Nacjonalizm włoski: geneza i ewolucja doktryny politycznej (1896 - 1923)
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Kraków
Księgarnia Akademicka
2013
|
| Series: | Societas
55 |
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027287610&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027287610&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. u. ital. Sprache u.d.T.: Italian nationalism - the sources and evolution of the political doctrine (1896 - 1923) Bibliogr. s. 443-469. Indeks |
| Physical Description: | 481 s. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788376383002 |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. u. ital. Sprache u.d.T.: Italian nationalism - the sources and evolution of the political doctrine (1896 - 1923) | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 443-469. Indeks | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text |
Spis
tresei
Wstęp
.
И
Rozdział
1.
Spory o istotę nacjonalizmu włoskiego
-
dzieje i krytyka
. 27
1.1.
Czy nacjonalizm jest ideologią? Próba systematyzacji terminologicznej
. . 27
1.2.
Idea narodu we włoskiej myśli politycznej
XVIII
i
XIX
wieku
. 33
1.3.
Od nacjonalitaryzmu do nacjonalizmu: spory co do początków i definicji
włoskiego nacjonalizmu
. 48
1.3.1.
Kontrowersje wokół początków włoskiego nacjonalizmu
. 51
1.3.2.
Idea narodu w koncepcjach włoskich nacjonalistów
. 52
1.3.3.
Elitaryzm
-
wpływ ideologiczny Gaetana Moski i
Vilfreda Pareto
. . 53
1.3.4.
Idea rasy włoskich nacjonalistów
. 54
1.3.5.
Nacjonalizm a patriotyzm
. 57
1.3.6.
Rozrachunek z tradycją risorgimenta
. 60
1.3.7.
Nacjonalizm a religia
. 63
1.4.
Nacjonalizm włoski a nacjonalizm francuski
. 73
Rozdział
2.
Prekursorzy włoskiego nacjonalizmu
. 93
2.1.
Pasquale
Turiello
-
pierwszy teoretyk włoskiego nacjonalizmu
. 93
2.1.1.
Turiello a dziedzictwo risorgimenta
. 94
2.1.2.
Turiello wobec zjawiska merydionalizmu
. 95
2.1.3.
Projekt reformy systemu parlamentarnego
. 97
2.1.4.
Reforma szkolnictwa
. 98
2.1.5.
Turiello a socjalizm
. 99
2.1.6.
Współczesna sytuacja międzynarodowa w ocenie
Pasqualego
Turiello
.100
2.1.7.
Kolonializm
.102
2.2.
Alfredo
Oriani
-
rzecznik wielkich Włoch
.104
2.2.1.
Risorgimento
w ocenie Alfreda Orianiego
. 104
2.2.2.
Koncepcja silnego państwa
. 105
2.2.3.
Kult nowoczesności
. 106
2.3.
Giosuè Carducci
-
kult tradycji starożytnego Rzymu
. 108
2.3.1.
Carducci a
tradycja risorgimenta
.108
2.3.2.
Koncepcja trzeciego Rzymu
.109
6
Spis treści
2.3.3.
Krytyka chrześcijaństwa i Kościoła katolickiego
.110
2.3.4.
Koncepcja państwa
.111
2.3.5.
Zwolennik polityki Francesca Crispiego
.112
2.4.
Mario Morasso i koncepcja przywództwa literatów
.115
2.4.1.
Od „egoarchii" do koncepcji „aktywnego konserwatyzmu"
.115
2.4.2.
Idea polityki literatów
.117
2.4.3.
Mit trzeciego Rzymu a kult nowoczesności
.120
2.5.
Gabriele
D'Annunzio
-
elitaryzm, antyparlamentaryzm i imperializm
. 121
2.5.1.
Idea nadczłowieka Nietzschego a kształtowanie się idei
politycznych Gabriela
D'Annunzio
.124
2.5.2.
Idea trzeciego Rzymu
.126
2.5.3.
Krytyka systemu parlamentarnego i ustroju demokratycznego
.127
2.5.4.
Krytyka socjalizmu
.128
2.5.5.
Imperializm w myśli politycznej Gabriela
D'Annunzio
.130
2.5.6.
Mit „kalekiego zwycięstwa" i wyprawa fiumeńska
(1919-1920) . 131
2.5.7.
Carta del Cámaro
.133
2.5.8.
D'Annunzio a
faszyzm
.
14Î
Rozdział
3.
„Różnorodny nacjonalizm włoski":
1903-1910.145
3.1.
Literackie czasopisma na przełomie
XIX
i
XX
wieku:
„II Marzocco",
„Leonardo",
„II Convito"
.147
3.2.
„Il Regno"
Enrica Corradiniego
(1903-1906) .150
3.3.
