies on burial rites. Two of them were cist burials (graves 1 and 2). Stone constructions were recorded directly beneath the humus layer, and the first cobbles were found even in humus. Urns and small accompanying vessels were placed in cists covered by stone slabs; some of the vessels were only preserved in small fragments. Grave 2 yielded three face urns, whose face parts were oriented in different directions. In two of these urns, the elements of the face were modelled on the vessel s neck, and in the third one - on the vessel s body. The largest, most splendid and best preserved urn was a cenotaph, i.e. it did not contain bone remains. Symbolic burials have been discovered many times in the Pomeranian culture cemeteries in the Krajna Lake District. Moreover, two features (7,8) were interpreted as only alleged graves due to the lack of bone remains.
In two cases, a single urn contained the remains of two individuals. In the first, these were the remains of a woman and a child, and in the second - of two children. Clusters of pottery were sometimes discovered among the stones, which were perhaps the traces of funeral feasts. Shards recovered from one of such clusters allowed an entire vessel to be reconstructed. Urns were placed either directly on the ground (grave 1) or on stone pavements built of cobbles and sandstone slabs (grave 2). Among the features from the discussed phase it is also worth mentioning an urn burial (3). A large urn containing the bones of an adult individual was recorded in yellow sand, with no clear outlines of burial pit. Adjoining it was a small jug which held the remains of a child. The urn with the bones of an adult, together with a small bowl inside it, was covered by a clay disc - plate. The excavations produced a relatively large collection of ceramic artefacts, including face urns, urn lids, vases, pots, jugs/cups, bowls, and plates. The few non-ceramic elements of grave equipment were only fragmentarily preserved which rendered the identification of their function impossible. The archaeozoological analysis performed by Professor Daniel
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Makowiecki from the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun demonstrated that in grave 5 the remains of a male were accompanied by those of a horse. Grave 6 (a cremation in a pit) also yielded horse bones. The state of preservation of the human bones did not allow for the determination of sex of an individual buried together with the animal. Thus far, animal bones have only been recorded in a few sites from the Krajna Lake District. The discovery of horse remains in one grave with human ones is a rare phenomenon and provides a particularly valuable insight into the role of horse and its importance in the ritual sphere of prehistoric societies.
The diversity of grave forms and the materials they produced suggest a considerable chronological span of the discovered features. The lack of precise indicators makes it impossible to determine the chronology precisely. Therefore, the graves are broadly dated within the Hallstatt D and Older Pre-Roman Periods.
The Wielbark culture cemetery (Chapter 4)
The Roman Period cemetery at Zakrzewska Osada yielded 136 flat burials and one relic of a barrow. Due to the fact that both inhumation and cremation rites were observed, the cemetery should be classified as a biritual necropolis, although cremation was clearly predominant - there were as many as 130 cremations (ca 95%) and only 7 inhumations (ca 5%). The considerable variety of grave forms and funeral behaviours recorded on the site is worthy of note.
In the group of cremation burials, the most popular form of burial for the deceased was to place burnt human bones and pyre remains directly into a pit (over 82.5% of the total number of burials). The fills of these pits usually had an intensive black colour and contained traces of burning. There were also graves with non-homogeno-us fills of a dark brown colour, in some places black, which contained large pieces of charcoal and fragments of burnt bones, as well as large, more or less rectangular pits with rounded corners, whose fills contained traces of burning along the edges and were light-brown in the central part (grave 30, 50, and 97). Several features (graves 80, 102, 127,137,139, 140, and 144), whose sizes corresponded with the dimensions of inhumation burials, contained only a small cluster of burnt bones, or a small number of bones were scattered throughout the pit. Among pit graves with pyre remains were also large features with mixed grey-brown and locally black fills (e.g. grave 110,132), as well as smaller, shallow ones with brown fills containing fragments of charcoal (e.g. grave 28, 75, 76).
