The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary:
Gespeichert in:
Beteilige Person: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Englisch |
Veröffentlicht: |
York
Council for British Archeology
2013
|
Schriftenreihe: | CBA research report
172 |
Schlagwörter: | |
Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027236414&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
Umfang: | XXXI, 368 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. cm |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Contents
List of figures
..................................................xvii
List of plates
...................................................xx
List of tables
...................................................xxi
List of contributors
...............................................xxiii
Acknowledgements
...............................................xxiv
Summaries (English, French, German, and Welsh)
..............................xxvi
1
Introduction: The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary by Martin Bell
..........1
1.1
Introduction
...........................................1
1.2
The study area
..........................................1
1.3
Bronze Age archaeology in the region
.............................2
1.4
The history of wetland research
................................4
1.5
The geological framework
....................................7
1.6
The Pleistocene and Holocene sediment sequence
.......................8
Section I: Investigations at Redwick and Cold Harbour Pill
......................11
2
Excavation of a seasonal Bronze Age settlement at Redwick by Martin Bell
......13
2.1
Introduction and history of investigation
..........................13
2.2
Redwick and Cold Harbour geoarchaeological context
...................15
2.3
Surface hummock topography and erosion
..........................21
2.4
Excavation methodology
...................................22
2.5
Building
1...........................................24
2.6
Building
2...........................................28
2.7
Building
3...........................................37
2.8
Building
4...........................................37
2.9
Building
5...........................................46
2.10
Area
5.............................................47
2.11
Area
9.............................................50
2.12
Later palaeochannel
.....................................51
3
Bronze Age activity at Redwick
2
and Cold Harbour Pill by Martin Bell
........53
3.1
Introduction
..........................................53
3.2
Redwick
2...........................................53
3.3
Redwick
2
Pit
.........................................55
3.4
Redwick
2
trackway
......................................56
3.5
Redwick Site
15........................................57
3.6
Cold Harbour Pill
.......................................57
3.7
Cold Harbour Pill lb
.....................................58
3.8
Cold Harbour Pill Site
11...................................58
3.9
Cold Harbour Pill Site
9...................................58
vii
viii
The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary
3.10
Cold Harbour Pill Site
16..................................60
3.11
Cold Harbour Pill
2
palaeochannel
.............................60
3.12
Cold Harbour Pill Site
12..................................63
3.13
Cold Harbour Pill Site
14..................................63
3.14
Cold Harbour Pill Site
3...................................63
4
The wood and other artefacts from the Redwick and Cold Harbour sites
by Richard Brunning, Nigel Nayling, Charlotte Pearson, Ann Woodward, Jennifer Foster,
and John Allen
..........................................64
4.1
Woodworking evidence by Richard Brunning
........................64
Introduction
.........................................64
Methodology
.........................................64
Building
1..........................................64
Introduction
.....................................64
The size and shape of the building
.........................64
The character of the building components
.....................64
Building
2..........................................66
Introduction
.....................................66
The size and shape of the building
.........................66
The character of the building components
.....................69
Building
4..........................................70
Introduction
.....................................70
The size and shape of the building
.........................70
The character of the building components
.....................70
Wood selection and woodworking
..........................73
Contexts associated with Building
4........................74
Building
5..........................................75
Introduction and the size and shape of the building
................75
The non-oak roundwood
...............................75
The split oak posts
.................................75
The character of the construction
..........................75
Other contexts at Redwick
.................................75
Area
5 .......................................75
Trench
6.......................................77
Area
9 .......................................77
Redwick
2......................................77
Redwick
2
Trackway
.................................77
Wood from Cold Harbour Pill and
Collister
Pill
......................77
Cold Harbour Pill Site
11..............................77
Cold Harbour Pill
2
palaeochannel
.........................77
Collister
Pill
.....................................79
Woodworking evidence: conclusions
............................79
Species selection and building design
.......................79
Toolmark
evidence
..................................79
4.2
Dendrochronology report by Nigel Nayling
.........................80
Methodology
.........................................80
Results
............................................80
Building
4......................................80