Aneksja Bośni i Hercegowiny i wzrost nastrojów nacjonalistycznych
we Włoszech:
„II Tricolore", „II Carroccio"
i
„La Grande Italia"
. 155
3.4.
Mario
Viana
i grupa
„II Tricolore"
. 156
3.5.
„Il Carroccio"
i grupa rzymska
. 159
3.6.
„La Grande Italia"
і
program irredentystyczny
. 164
Rozdział
4.
Enrico Corradini
-
pierwszy teoretyk włoskiego nacjonalizmu
.167
4.
ł
.
Zarys biografii politycznej
.167
4.2.
Klęska pod Aduą a narodziny ruchu nacjonalistycznego
we Włoszech
.174
4.3.
Kształtowanie się programu ideologicznego włoskiego nacjonalizmu:
„II Regno"
(1903-1905).177
4.4.
Problem emigracji w myśli politycznej
Enrica
Corradiniego
.182
4.5.
1 Kongres Nacjonalistyczny i koncepcja narodów proletariackich
.183
4.6.
Syndykalizm narodowy w koncepcji
Enrica
Corradiniego
. 185
4.7.
Koncepcja wojny
. 187
4.8.
Corradini a demokracja i liberalizm
. 190
4.9.
Corradini a faszyzm
. 192
Spis treści
7
Rozdział
5.
„Nacjonalizm humanistyczny"
Giovanniego Papiniego
i
Giuseppe Prezzoliniego.195
5.1.
Idee polityczne
Giovanniego
Papiniego i
Giuseppe
Prezzoliniego
na tle „nacjonalizmu estetycznego"
.196
5.2.
Koncepcja „partii intelektualistów" Papiniego na tle idei
Maria Morasso
.197
5.3.
Antypozytywizm, antysocjalizm i anty liberalizm: od „Leonardo"
do „II Regno"
. 200
5.4.
Rola burżuazji w społeczeństwie i problem „odrodzenia narodowego"
. . 202
5.5.
Elitaryzm
Giuseppe
Prezzoliniego
. 206
5.6.
Imperializm kulturalny
Giovanniego
Papiniego
. 208
5.7.
„La Voce"
i rozłam z nacjonalizmem
. 210
5.8.
Idee polityczne
Giovanniego
Papiniego na tle futuryzmu politycznego
. 215
5.8.1.
Mit nowoczesności a tradycja
.218
5.8.2.
Koncepcja wojny
.220
Rozdział
6.
I Kongres Nacjonalistyczny i powstanie Stowarzyszenia Nacjonalistów
Włoskich
.223
6.1.
1 Kongres Nacjonalistyczny
.223
6.2.
Kwestia monarchii
.229
6.3.
Powstanie nacjonalistycznych grup regionalnych i
„L'Idea Nazionale"
. 235
Rozdział
7.
Wojna libijska w koncepcji włoskich nacjonalistów
.239
Rozdział
8.
II
Kongres Nacjonalistyczny
(1912) -
rozłam między nacjonalistami
konserwatywnymi a demokratycznymi
.247
8.1.
Antysemityzm Francesca Coppoli
.247
8.2.
Scipio Sighele a spór nacjonalistów demokratycznych
i konserwatywnych
.254
Rozdział
9.
Luigi
Federzoni
-
twórca przymierza nacjonalistów z katolikami
.259
9.1.
Zarys biografii politycznej
.259
9.2.
Federzoni wobec powstania włoskiego nacjonalizmu
. . 261
9.3.
Koncepcje polityki zagranicznej Luigiego Federzoniego
-
irredentyzm
a imperializm
.263
9.4.
Federzoni wobec przymierza nacjonalistów z katolikami
.266
8
Spis
tresei
9.5.
Problem
masoński w interpretacji Luigiego Federzoniego
.270
9.6.
Federzoni a liberalizm
.273
9.7.
Federzoni wobec narodzin i rozwoju faszyzmu we Włoszech
.275
Rozdział
10.
Alfredo
Rocco
-
„architekt nowego państwa"
.283
10.
L
Zarys biografii politycznej
.283
10.2.
Radykalizm
-
liberalizm narodowy
-
nacjonalizm: ewolucja koncepcji
politycznych Alfreda
Rocca
.286
10.3.
Nacjonalizm wobec innych doktryn politycznych: krytyka liberalizmu,
socjalizmu i demokracji Alfreda
Rocca
.292
10.4.
Antyindywiduaíizm,
organicyzm, autorytaryzm
.297
10.5.
Program gospodarki narodowej Alfreda
Rocca
.302
10.6.
Alfredo Rocco a
III Kongres Nacjonalistyczny
.306
10.7.
Imperializm w koncepcji Alfreda
Rocca
.308
10.8.
Syndykalizm i korporacjonizm w myśli politycznej Alfreda
Rocca
.310
10.9.