Another form of cremation rite is represented by graves with washed bones. They include two types: graves recorded as compact, oval or circular clusters of bones and the graves, where cremated and washed bones were scattered throughout the grave pit. Urn cremations (which constitute slightly over 12% of all burials) comprised ‘washed’ burials as well as those covered with pyre remains. Bones were discovered either only in the urn (e.g. grave 62) or both in the urn and outside it, in large pits with pyre remains (grave 26, 31). Some of the cremation burials revealed the presence of timber constructions burnt in situ. The bottom parts of these features yielded the remains of burnt timbers ca 5-10 cm in diameter. In grave 136, two layers of charred timber were discovered one upon another as in a grate construction. At the bottom of grave 25, the remains of three poles were discovered, driven vertically into the ground. The cross-section of grave 143 also revealed the presence of dark, conical depressions, which may be interpreted as the remains of vertical poles. The discovery of burnt timber constructions may indicate that these features were so-called ustrina - places of cremation. Or, the context of their discovery also suggests they may have been burials of the bustum type, although the small number of bones discovered in their fills argues against this interpretation. However, to this latter category of burials may be included grave 26. Apparently, it can be interpreted as a pit-type bustum, in the variant described as a stepped bustum (Jozefow 2007, 231). To the group of cremations also belongs grave 14, which is a group of three features, and which previously was described as ‘specific’, perhaps multi-level burial (Los 2007,172). It consisted of a pit cremation and two urn graves discovered at various depths in the fill of a large pit. The urns contained no bones, and may have been symbolic burials.
Inhumation graves were recorded much deeper than cremations. Larger parts of a skeleton were only preserved in one grave (grave 10). Based on sparse bone material found in inhumation burials it has been concluded that they were burials of children. Of particular importance among the inhumations was grave 40, whose interpretation was far from straightforward (Los 2005,429). Finally, it has been proposed that the deceased was buried in a boat. Grave 1, discovered under the relics of barrow I (no longer detectable as a landscape form), was distinguished by its size and the heterogeneity of its fill, both in the ceiling part and deeper. The complex and stratified fill of the grave pit suggests that the burial took place in several stages rather than as a single action.
A characteristic element of the discussed cemetery were various stone constructions, recorded in 17 graves. The majority of them were placed above graves and most likely marked burials. Most common among them were stone stellae (grave 14, 39, 53, 65, 84, 96, and 140). Originally, their number must have been higher, as indicated by shallow, grey-brown marks revealed in the ceiling parts of some of the graves (e.g. grave 116, 136). Grave goods included the ornaments and elements of dress, most often made of bronze, such as fibulae (44 specimens, some preserved in fragments, representing 0. Almgren groups II, V, VI and VII) and bracelets, as well as bronze and iron buckles, glass and amber beads, spindle whorls, and objects made from bone and
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antler (e.g. combs and astragali). Three burials (26, 62, and 64) yielded bronze ‘bow’ spurs (type I, V, and V/ VI in K. Godfowski s classification); one iron spur was discovered in a layer. Numerous graves contained flint artefacts, fragments of daub and fossil remains. All type of burials contained grave goods. No graves were distinguished by an exceptionally rich inventory, although 2 fibulae (from grave 80, and from grave 1 in barrow I) were decorated with gilded embossed plates. Due to the predominance of cremation, many artefacts were destroyed and deformed.
Chronology was established for 50 graves. The discovered artefacts allow us to conclude that the cemetery was used for a relatively short time between phase B2 and the end of phase C of the Younger Roman Period; the highest number of graves (17) are dated to phase B2/C. It is worth mentioning that nearly all inhumations come from this phase, while the majority of urn burials are dated to phase B2/C1 and C . Pit burials occur in each of the identified chronological phases. The cemetery was probably used by several families, as is indicated by several clusters of graves detectable on the site plan, separated with empty areas.