Building
5......................................81
The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary
ix
Discussion
......................................82
4.3
Tree-ring studies from Redwick buildings and associated sites by Charlotte Pearson
... 82
Introduction and method
..................................82
Building
1..........................................85
Building
2..........................................85
Building
4..........................................85
Building
5..........................................86
Area
9
group of three posts
.................................86
Redwick
2..........................................86
Discussion
..........................................87
Conclusions
.........................................87
4.4
The middle Bronze Age pottery by Ann Woodward
.....................89
Redwick
...........................................89
Cold Harbour Pill
2
palaeochannel
.............................91
4.5
Stone artefacts by Jennifer Foster
..............................91
Flint
............................................91
Other stone
.........................................91
4.6
The geology of utilised and heat-fractured stones from Redwick by
J R L
Allen
......93
Use at Redwick
.......................................93
Provenance of the main lithologies
.............................93
Comparison with other prehistoric sites
..........................93
4.7
Bone artefact by Jennifer Foster
...............................94
5
The botanical evidence from Redwick by
Astrid Caseldine,
Catherine Griffiths,
and
Denise Drúce,
with contributions by Scott
Ћтрапу
....................95
5.1
Introduction and sampling
..................................95
Methods
...........................................95
Pollen analysis
....................................95
Radiocarbon samples
................................95
Plant macrofossil analysis
.............................95
Wood and charcoal identification
..........................99
Pollen zonation
...................................99
Site discussion
.......................................99
5.2
Building
4
pollen
.......................................99
Redwick
109.........................................99
The reed swamp and tall-herb fen phase
......................99
Birch fen woodland
................................100
The establishment of raised bog
.........................101
Redwick
113........................................102
Raised bog
.....................................102
The transition to saltmarsh
............................102
Occupation activity
................................103
5.3
Building
4
plant macrofossils
................................104
Redwick
114........................................105
Redwick
84........................................108
Spot samples from Building
4..............................109
Comparison with the insect record from Building
4...................
Ill
5.4
Area
5............................................
Ill
Pollen
...........................................
Ill
χ
The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary
Redwick Area
5
Column
14............................
Ш
Plant macrofossils
.....................................
H4
5.5
Building
2..........................................
115
Plant macrofossils
.....................................
H5
Channel deposit samples
.............................
Footprint samples
.................................
5.6
Dung samples
........................................ 119
Building
1......................................... 119
Building
2......................................... 121
Building
2
area
...................................... 122
Building
4......................................... 123
Area
ö/Trench 8,
Building
5
and Redwick
2
Trackway
................. 123
Dung samples: conclusions
................................ 123
5.7
Wood and charcoal
...................................... 124
5.8
Redwick botanical overview
................................ 124
Coastal change
...................................... 124
Vegetation change and setting of the buildings
..................... 125
Human activity and the effect on plant communities
.................. 126
Cereal cultivation and the use of wild plants
...................... 128
Conclusions
........................................ 129
6
Insects and animal bones as evidence of the environment and economy
at Redwick and Cold Harbour by Emma Tetlow, David Smith,
Kalla Nayyar,
Simon
Haslett, Jennifer Foster, Claire Ingrem, and Brian Connell
.................. 130
6.1
Insect analysis
........................................ 130
6.2
Insect faunas from the Fourth Peat by Emma Tetlow
................... 130
6.3
Insect faunas associated with Building
4
by David Smith
................ 130
6.4
Insect faunas from Redwick Building
2
and Redwick Site
2
Pit by Emma Tetlow
.... 138
6.5
Insect faunas from Cold Harbour Pill Site
9
by
Kalla
Nayyar and David Smith
.... 138
6.6
Foraminifera analysis by Simon
К
Haslett
......................... 139
6.7
Animal bones from the Redwick and Cold Harbour Pill sites by Claire Ingrem
..... 139
Data
........................................... 140
Building
1..................................... 141
Building
2..................................... 141
Building
4..................................... 141
Building
5..................................... 141
Area
5 ...................................... 141
Trench
4...................................... 141
Redwick discussion and interpretation
......................... 141
Redwick
2..................................... 142
Cold Harbour Pill sites
.............................. 142
6.8
Cut marks and gnawed bones by Jennifer Foster and Claire Ingrem
........... 143
6.9
Human tooth from Redwick Building
4
by Brian Connell
................. 143
7
Footprint-tracks of people and animals at Redwick by Martin Bell,
with Rachel Scales and
Kirsten
Barr.............................