Rocco
wobec powstania i rozwoju faszyzmu we Włoszech
.315
10.10.
Faszyzm w interpretacji Alfreda
Rocca
.318
10.11.
Koncepcja faszystowskiego państwa politycznego
Alfreda
Rocca.
320
Rozdział
11.
Nacjonalizm a irredentyzm
.329
11.1.
Irredentyzm włoski jako problem metodologiczny
.329
11.2.
Irredentyzm a narodziny i rozwój włoskiego nacjonalizmu
.337
11.3.
Irredentyzm trydencki: Scipio Sighele i Gualtiero Castellini
.341
11.3.1.
Problem istnienia włoskiego uniwersytetu w monarchii
austro-węgierskiej w ocenie Scipia Sighelego
.345
11.3.2.
Scipio Sighele i Gualtiero Castellini wobec kwestii autonomii
Trydentu
.350
11.4.
Imperialistyczny irredentyzm adriatycki Ruggera Timeusa
i Attilia Tamara
.351
11.4.1.
Idea „otwartych drzwi na Wschód" Ruggera Timeusa
.355
11.4.2.
Kwestia adriatycka w interpretacji Attilia Tamara
.358
Rozdział
12.
Nacjonaliści a wybuch I wojny światowej
.363
12.1.
Od poparcia trójprzymierza do zbrojnej neutralności: włoscy
nacjonaliści a kwestia przymierzy
.365
12.2.
Alfredo Rocco
i koncepcja zbrojnej neutralności
.371
12.3.
W stronę poparcia ententy: wpływ nacjonalistów-irredentystów
.372
12.4.
Roberto
Forges Davanzati:
koniec trójprzymierza
.375
Spis treści
9
12.5.
Kwestia adriatycka i program polityki zagranicznej nacjonalistów
po zakończeniu I wojny światowej
.379
Rozdział
13.
Nacjonaliści a „sprawa polska"
.385
Rozdział
14.
Nacjonaliści włoscy wobec kryzysu państwa liberalnego
.397
14.1.
Manifest „La
Politica"
.397
14.2.
IV
Kongres Nacjonalistyczny w Rzymie w
1919
roku
.401
14.3.
Włoscy nacjonaliści a wyprawa fiumeńska Gabriela
D'Annunzio
.402
14.4.
Koncepcja dyktatury burżuazji
.404
Rozdział
15.
Od nacjonalizmu do nacjonalfaszyzmu
-
fuzja Stowarzyszenia
Nacjonalistów Włoskich z Narodową Partią Faszystowską w
1923
roku.
. 407
15.1.
Nacjonaliści wobec powstania i rozwoju faszyzmu do
1922
roku
.410
15.2.
Ku fuzji z PNF: kwestia monarchii i masonerii
.413
15.3.
Faszyzm
-
rewolucyjny nacjonalizm?
.420
Zakończenie
.429
Italian
Nationalism - the Sources and Evolution of the Political Doctrine
(1896-1923).
Summary
.435
Nazionalismo italiano - genesi e evoluzione della dottrina politica
(1896-1923).
Riassunto
.439
Bibliografia
.443
Indeks osobowy
.471
Italian
Nationalism
-
the Sources and Evolution
of the Political Doctrine
(1896-1923)
Summary
This monograph presents the evolution of the political doctrine of Italian nationalism in the
years
1896-1923,
against the background of the crisis of the liberal State, and the origin and
strengthening of fascism. In Poland, these issues have not been elaborated on so far, although
in the early
1920s
many Polish publicists and politicians took great interest in the Italian
national movement
-
particularly those associated with the National Democracy, like Roman
Dmowski,
Stanisław
Kozicki, Jan Zdzitowiecki, and
Władysław Jabłonowski,
who in their
works analysed the movement's ideological influence on Italian fascism. They also attempted
to see similarities between the development of Enrico Corradini's group, as well as Polish
and French nationalism. This work comprises five thematic blocks:
1)
The first two chapters are an attempt to formulate a definition of Italian nationalism,
mainly on the basis of the idea of a nation, formulated by its leading theoreticians, as well as
its ideological sources, with particular regard to its relations with democratic nationalism in
the first half of the 19th century, and also its attitude towards patriotism, Catholicism and the
Catholic Church, and its affiliation with French nationalism. The origin of the Italian national
movement was influenced by political events which took place in Italy towards the end of
the 19th century, particularly by the lost battle of Adua in
1896,
the fall of Francesco Crispi's
government, social unease in the years
1897-1898,
the crisis of the parliamentary system, the
increasing importance of the socialist movement and escalation of authoritarian tendencies,
as well as the
fin de siècle
cultural atmosphere, which encouraged the formation of literary
associations of intellectuals sharing a critical attitude towards the contemporary political,
economic, and social situation in Italy. Political concepts presented by Italian thinkers
around the turn of the century, like Alfredo Oriani,
Pasquale
Turiello, Mario Morasso,
Giosuè
Carducci,
and
Gabriele D'Annunzio,
also had an important impact upon the origin of the
Italian nationalist doctrine.