The biritual cemetery at Zakrzewska Osada belongs to the Dorotowo settlement cluster, which is one of three clusters identified by K. Przewozna in the Krajna Lake District. Even though there are more than 40 cemeteries known from the Krajna Lake District, these are in most part accidental discoveries and are known only as single burials or groups of a few graves. Therefore, the investigation of materials collected during regular archaeological excavations and discovered in the area that has until recently been archaeological terra incognita makes Zakrzewska Osada a benchmark site. Zakrzewska Osada is situated in what is broadly understood as Wielko-polska, in the area inhabited by both the Przeworsk and the Wielbark cultures in the Early- and the beginnings of Late Roman Period. The details of grave equipment and the recorded elements of burial rite (for example biritualism) allow us to link the analysed cemetery with the Wielbark culture population. On the other hand, the decisive predominance of cremations (95%) along with the prevalence in grave equipment of Wielbark culture traits dated mostly to phases Bnb-B2/Cx-Cla, suggests an affinity with the Luboszyce culture in phase I of its development. This is even more likely if we accept that the latter cultural phenomenon originated from the borderlands between the Wielbark and the Przeworsk cultures on the Vistula River (Domanski 1994, 364-365).
Anthropological analysis (Chapter 5)
Anthropological analysis was performed as a comparative study. Such an approach was adopted to investigate the differences or similarities potentially indicative of environmental changes or other phenomena during the time when the cemetery was used by the populations representing the Pomeranian and Wielbark cultures. In the archaeological analysis, burials belonging to one cist grave were discussed jointly. However, this has been changed for the needs of anthropological statistics and single burials (urns) were chosen as the smallest units. Burials from the Hallstatt/Pre-Roman Period were exclusively cremations, while those from the Roman Period included 130 cremations and 7 inhumations. 125 graves were subject to anthropological analysis and 135 individuals were identified in them. Among 14 graves dated to the Hallstatt/Older Pre-Roman period, 11 burials contained the remains of 13 individuals. There were two double burials (graves 1C and 4), which is 14.3% of the burials from that period. One of them contained the remains of a woman and a child aged Infans 1 (3-4 years old), and in the second were buried two children aged Infans I (3-5 years old) and Infans II (9-10 years old). For the Roman Period, the analysis encompassed 114 out of 137 graves and revealed the remains of 122 individuals. Double burials were identified for that period, too (graves 31, 59, 66, 77,132, and 133). There were 6 such burials, which makes 4.4% of all the Roman Period burials. In three cases a woman was buried with a child, in one case a man with a child, in one an adult of unidentified sex with a child, and in one a man and a woman. In the case of cremated bones from the Hallstatt/Older Pre-Roman period, sex was determined for 6 individuals. In the case of the Roman Period, material sex was determined for 43 individuals.
People of the Wielbark culture most often died between the age of 40-50, with no clear differences between males and females. The highest mortality of children was recorded in the category of Infans 1 (0-6 years old). The average lifespan is usually ca 10 years longer for females than for males, due to the higher ecosensitivity of the latter. This could have also been the case for Zakrzewska Osada, although a low accuracy of age determination for individuals over 30 years old, together with the generally poor preservation of cremated bones, makes differences of 10 years or less undetectable. Analogically, the real number of children from In fans I category buried in the cemetery could have been higher, given the high susceptibility to natural decay revealed by delicate and not entirely ossified bones of juvenile individuals. The number of individuals identified in the Pomeranian culture burials does not allow for such estimations. An analysis of body height for the individuals buried in the Roman Period revealed lack of marked sexual dimorphism. The lack of statistically significant differences between sexes in particular body height categories points to the presence of a disturbing factor (in prehistory it was often malnutrition resulting from periods of hunger, e.g. a hungry gap in farming societies). This, in turn, is indicative of environmental stress and difficult living conditions. To some extent, the above conclusions are corroborated by pathological changes observed on the bones, such as porotic hyperostosis linked with iron
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deficiency or with the healing of inflammatory processes, and osteophytes on the edges of vertebrae which suggest hard physical labour. In both periods, the fourth degree of burning the material prevailed, which means that pyres must have been similar in terms of construction and material used. However, in the Pomeranian culture, after the pyre had burnt and remains had been collected, all bones were washed with water. In the Wielbark culture, 57 graves were ‘washed’, 39 graves were ‘dirty’ (bones were coloured dark by sooth and ash) and 18 were partially washed . Further differences between the two periods can be noticed in average masses of male and female burials. Graves from the Hallstatt/Pre-Roman period follow a typical pattern, where male burials are as a rule heavier than those of females. In the Roman Period, an opposite trend can be noticed - male graves are usually lighter than the female ones, and an average mass of adult burial does not exceed 400 g, irrespectively of sex. This undoubtedly reflects the different treatment of the remains. In the Pomeranian culture, all bones collected from the pyre (or at least their majority) were buried. In the Wielbark culture, the weight of female burials sometimes exceeded 1000 g while male burials never even reached 700 g. Thus, what happened to the remaining part of bones?