144
7.1
Introduction
......................................... 144
7.2
Contexts and methodology
................................. 144
Methodology
............................... 145
The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary
xi
7.3
Human footprint-tracks
...................................149
Footprint A7
........................................149
Footprint
341.......................................149
Footprint
347.......................................149
Footprint
362.......................................150
Footprint
194.......................................150
Footprint
19........................................150
Footprints
27
and
21...................................150
Footprint
25........................................150
Footprint
20........................................150
Conclusions
........................................150
7.4
Animal footprint-tracks
...................................151
Cattle
...........................................151
Ovicaprids
.........................................152
Pig
...........................................152
Horse
...........................................152
Deer
...........................................152
Possible dung traces
...................................152
Patterns of animal movement
..............................152
Conclusions
........................................152
Footprint study acknowledgements
...........................153
8
Review of Redwick and Cold Harbour Pill area and conclusions
concerning rectangular buildings by Martin Bell
....................154
8.1
Introduction and
stratigraphie
context
........................... 154
8.2
Dating
............................................ 155
8.3
Rectangular building reconstruction
............................ 156
8.4
Rectangular buildings: wider comparisons
......................... 157
8.5
Activities
........................................... 159
8.6
Community composition
.................................. 160
8.7
Seasonality
......................................... 160
8.8
Commentary on the reconstruction drawing of environment, landscape, and activities.
161
Section II: The Peterstone palaeochannels
...............................163
9
Peterstone palaeochannels with wood structures: field evidence
by Martin Bell and Alex Brown
.................................165
9.1
Introduction to the site
................................... 165
9.2
Sedimentary context of the palaeochannels
........................ 168
9.3
Geoarchaeological context in the Wentlooge Levels
.................... 169
9.4
Survey results
........................................ 172
9.5
Early Bronze Age palaeochannels: Palaeochannel
2.................... 175
Context
6/10........................................ 176
Context
4......................................... 177
Contexte
......................................... 177
Artefact distribution in Palaeochannel
2........................ 177
9.6
Early Bronze Age palaeochannels: Palaeochannel
3.................... 180
Artefact distributions in Palaeochannel
3........................181
Artefact distributions where Palaeochannels
2
and
3
converge
............181
xii
The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary
9.7
Early Bronze Age palaeochannels: Palaeochannel
4....................183
9.8
Early Bronze Age palaeochannels: Palaeochannel
5....................183
9.9
Early Bronze Age palaeochannels: Palaeochannel
6....................183
9.10
Middle Bronze Age palaeochannels: Palaeochannel
7..................184
Context
2......................................... 184
Context
3......................................... 184
Artefact distribution in Palaeochannel
7........................ 185
9.11
Middle Bronze Age palaeochannels: Palaeochannel
8.................. 185
Context
22.........................................187
Artefact distribution in Palaeochannel
8........................187
9.12
Middle Bronze Age palaeochannels: Palaeochannel
1..................187
Feature
1.........................................188
Feature
2.........................................188
Object
499.........................................188
Context
7.........................................188
Context
25.........................................189
Context
9.........................................189
Posts
1652
and
1653...................................189