2)
The following three chapters are devoted to the so-called "literary and rhetorical
stage" in the development of Italian nationalism, which comprises approximately the years
1896-1910.
Until the year
1910,
Italian nationalism was heterogeneous and developed
independently in several centres focused around the editorial offices of major literary
journals
(II Marzocco, II Regno, La Voce)
and newspapers
(II Carroccio, La Grande Italia).
Although its representatives: the first nationalist groups like Enrico Corradini's
"II Regno"
group, proclaiming an imperialist policy, the representatives of the humanist nationalism like
Giovanni
Papini
and Giuseppe Prezzolini, Giovanni Borelli's Young Liberals, Mario Viana's
revolutionary-syndicalist, monarchist and imperialist group
"II Tricolore",
the
"II Carroccio"
group from Rome, and the "La Grande Italia" group proclaiming irredentism, all shared
some features, attacking the parliamentary democratic system and socialism, and aiming
436
Italian
Nationalism.
-
Summary
at the rebirth of the national consciousness in Italy, they all represented different political
concepts, especially the ones concerning
1)
irredentism,
2)
relations with the Catholic Church,
3)
economic policy,
4)
the attitude towards democracy and liberalism.
3)
The next four chapters present the evolution of the ideology of the Italian nationalism
in its so-called "political stage of development", starting with the first Nationalist Congress in
1910,
where the official Italian Nationalist Association
(Associazione Nazionalista Italiana)
was born, until the third Congress in Milan in
1914,
with particular regard to the political
thought of the leading representatives of the group:
Luigi Federzoni, Maurizio Maraviglia,
Francesco Coppola, Roberto Forges Davanzati, and Alfredo
Rocco.
The Italian national
movement doctrine was, to a great extent, specified owing to discussions concerning its
policy held at subsequent congresses, which even led to internal divisions, and also owing
to the articles published especially in
L'Idea Nazionale,
and also leaflets on the policy,
concerning the question of monarchy, the attitude towards democracy and liberalism,
the mason question, and also specifying the relations with Catholic groups. The origin of
the ideological programme of Italian nationalism was considerably influenced by irredentist-
-democrats like Scipio Sighele,
Èrcole Rivalta,
and Paolo Arcari, who finally left the Italian
Nationalist Association at the second Nationalist Congress in
1912,
and by irredentist-
-imperialists from Trieste, like Ruggero Fauro and
Attilio Tamaro.
The substantial role in
the history of the Italian nationalism was played by the third National Congress in Milan in
1914,
where, thanks to Alfredo
Rocco,
Professor of Political Economy at the University of
Padua, one unified economic policy based on protectionism was adopted.
Rocco,
who was
the new leader of the group since the Congress in Milan, led to breaking up with the tradition
of
Risorgimento,
particularly with the tendency to present nationalists as followers of the
liberal right-wing tradition
(Destra storica),
which was suggested by
Luigi
Federzoni already
in
1913.
As a result of the programme decisions taken at subsequent congresses, nationalism
became anti-socialist, anti-liberal, anti-democratic, and anti-Mason in character, and in the
years
1914-1919
it turned into a reactive party proclaiming the rebirth of the authority of
the State, the neutralization of social conflicts, and providing an adequate place for the grand
bourgeoisie with the support of monarchy and the Catholic Church, and also protectionism in
the economic policy, as well as militarism and expansion in the foreign policy.
4)
The next three chapters present the Italian nationalists' foreign policy, with special
regard to the relations between Italian nationalism and irredentism. Members of
Associazione
Nazionalista Italiana
were sensitive to the question of irredentist lands, although they
regarded these problems as minor in their foreign policy, paying much more attention to the
colonization policy in Africa and gaining hegemony in the Mediterranean Basin. Undoubtedly,
the question of Trent and Trieste had an influence on the Italian-Austrian relations, leading
basically to Italy leaving the Triple Alliance and supporting the Triple Entente when World
War I broke out. When analysing their relations with the democratic nationalism from Trent
(represented by Scipio Sighele and Gualtiero Castellini) and imperialist irredentism from the
Adriatic Coast territory
(Attilio Tamaro
and Ruggero Fauro's concepts), it should be pointed
out that Italian nationalists regarded the aggressive program of
A. Tamaro
and R. Fauro as
more important.
Chapter
XII
presents the policies of Italian nationalisms from the times of the Great
War and the peace conference at Versailles, with particular regard to the so-called "Adriatic
question" and
Gabriele
D'
Annunzio's seizure of Fume.