In the analysed material from both periods, animal bones were often identified among human remains. As shown by the results of a chi-squared test, placing these ecofacts in the graves of males aged Adultus/Maturus and Maturus, i.e. those at the height of their physical and intellectual ability was not accidental. The situation is different in the case of fossil remains which were discovered in large numbers in graves dated to the Roman Period. They were given to the deceased of any age and sex, and no statistically significant correlation has been noticed.
One of the goals of this study of human bones was to demonstrate that, apart from strictly biological aspects, anthropological investigations can contribute to the reconstruction of cultural phenomena and - by means of statistical testing - can decide whether certain behaviours related to these phenomena were intentional or accidental. Apart from nature, culture is also man’s environment. Both these entities contribute to the expression of genotype in the form of phenotypic image of an individual and society. Therefore in the study of humans, the participation of scholars representing various disciplines is of vital importance. It permits us to gather maximum data, which in turn enables more reliable and precise approach to the pest reality.
Archaeozoological analysis (Chapter 6)
The results are presented in two synthetic tables (Table 1, 2) and one detailed table (Table 3) which, apart from zoological data, also contains the numbers of stratigraphic units, their functional classification, cultural and chronological attribution, and selected anthropological information. The majority of the identified specimens belonged to mammals, both wild and domesticated (Table 1-3). A separate group was formed by fossil invertebrates (Fig. 1) and shark teeth (Table 1). Domestic mammals were represented by the remains of pig and horse, and wild mammals by deer and roe deer. Apart from the above classification, certain conventional taxonomic groups were distinguished, such as sheep/goat, so-called large mammals and medium-size mammals. To the first of these groups were included talus bones (Fig. 2). Their original morphology was considerably modified but, based on better preserved specimens, it can be assumed that most of them belonged to sheep. Large mammals were represented by such animals as cattle, deer, and horse, and medium-size mammals grouped sheep, roe-deer, and pig. The bones from the Cervidae family were identified in fragments of combs and their covers (Fig. 3). The last taxon, Bos, was represented by two fragments of teeth.
They most likely belonged to cattle, although auroch cannot be ruled out (Fig. 4). Analysing faunistic data in the context of culture-chronological taxonomy it is worth noticing that horse remains were present only in Early Iron Age materials, attributed to the Pomeranian culture. They were found in two graves (grave 5 and 6), which were pit cremations containing the remains of males. Graves from the Roman Period are distinguished by the presence of mammal remains, both domesticated and wild. The former included ribs of pig (Fig. 6), and the latter - antler of roe deer and deer (Fig. 7). In the group of Roman Period materials, a collection of talus bones of small ruminants, discovered in graves 57 and 79, merits particular attention. In both cases they were the elements of male equipment. The first of these graves yielded only one such bone, while in the second 60 larger and smaller fragments and few complete bones were found. They originated from at least 8/9 left bones and 7 right ones (Fig. 2). Thus, the deceased was given at least 15/16 astragali from at least 8/9 animals.