Artefact distribution in Palaeochannel
1........................189
9.13
Palaeochannels
10
and
11.................................189
9.14
Undated parallel ditch systems
..............................189
10
Wood and other artefacts from Peterstone by Martin Bell, Steven Allen, Jennifer Foster,
Richard Brunning, Nigel Nayling, Toby Jones,
Astrid Caseldine,
Catherine Griffiths, Ann
Woodward, and John Allen
..................................191
10.1
Wood tools by Martin Bell, Steven Allen and Jennifer Foster
..............191
Paddle or digging stick-shaped object,
498/499
by Martin Bell and Steven Allen
. . . 191
Wood axe-head handle,
630
by Martin Bell
....................... 191
Decorated wooden shaft inside a hollowed-out bone,
706
by Jennifer Foster
...... 192
10.2
Worked wood by Richard Brunning
............................ 193
Methodology
........................................193
Wood from late Neolithic/early Bronze Age Palaeochannel
2..............194
Context
4......................................194
Context
6......................................194
Context
10.....................................194
Context
5
(Group
428)...............................196
Contexte
......................................196
Palaeochannel
2
other wood
...........................198
Palaeochannel
2/3.................................200
Wood from late Neolithic/early Bronze Age Palaeochannel
3..............200
Context
17.....................................200
Palaeochannel
3
other wood
...........................202
Wood from late Neolithic/early Bronze Age Palaeochannel
5..............202
Wood from middle Bronze Age Palaeochannel
1.....................202
Context
7......................................202
Context
9......................... 202
Post
1652......................................202
Other Palaeochannel
1
wood
...........................204
Wood from middle Bronze Age Palaeochannel
7.....................204
Context
2................................. 204
The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary
xiii
Context
3
hurdle
..................................207
Other Palaeochannel
7
wood
...........................207
Wood from middle Bronze Age Palaeochannel
8.....................207
Context
22
and nearby
..............................207
Other Palaeochannel
8
wood
...........................207
Wood from undated Palaeochannel
6...........................207
Context
1......................................207
Other Palaeochannel
6
wood
...........................208
Woodworking discussion
.................................208
Post structures
..................................208
Hurdles
......................................208
Withy ties
.....................................208
Woodworking waste
................................208
Tools used
.....................................210
10.3
Tree-ring analysis by Nigel Nayling
............................210
10.4
Laser scanning of Peterstone wood by Toby Jones
....................210
10.5
Wood identification and stem age, size, and seasonality studies by
Astrid
Caseldìne
and Catherine Griffiths
..................................212
Methods
..........................................212
Results
...........................................212
Early Bronze Age
.................................212
Middle Bronze Age
................................213
Undated Palaeochannel
6.............................213
Discussion
.........................................213
10.6
The Bronze Age pottery by Ann Woodward
........................215
Beaker
........................................... 215
Middle Bronze Age
.................................... 217
10.7
Peterstone stone artefacts by Jennifer Foster
....................... 218
10.8
Geology of stones
òy
J Ä L
Allen............................. 218
10.9
Bone
artefacts by Jennifer Foster
............................. 220
11
Pollen and. plant macrofossils from Peterstone by Alex Brown,
Astrid Caseldine,
and Catherine Griffiths
....................................224
11.1
Pollen and microscopic charcoal analysis at Peterstone by Alex Brown
.........224
Introduction
........................................ 224
Sampling strategy
................................. 224
Method
........................................... 224
Pollen and charcoal source area
............................. 224
Interpretation
....................................... 225