Chapter
XIII
is devoted to the question of the Italian nationalists' attitude to the newly-
-born and reborn countries created after the fall of the Hapsburg Empire, with special regard
to the attitude towards Poland.
Italian
Nationalism.
-
Summary
437
5)
The last part of this work presents the Italian nationalists' policy on the crisis of
the liberal State after World War I, particularly in the light of the policy accepted at the
fourth Nationalist Congress in March
1919,
and relations between nationalism and fascism
until the fusion of PNF and
ANI in
February
1923.
Analysing the influence of ideological
nationalism on the doctrine of the Italian fascism, it should be noted that nationalists, although
initially not particularly enthusiastic about
Fasci di combattimento,
created in
1919
(they
primarily criticized its revolutionary and republican character and its political methods),
later supported its anti-socialist and anti-Bolshevik slogans, as well as its defence of the
contemporary social situation and its criticism of the liberal policy. The fusion with fascism,
officially proclaimed in
1923,
although it actually meant 'absorption' of the exclusive Italian
Nationalist Association by the much more numerous Fascist Party, ideologically meant the
submission of
Benito
Mussolini's group to the unified nationalist doctrine. Undoubtedly,
the form of the fascist doctrine was influenced not only by nationalism, but also by other
tendencies and political concepts. It should not be denied that the nationalist influence was
of great importance, mostly in the so-called "rising to power stage" of fascism in the years
1921-1925.
In the doctrine of fascism, particularly the following elements were inspired by
nationalism:
The concept of the National State
-
the driving force of the whole social life; the absolute
authority of the State over individuals and social groups, and the individuals' interests subdued
by the national interests.
Corporatism and social solidarity presented in the fascist Charter of Labour were
actually based on the concepts invented by Enrico Corradini and Alfredo
Rocco
at the fourth
ANI
Congress in
1919,
aiming at the elimination of social conflicts through the absorption
of people by economic and professional organizations controlled by the State, and the
elimination of any forms of opposition against the State authorities and any attempts at
making the production process harder.
Imperialism and militarism: although fascism, like nationalism, proclaimed the cult
of war and emphasized the proper military preparation of Italy, it started to implement the
aggressive foreign policy invented by the nationalists only in the late
1930s.
Nationalists also invented the alliance of fascism and monarchy, and made
Benito
Mussolini's group discard their early republican thought and their pro-Masonic sympathies.
Similarly, the
Lateran
Agreements, regulating the relations between Church and State and
signed by the fascist
Duce in
February
1929,
were basically the fulfilment of the nationalists'
postulate presented as early as
1913.
Although the nationalists, especially Alfredo
Rocco
and
Luigi Federzoni,
cooperated with
Benito Mussolini
in the process of the transformation of the
country in the totalitarian direction after the year
1925,
yet they basically did not support the
idea of full concentration of the dictator's power in the hands of the fascist
Duce
—
a process
which started in the early
1930s,
and they also rejected the identification of the nation with
fascism, and the implementation of racist legal acts in
1938,
as well as the dependence of the
Italian policy on Adolf Hitler's Third Reich.
Nazionalismo italiano
-
genesi e evoluzione della
dottrina politica
(1896-1923)
Riassunto
La monografia descrive l'evoluzione della dottrina politica del nazionalismo italiano negli
anni
1896-1923
sullo sfondo della crisi dello Stato liberale e dell'avvento del fascismo. Que¬
sta problematica non è stata finora trattata in Polonia, nonostante
alľ
inizio degli anni
20
il movimento nazionalista italiano suscitasse il vivo interesse di molti pubblicisti e politi¬
ci polacchi, soprattutto presso gli ambienti culturalmente vicini alla Democrazia Nazionale
(tra cui
Roman Domowski, Stanisław Kozicki, Jan Zdzitowiecki
e
Władysław Jabłonowski),
ι
quali nei loro scritti analizzavano l'influsso ideologico del movimento di Enrico Corradini
sul fascismo italiano rilevando le analogie tra il suo sviluppo e quello dei nazionalismi polac¬
co e francese. Nel presente studio si possono evidenziare cinque blocchi tematici:
1)1
primi due capitoli costituiscono il tentativo di definire il nazionalismo italiano, te¬
nendo conto di come sia stata formulata l'idea di nazione dai suoi principali rappresentanti,
delle sue origini ideologiche ponendolo a confronto con il nazionalismo democratico (il na-
zionalitarismo) della prima metà dell'
800
e studiando
і
suoi rapporti con il patriottismo,
il cattolicesimo e con la Chiesa cattolica, oltre ai suoi legami con il nazionalismo francese.