The identified species and groups of animals can be regarded from two perspectives: in the context of their economic usefulness for people as a source of animal products, but also as the elements of so-called spiritual and funeral culture. In the first approach they are ‘signals’ concerning economic system, which at that time was agriculture (which included raising domestic mammals). This is why these elements of food were put on the pyre and burnt together with the deceased, which in our case is exemplified by pig or the remains of Bos genus. On the other hand, astragali of small ruminants are these elements that can be linked with spiritual culture. They are given various interpretations in the literature: as dices, primitive coins, fortune-telling accessories, or objects of special character discovered in sanctuaries and places of cult. The abundance of
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astragali in grave 79 seems to support their interpretation as fortune-telling accessories, and the deceased equipped with astragali would be fortune-tellers - shamans.
The number of analysed bone remains from Zakrzewska Osada was not high. However, together with their archaeological and anthropological context, they provided the basis for several important interpretations concerning certain aspects of funeral rite, cult behaviours, and social structure.
Analysis of the chemical composition and technology of artefacts (Chapters 7-8)
The chemical composition of selected artefacts from Zakrzewska Osada was investigated by means of spectral analysis. The methods applied included X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The composition was identified for 24 artefacts, including 23 objects made of copper alloys (Table 1:2-10,12,14-25, 27) and one made of a silver alloy (Table 1:1). Three artefacts were decorated with appliqués made of gold and silver alloys; they were analysed separately and recorded in separate rows of the table in which the results of the analyses are presented (Table 1:11,13, 26). Objects made of copper alloys can be divided into four groups: binary alloys CuSn and CuZn and ternary alloys CuSnPb and CuSnZn. A single case can be described as ternary alloy CuAsPb and one composition is fairly close to non-refined copper. The content of tin varied in artefacts, and most common were the values between 3-10%.
In one case it reached 18.89%. Significant addition of lead was recorded in the composition of five artefacts. Iron generally always appears in small amounts in prehistoric copper alloys due to its presence in ore deposits. Silver was identified in the composition of six objects made of copper alloys (Table 1:9-10,12,17-19); in three cases its content was high, to the order of 6% (Table 1:9 [6,83%], 18 [5,98%]). It cannot be ruled out that such a value could result from the presence of residual, macroscopically undetectable ornamentation. The investigated silvers (Table 1:1, 13) were characterised by the content of pure metal reaching 83-93%, with the admixture of 5-10% of copper. The material used for the ornaments had noticeably higher purity (the remaining components together did not exceed lwt%; Table 1:13). The analysed gold ornaments (Table 1:11, 26) contained approximately 60% of this metal along with copper and silver in strikingly similar proportions (ca 15% each in both cases).
The collection of metal artefacts from Zakrzewska Osada is a relatively difficult source for technological studies due to the fact that the material was partially damaged by cremation and deep corrosion, which renders the full identification of manufacture traces impossible. Metallurgical investigation of the ornaments from Zakrzewska Osada showed that brasses and tin-lead bronzes were used in their manufacture. Both cases are characterized by similar and low contents of respective alloy components (zinc, tin, lead). Such proportions in the composition are probably the result of secondary usage of material and recasting scrap metal. The method used by Roman craftsmen allowed them to obtain brasses with a tin content of up to approximately 28%.