The late Neolithic environment
.......................... 225
The early to middle Bronze Age environment
.................. 230
Discussion
......................................... 231
11.2
Plant macrofossil analysis by
Astrid
Caseldine and Catherine Griffiths
........ 232
Methods
.......................................... 232
Taphonomy and source area
............................... 232
Palaeochannel
2...................................... 232
Monolith Series
11................................. 232
xiv
The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary
Bulk samples
24, 25,
and
27........................... 235
Palaeochannel
3...................................... 238
Monolith Series
32................................ 238
Palaeochannel
5...................................... 239
Bulk sample
15.................................. 239
Monolith Series
13/14............................... 239
Palaeochannel
7...................................... 241
Discussion of plant macrofossils and comparison with pollen
............. 241
12
Animals at Peterstone by Claire Ingrem, with contributions by Jennifer Foster
and Martin Bell
.........................................243
12.1
Animal bones by Claire Ingrem
..............................243
Palaeochannel
1...................................... 243
Palaeochannel
1/2..................................... 243
Palaeochannel
2...................................... 245
Palaeochannel
2/3..................................... 245
Palaeochannel
3...................................... 245
Palaeochannel
4...................................... 246
Palaeochannel
5...................................... 246
Palaeochannel
6...................................... 246
Palaeochannel
7...................................... 246
Palaeochannel
8...................................... 246
12.2
Cut marks and gnawed bones by Jennifer Foster and Claire Ingrem
.......... 246
Palaeochannel
2......................................246
Palaeochannel
3......................................247
Palaeochannel
5......................................248
Palaeochannel
7......................................248
Gnawing
..........................................248
12.3
Discussion and interpretation of animal bones by Claire Ingrem
............248
Cattle
........................................... 248
Sheep/goat
......................................... 249
Pigs
........................................... 249
Horses
........................................... 250
Dogs
........................................... 250
Wild animals
....................................... 250
Activities and disposal practices
............................. 250
Conclusion
......................................... 251
12.4
Earlier animal footprint-tracks by Martin Bell
...................... 251
13
Peterstone conclusions by Martin Bell and Alex Brown
..................253
13.1
Fieldwork, stratigraphy, and taphonomy
.........................253
13.2
Dating
...........................................254
13.3
Wood structures
......................................256
13.4
Activities
..........................................257
Section III: Saltmarsh vegetation histories and exploitation
....................261
14
Stable isotope evidence of saltmarsh economies by Kate
Britton
and
Gundula
Müldner.......................................263
The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary
xv
14.1.
Introduction
........................................ 263
14.2.
Archaeological evidence for saltmarsh grazing in the Severn Estuary
......... 263
14.3
Stable isotope analysis in archaeology
.......................... 264
14.4.
Materials and methods
.................................. 264
Bone
........................................... 264
Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis
.......................... 265
Enamel
.......................................... 265
Oxygen isotope analysis
................................. 265
14.5.
Results and discussion
.................................. 266
Carbon and nitrogen isotope evidence for saltmarsh grazing in the Severn Estuary
. 266
The intensity and seasonality of saltmarsh grazing
................... 270
Birth seasonality of Bronze Age cattle in the Severn Estuary
............. 271
Implications for stable isotope archaeology and human palaeodietary analyses
. . . 272
14.6.