Allo sviluppo del movimento nazionalista italiano contribuirono sia gli avvenimenti politici
della fine del
XIX
secolo, ed in particolare la disfatta di Adua del
1896,
la caduta del go¬
verno
Crispí, i
moti sociali degli anni
1897-1898,
la crisi del parlamentarismo, la crescita
del movimento socialista, l'escalation delle tendenze autoritarie, che il clima culturale della
fin de
siècle, il
quale favorì la nascita di circoli letterari, ritrovo dei giovani intellettuali
(nati dopo
1870)
che giudicavano negativamente la situazione politica, economica e sociale
dell'Italia dell'epoca. Un ruolo rilevante nell'elaborazione della dottrina nazionalista in Ita¬
lia lo svolsero anche le idee politiche di diversi pubblicisti e pensatori politici a cavallo tra
'800
e
'900,
cito Alfredo Oriani, Pasquale Turiello, Mario Morasso, Giosuè Carducci e Ga¬
briele D'Annunzio.
2)
I
successivi tre capitoli sono dedicati alla cosiddetta fase "retorico-letteraria" del na¬
zionalismo italiano, che attraversa gli anni
1896-1910.
Fino al
1910
il nazionalismo italiano,
sviluppatosi indipendentemente in diversi centri, legati in gran parte alle redazioni delle prin¬
cipali riviste letterarie (quali "II Marzocco", "II Regno", "La Voce") come pure dei giorna¬
li ("II Carroccio", "La Grande Italia"), seppur promuovendo programmi politici differenti,
riuscì ad esprimere un carattere eterogeneo.
I
primi gruppi nazionalisti, tra
і
quali quello
imperialista de "II Regno" di Enrico Corradini,
і
rappresentanti del „nazionalismo umanista"
—
Giovanni
Papini
e Giuseppe Prezzolini, „i giovani liberali" di Giovanni Borelli, il gruppo
anarco-sindacalista, monarchico ed imperialista de "II Tricolore" di Mario
Viana,
il grup¬
po imperialista, romano de "II Carroccio" ed il gruppo irredentista de "La Grande Italia", per
440
Nazionalismo italiano.
-
Riassunto
quanto accomunati da diversi argomenti, quali l'attacco al sistema democratico-parlamentare
e al socialismo, ed auspicando la ricostruzione del sentimento nazionale degli italiani, segui¬
vano e promuovevano dei propri programmi che divergevano su questioni fondamentali qua¬
li:
1)
irredentismo,
2)
relazioni con la Chiesa cattolica,
3)
programma economico,
4)
rapporto
con la democrazia e il liberalismo.
3)
I
quattro capitoli a seguire descrivono
ľ
evoluzione del programma ideologico del
nazionalismo italiano sotto l'aspetto prettamente politico, ossia a partire dal
I
Congresso Na¬
zionalista di Firenze del
1910,
in cui nacque ufficialmente l'Associazione Nazionalista Ita¬
liana nonché l'organo "ufficioso" del movimento (L'Idea Nazionale) fino al Terzo Congresso
di Milano del
1914,
ponendo particolare attenzione al pensiero politico dei suoi principali
rappresentanti: Luigi Federzoni, Maurizio Maraviglia, Francesco Coppola, Roberto
Forges
Davanzati e Alfredo Rocco. Alla cristalizzazione della dottrina del nazionalismo italiano
contribuirono in modo determinante le discussioni programmatiche avutesi durante
і
vari
congressi che portarono perfino a delle significative divergenze interne e ad insanabili frat¬
ture, come pure gli articoli pubblicati soprattutto sull'"Idea Nazionale" ed opuscoli tematici
su questioni essenziali quali
і
rapporti con la
monarchia
e con
і
cattolici, con la democra¬
zia e con il liberalismo nonché il problema massonico. Significativo fu anche l'influsso dei
nazionalisti-democratici (Scipio Sighele, Èrcole Rivalta e Paolo Arcari),
і
quali abbando¬
narono l'Associazione Nazionalista Italiana durante il
II
Congresso Nazionalista del
1912,
nonché degli irredentisti-imperialisti di Trieste (Ruggero Fauro e Attilio Tamaro). Un ruolo
fondamentale nella storia del nazionalismo ebbe il III Congresso di Milano, in cui il naziona¬
lismo acquisì maturità e completezza ideologica, adottando il programma protezionista nella
politica economica, in gran parte grazie al contributo di Alfredo Rocco, e si trasformò da
un"associazione in un partito politico. Rocco
—
professore di economia politica dell'Univer¬
sità di Padova ed a partire dal
1914
nuovo leader dell'ANI
-
contribuì anche alla rottura ideo¬
logica con la tradizione del Risorgimento ed in particolare con la tendenza a rappresentare
і
nazionalisti quali continuatori del pensiero della Destra storica, la
qual
cosa fu una proposta
già avanzata da Luigi Federzoni nel
1913.