As for brass artefacts manufactured in barbarian workshops (the Wielbark and Przeworsk cultures), starting from phase B2c one can notice a decrease in the zinc content in the alloys (by several up to twenty percent) while tin and lead contents increase. Among the artefacts found in Zakrzewska Osada, such multi-component alloys with the prevalence of zinc (5-12%) were used to produce fibulae of O. Almgren group V, series 1 and 8 (analyses no: 9,10,12,14,16,18,19, and 25). The ornaments discovered in graves 19 and 78, made of tin and tin-lead bronze respectively, are most likely examples of prehistoric recycling of scrap metal from previous periods. In addition, in the analysed material, a fragment of a rod from grave 5 was distinguished. The analysed material is characterised by a high content of copper (86%) and a 3% addition of arsenic, antimony and iron. Alloys with analogical copper content and several percent additions of tin, lead and - characteristically - antimony and arsenic are typical of the Bronze Age and the Hallstatt period. The analysis of the embossed foils made of precious metals and used to decorate fibulae shows that they are alloys of gold and silver with a relatively high addition of copper (analysis 11-26).
Metallurgical analyses of metal sheets and foils from Wielbark culture ornaments confirm that high-standard gold was used (89-98% Au). Among the artefacts from Zakrzewska Osada, a group of casted fibulae was identified which comprised specimens classified to groups II, V and VII in Almgren’s typology. Characteristic traces of removing casting seals can be seen in the places where the catching plates join with feet, which is where the exits of pouring channels were originally situated (Fig. 1-3). The same technique was applied to manufacture the fragment of a rod from grave 5 (Fig. 4). The material also comprises objects made by forging. These are simple one-piece iron D-shaped buckles from graves 144 and 137, and buckles made of copper alloys, belonging to groups D and G, discovered in graves 86, 82, 26 and in grave 1 in barrow I. Fibulae of Almgren group VI series 1, found in graves 51 and 15, were also forged. They were most likely shaped using a profile and their surfaces subsequently polished. Some of the artefacts were decorated with simple plastic (the fibulae from graves 109,41), incised (crests of the fibulae from grave 133 and the edges of the belt finial found in grave 31) and stamped (bracelet from grave 59) ornaments. Another form of decorating large surfaces was faceting, which gave the decorated elements a rhythmic, organised appearance (the fibulae from grave 139 and 109, the spike of the spur from grave 64). A popular form of decoration was making tiny, regular, transverse notches on the edges or borders, which imitated a beaded ornament (a pseudo-beaded
155
ornament), e.g. the decoration seen along the bow of the fibula from grave 15. Among the discussed artefacts there are also fragments of silver filigree ornaments and the decorations made from beaded wire, for example a bead fragment from grave 133 or the inlay on the crest of the fibula from grave 80. The fibulae from grave 80 and grave 1 in barrow I were adorned with embossed appliques of precious metals. The fibula from grave 80 was decorated with silver foil, gilded, with impressed pattern of notches. On the second fibula, silver gilded plates covered side surfaces of the catch plate (partially preserved), the bow, the crest and the spring cover. The appliqués were covered with the impressions of filigree patterns of alternately twisted wires (which recalls of corded decoration) and plaited motif made with three pairs of plain wires. Particular bands are separated by the motif of beaded wire. Some of the analysed artefacts bore traces of repair. The fibula from grave 80 had its catch plate repaired after it had broken in half. In the case of the fibula from grave 1 in barrow I, the attachment for a spring was repaired.
Analysis of organic samples, including textiles (Chapters 9-10)
The analysis encompassed samples of brown tinted soil, charcoals, and fragments of dry wood tinged green with products of corrosion. In the case of soil samples, the analysis showed that it was sand with brown marks resulting from the decomposition of adventitious roots of various plant species. Fragments of timber from grave 137 were green tinged as a result of direct contact with an artefact made of bronze. The decomposition of wood in the case of the discussed element did not follow the common pattern because its structure was not entirely waterlogged and looked like a homogenous, compact mass resembling plastic. The state of preservation of the sample did not allow for the identification of the species. A fragment of timber was also found in the sample from grave 1 in barrow I. As in the above case, the processes of destruction precluded species identification. Graves 25 and 136 yielded fragments of charred wood. The dendrological analysis demonstrated that this was burned or parched birch wood.