Conclusion
......................................... 273
15
Bronze Age vegetation history and human activity at Llandevenny and
in the wider Severn Estuary region by Alex Brown
................... 274
15.1
Introduction
........................................ 274
15.2
Study site
.......................................... 275
15.3
Materials and methods
.................................. 275
15.4
Results
........................................... 276
Sediments
......................................... 276
Chronology
........................................ 276
Pollen, plant macrofossil, and charcoal analysis
..................... 276
15.5
Discussion
......................................... 280
Late Mesolithic and early Neolithic
........................... 280
Vegetation history and human impact in the late Neolithic, Bronze Age,
and Iron Age
.................................... 281
15.6
Llandevenny conclusions
................................. 282
15.7
Bronze Age vegetation environments of the Severn Estuary region
........... 283
Introduction
........................................ 283
Sources of variation in the pollen data
.......................... 283
The environment of the Bronze Age
........................... 284
Severn Estuary Levels
.................................. 284
Lowlands
......................................... 285
Uplands
.......................................... 286
Summary
......................................... 286
Section IV: The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary and beyond
................... 289
16
Wetland and dry ground sites in the Bronze Age Severn Estuary by Martin Bell
. . 291
16.1
Introduction
........................................ 291
16.2
Wentlooge Levels and hinterland
............................. 292
16.3
Caldicot Levels and hinterland
.............................. 299
Goldcliff
.......................................... 299
Redwick-Cold Harbour
.................................. 300
Chapeltump
........................................ 301
Collister
Pill
........................................ 301
xvi
The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary
Caldicot
.......................................... 302
Caldicot Levels hinterland
................................ 302
16.4
The Inner Severn Estuary and hinterland
........................ 303
16.5
The Avonmouth Levels and hinterland
.......................... 304
16.6
North Somerset Levels and hinterland
.......................... 306
16.7
Somerset Levels and hinterland
............................. 306
Research history and sediments
............................. 306
Trackways across peatlands
............................... 307
Settlement location
.................................... 307
Activity beyond the Brue Valley
............................. 308
Dry ground topography
.................................. 308
Brean
Down
........................................ 308
Mendip and dry ground east of the Somerset Levels
.................. 310
Dry ground south of the Somerset Levels
........................ 311
16.8
The islands
......................................... 312
16.9
Conclusions
......................................... 312
17
The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary and beyond: conclusions by Martin Bell
. . 314
17.1
Introduction
........................................ 314
17.2
Coastal site erosion
.................................... 314
17.3
Formation processes of the archaeological record
.................... 314
17.4
Environmental change
................................... 316
17.5
Seasonal grazing and lesser
transhumance
....................... 319
17.6
Field systems, land allotment, and arable
........................ 322
17.7
Fishing
........................................... 323
17.8
Salt
............................................. 325
17.9
Integrating the Bronze Age economy: bones, footprints, lipids, and isotopes
...... 325
17.10
Models of landscape exploitation
............................ 326
17.11
The annual round
..................................... 329
17.12
Regional identity
..................................... 330
17.13
Coastal contacts
..................................... 332
17.14
Comparisons with other British coastal wetlands
................... 335
Early Bronze Age
..................................... 335
Middle Bronze Age
.................................... 336
Late Bronze Age
...................................... 338
17.15
Changes in the late Bronze Age
............................. 339
17.16
In conclusion
....................................... 339
Bibliography
..................................................341
Index
......................................................362
The archive can be found on the Archaeology Data Service (ADS) website, reference
DOI:
10.5284/1021480
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Bell, Martin |
author_GND | (DE-588)129905194 |
author_facet | Bell, Martin |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Bell, Martin |
author_variant | m b mb |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV041790785 |
classification_rvk | NF 1530 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)880112157 (DE-599)BVBBV041790785 |
discipline | Geschichte |
era | Geschichte 1600 v. Chr.-940 v. Chr. gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1600 v. Chr.-940 v. Chr. |
format | Book |
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geographic | Severn-Gebiet (DE-588)4328061-4 gnd |
geographic_facet | Severn-Gebiet |
id | DE-604.BV041790785 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:55:06Z |
institution | BVB |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027236414 |
oclc_num | 880112157 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
physical | XXXI, 368 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. cm |
publishDate | 2013 |
publishDateSearch | 2013 |
publishDateSort | 2013 |
publisher | Council for British Archeology |
record_format | marc |
series | CBA research report |
series2 | CBA research report |
spellingShingle | Bell, Martin The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary CBA research report Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4008357-3 (DE-588)4328061-4 |
title | The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary |
title_auth | The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary |
title_exact_search | The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary |
title_full | The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary by Martin Bell |
title_fullStr | The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary by Martin Bell |
title_full_unstemmed | The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary by Martin Bell |
title_short | The Bronze Age in the Severn Estuary |
title_sort | the bronze age in the severn estuary |
topic | Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Ausgrabung Funde Bronzezeit Severn-Gebiet |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027236414&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV026070974 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT bellmartin thebronzeageinthesevernestuary |