In seguito alle discussioni congressuali il nazio¬
nalismo assunse un carattere antisocialista, antiliberale, antidemocratico ed antimassonico,
diventando tra il
1914-1919
un partito reazionario, mirante alla ricostruzione dell'autorità
dello Stato, alla neutralizzazione dei conflitti sociali, che garantiva un ruolo importante nella
struttura dello Stato alla grande borghesia produttiva in collaborazione con la
Monarchia
e la Chiesa Cattolica e sosteneva un programma protezionista nella politica economica ed
imperialista in quella estera.
4)
I
successivi tre capitoli sono dedicati all'aspetto programmatico inerente la politica
estera dei nazionalisti, in particolare sui rapporti tra il nazionalismo e l'irredentismo.
I
soste¬
nitori dell'Associazione Nazionalista Italiana erano sensibili ai problemi delle terre irredente:
ciononostante giudicavano la questione secondaria rispetto al programma della politica este¬
ra, dando maggiore importanza al problema coloniale in Africa ed alla conquista dell'ege¬
monia sul Mediterraneo. Non c'è tuttavia alcun dubbio che la questione Trento-Trieste in¬
fluì sui rapporti italo-austriaci, contribuendo all'abbandono della Triplice da parte dell'Italia
e all'avvicinamento
alľ
Intesa dopo lo scoppio della prima guerra mondiale. Analizzando le
relazioni con l'irredentismo democratico di Trento (rappresentato da Scipio Sighele e Gual-
tiero Castellini) e quello imperialista del Litorale Adriatico (di Attilio Tamaro e Ruggero
Fauro) va riconosciuto che
і
nazionalisti italiani preferivano il programma aggressivo impe¬
rialista di Tamaro e Fauro.
Il capitolo
XII
descrive il programma dei nazionalisti durante la Grande Guerra e le
trattative di pace di
Versailles,
approfondendo la questione adriatica e l'impresa di Fiume di
_
Nazionalismo italiano.
-
Riassunto
441
Gabriele D'Annunzio. Il capitolo
XIII
analizza invece
і
rapporti dei nazionalisti italiani con
gli Stati nati dopo la dissoluzione dell'Impero Asburgico, tenendo in particolare considera¬
zione le relazioni con lo Stato Polacco.
5)
Gli ultimi due capitoli illustrano il programma dei nazionalisti italiani di ironie alla
crisi dello Stato liberale dopo la fine della
1
guerra mondiale, in particolare alla luce delle
decisioni intraprese durante il
IV
Congresso Nazionalista del marzo
1919,
nonché le relazio¬
ni tra il nazionalismo e il fascismo fino alla fusione dell'ANI con il PNF nel febbraio
1923.
Valutando l'influsso ideologico del nazionalismo sulla dottrina del fascismo, dobbiamo rico¬
noscere che sebbene
і
rappresentanti dell'Associazione Nazionalista italiana non fossero par¬
ticolarmente favorevoli alla nascita dei Fasci di combattimento nel marzo
1919,
criticando
il loro carattere rivoluzionario e repubblicano oltre ai metodi utilizzati nella pratica politica,
essi però si riconoscevano nelle idee antisocialiste, antibolsceviche e nella difesa dell'or¬
dine sociale costituito, abbinati alla critica dei governi liberali. La fusione con il fascismo,
sancita nel febbraio
1923,
nonostante dal punto di vista pratico costituisse l'assorbimento
dell
elitaria
Associazione Nazionalista Italiana da parte di un Partito di massa come quello
fascista, dal punto di vista ideologico significava una sottomissione del movimento di
Be¬
nito
Mussolini alla dottrina nazionalista. Pur concordando che la dottrina fascista nacque
sotto
1
influsso dì diversi correnti e concetti ideologici, l'influenza nazionalista fu significa¬
tiva, innanzitutto durante la fase della conquista del potere da parte del fascismo, negli anni
1921-1925.
In particolare nella dottrina fascista si possono distinguere
і
seguenti elementi di
ispirazione nazionalista:
1)
Idea dello Stato nazionale, il che fu un motore dell'azione di tutta
1 ·
Ja
vita sociale e prevedeva un primato dello Stato-nazione su individui e gruppi sociali, oltre
al primato
delľ
interesse nazionale su quello individuale.
2)
Corporativismo e solidarismo
sociale, rappresentati nella Carta del Lavoro fascista, si basavano sulle idee, elaborate già da
Enrico Corradini e Alfredo Rocco durante il
IV
Congresso Nazionalista del
1919
e miranti
alla liquidazione dei conflitti sociali attraverso l'assorbimento delle masse da parte delle
organizzazioni economico-professionali, operanti sotto uno stretto controllo dello Stato, ed
eliminazione di tutte le forme di contestazione al potere statale e di ostacolo al sistema pro¬
duttivo;
3)
Imperialismo e
militarismo
-
anche se, nonostante il fascismo, come il nazionali¬
smo, coltivasse il culto della guerra, evidenziando
ľ
importanza di una adeguata preparazione
militare dell'Italia, solo
nelľarco
degli anni
'30
prese avvio l'aggressivo programma dei
politica estera del nazionalismo.