Some of the textile elements discovered in 3 graves attributed to the Wielbark culture: grave 137, 139 and barrow I, grave 1, were analysed. The elements of grave inventory which contained traces of organic material were collected in situ (with lumps of soil). Unfortunately, fragments of fabric and its imprints could only be recognised on the fibula from grave 1 in barrow I. On the bronze fibula and its appliqués were found mineralised fragments of the fabric which was most likely made of wool strands 0,013-0,025 mm thick. The warp (O) and weft (W) threads were twisted in the same direction, namely to the right (ZZ). The average thickness of the thinner thread (O) was between 0.37mm (partially damaged) and 0.43 mm, while the thickness of the thicker thread (W) was 0.47-0.5 mm (compressed) - see Table 1-3.
The analysed fragments were woven using oblique weave 2/2. The fabric belongs to type III which, along with type II, is most common in Roman Period inventories. It is worth emphasising that the fibula with thin decorative plates was not worn with everyday dress but - perhaps - only symbolically fastened as one of the elements of the ‘rich’ costume of a child buried on the biritual necropolis at Zakrzewska Osada.
156
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Szałkowska-Łoś, Jolanta Łoś, Józef ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| author_sort | Szałkowska-Łoś, Jolanta |
| author_variant | j s ł jsł j ł jł |
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| geographic | Pojezierze Krajeńskie (DE-588)4556562-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Pojezierze Krajeńskie |
| id | DE-604.BV041891157 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:57:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788363572280 9788393134571 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027335078 |
| oclc_num | 899761399 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 157, LVI Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 31 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Muzeum Okręgowe im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego w Bydgoszczy |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne |
| series2 | Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne |
| spellingShingle | Szałkowska-Łoś, Jolanta Łoś, Józef ca. 20./21. Jh Zakrzewska Osada cmentarzyska kultury pomorskiej i wielbarskiej na Pojezierzu Krajeńskim Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne Wielbark-Kultur (DE-588)4338102-9 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd Glockengräberkultur (DE-588)4418359-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4338102-9 (DE-588)4071980-7 (DE-588)4418359-8 (DE-588)4556562-4 |
| title | Zakrzewska Osada cmentarzyska kultury pomorskiej i wielbarskiej na Pojezierzu Krajeńskim |
| title_auth | Zakrzewska Osada cmentarzyska kultury pomorskiej i wielbarskiej na Pojezierzu Krajeńskim |
| title_exact_search | Zakrzewska Osada cmentarzyska kultury pomorskiej i wielbarskiej na Pojezierzu Krajeńskim |
| title_full | Zakrzewska Osada cmentarzyska kultury pomorskiej i wielbarskiej na Pojezierzu Krajeńskim Jolanta Szałkowska-Łoś, Józef Łoś ; Muzeum Okręgowe im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego w Bydgoszczy, Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna Profil-Archeo |
| title_fullStr | Zakrzewska Osada cmentarzyska kultury pomorskiej i wielbarskiej na Pojezierzu Krajeńskim Jolanta Szałkowska-Łoś, Józef Łoś ; Muzeum Okręgowe im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego w Bydgoszczy, Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna Profil-Archeo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zakrzewska Osada cmentarzyska kultury pomorskiej i wielbarskiej na Pojezierzu Krajeńskim Jolanta Szałkowska-Łoś, Józef Łoś ; Muzeum Okręgowe im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego w Bydgoszczy, Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna Profil-Archeo |
| title_short | Zakrzewska Osada |
| title_sort | zakrzewska osada cmentarzyska kultury pomorskiej i wielbarskiej na pojezierzu krajenskim |
| title_sub | cmentarzyska kultury pomorskiej i wielbarskiej na Pojezierzu Krajeńskim |
| topic | Wielbark-Kultur (DE-588)4338102-9 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd Glockengräberkultur (DE-588)4418359-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wielbark-Kultur Gräberfeld Glockengräberkultur Pojezierze Krajeńskie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027335078&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027335078&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040496800 |
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