I
nazionalisti erano inoltre promotori dell'alleanza del fascismo con la
monarchia
e spin¬
gevano verso
ľ
abbandono delle originali idee repubblicane e simpatie massoniche presenti
nel fascismo. Allo stesso modo
і
Patti Lateranesi che regolavano
і
rapporti Stato
-
Chiesa,
sottoscritti dal Duce nel febbraio
1929,
costituivano la realizzazione di parte del programma
nazionalista formulato già del
1913.
Malgrado dopo il
1925
alcuni nazionalisti (in partico¬
lare Alfredo Rocco e Luigi Federzoni) collaborassero con
Benito
Mussolini nel processo di
trasformazione dello Stato verso la forma totalitaria, non erano tuttavia favorevoli alla piena
assunzione da parte del Duce del potere dittatoriale, percorso iniziato nei primi anni
30,
né
alla graduale immedesimazione della nazione con il fascismo e furono
contrari
alla promul¬
gazione delle leggi razziali del
1938
ed alla sempre maggiore dipendenza dell'Italia dal Terzo
Reich
di
Adolf
Hitler. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna 1975- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)138252297 |
| author_facet | Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna 1975- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna 1975- |
| author_variant | j s c jsc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041842978 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)900460698 (DE-599)BVBBV041842978 |
| era | Geschichte 1896-1923 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1896-1923 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Włochy / polityka i rządy / 1870-1915 jhpk Włochy / polityka i rządy / 1914-1945 jhpk Italien (DE-588)4027833-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Włochy / polityka i rządy / 1870-1915 Włochy / polityka i rządy / 1914-1945 Italien |
| id | DE-604.BV041842978 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-11T17:38:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376383002 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027287610 |
| oclc_num | 900460698 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 481 s. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Księgarnia Akademicka |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Societas |
| series2 | Societas |
| spelling | Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna 1975- Verfasser (DE-588)138252297 aut Nacjonalizm włoski geneza i ewolucja doktryny politycznej (1896 - 1923) Joanna Sondel-Cedarmas Kraków Księgarnia Akademicka 2013 481 s. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Societas 55 Zsfassung in engl. u. ital. Sprache u.d.T.: Italian nationalism - the sources and evolution of the political doctrine (1896 - 1923) Bibliogr. s. 443-469. Indeks Geschichte 1896-1923 gnd rswk-swf Nacjonalizm / Włochy / historia jhpk Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd rswk-swf Włochy / polityka i rządy / 1870-1915 jhpk Włochy / polityka i rządy / 1914-1945 jhpk Italien (DE-588)4027833-5 gnd rswk-swf Italien (DE-588)4027833-5 g Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 s Geschichte 1896-1923 z DE-604 Societas 55 (DE-604)BV022207361 55 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027287610&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027287610&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna 1975- Nacjonalizm włoski geneza i ewolucja doktryny politycznej (1896 - 1923) Societas Nacjonalizm / Włochy / historia jhpk Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4041300-7 (DE-588)4027833-5 |
| title | Nacjonalizm włoski geneza i ewolucja doktryny politycznej (1896 - 1923) |
| title_auth | Nacjonalizm włoski geneza i ewolucja doktryny politycznej (1896 - 1923) |
| title_exact_search | Nacjonalizm włoski geneza i ewolucja doktryny politycznej (1896 - 1923) |
| title_full | Nacjonalizm włoski geneza i ewolucja doktryny politycznej (1896 - 1923) Joanna Sondel-Cedarmas |
| title_fullStr | Nacjonalizm włoski geneza i ewolucja doktryny politycznej (1896 - 1923) Joanna Sondel-Cedarmas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nacjonalizm włoski geneza i ewolucja doktryny politycznej (1896 - 1923) Joanna Sondel-Cedarmas |
| title_short | Nacjonalizm włoski |
| title_sort | nacjonalizm wloski geneza i ewolucja doktryny politycznej 1896 1923 |
| title_sub | geneza i ewolucja doktryny politycznej (1896 - 1923) |
| topic | Nacjonalizm / Włochy / historia jhpk Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nacjonalizm / Włochy / historia Nationalismus Włochy / polityka i rządy / 1870-1915 Włochy / polityka i rządy / 1914-1945 Italien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027287610&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027287610&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022207361 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sondelcedarmasjoanna nacjonalizmwłoskigenezaiewolucjadoktrynypolitycznej18961923 |