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Věda jde k lidu!: Československá společnost pro šíření politických a vědeckých znalostí a popularizace věd v Československu ve 20. století

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteilige Person:	Olšáková, Doubravka 1977- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Tschechisch
Veröffentlicht:	Praha Academia 2014
Ausgabe:	Vyd. 1
Schriftenreihe:	Šťastné zítřky 10
Schlagwörter:	Geschichte 1948-1989 Popularisierung Wissenschaft Tschechoslowakei
Links:	https://www.recensio.net/r/cd3a0d0b7c7144048becab546981b787 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027036674&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027036674&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027036674&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Umfang:	678 S. Ill.
ISBN:	9788020023186

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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1819330211464871936
adam_text	Poděkování 11 Věda jde к lidu! Československá společnost pro Šíření politických a vědeckých znalostí a popularizace ved v Československu ve 20. století 15 Od popularizace vědy к pracující inteligenci 17 (Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin - Harmonie Alexeje Stachanova — Tradice — O stranickosti ve vědě — Sloužím, lidu! — Majerová versus Seifert — Zrod intelektuála - Socialistická věda) Vznik 35 Návrh na založení („Musíme to risknout. — Sovětský vzor - Osobnosti — Porážka — Konec Národního technické¬ ho muzea - Barešův odchod - Pragmaticky a bezpartijně - Prodloužená ruka strany) 35 SSSR dohání Ameriku: zkušenosti VKS(b) (Studijní cesta do SSSR - Dohnat Am eriku ! — Struktura) 5 0 Nemožnost diskontinuity: zrušené společnosti jako základ nové Společnosti 57 Vytesnení a nahrazení: Volná myšlenka československá (Počátky Volné myšlenky — Emanuel Voska — Lubomír Milde — Josef Meisner - Konec činnosti - Svaz občanů bez vyznání- Svaz přátel přírodních a společenských věd — Církev ateistů) 58 Sovětizace? Likvidace Dělnické akademie a řízený zánik Socialistické akademie (Socialistická akademie — Statistiky a návštěvnost - Dělnická akademie — Sovětský vzor- Činnost a statistiky — Na cestě к Únoru — Sloučení~ Masarykova sociologická společnost a Masarykův lidovýchovný ústav— Sovětský vzor na scéně — Zánik — Člen ové vítaní a n evítaní) 6 9 Světlonoši 100 Nové světlo pokroku a vědecké pravdy ( Výzva — Rozsévači lepšího - Sjezd — Bez zahraničí — Poraženi vývojem) 100 Nástup (Д 952-1954) (První statistiky - Problémy) 109 Slovensko (Počátky— Osobnosti — Činnost - Nezájem - Statistiky — Předvolební agitace - Další sekce - Destaliniza ce - Shrň u tí) 114 Institucionalizace, politizace, ideologizace? První sjezd Ústředního výboru Čs. společnosti (1955) (Kontrola hierarchie — Neshody - Napjaté vztahy s ČSAV — Odpovědný úkol in teligen ce) 132 Kam s ní? (Převést či nepřevést? — Podřízení dobrovolných organizací - Mezi světy) 145 Financování Čs. společnosti (Permanentní dluhy ~ Virtuální realita) 151 Kádry ve vedení Čs. společnosti 157 František Šorm versus Josef Macek (Zamítnutí Josefa Ма ска - Varían ty -R ezign a ce, či o dvolání?) 157 Hledá se tajemník (Prototyp osvětového pracovníka — „Národní vdovec - Karel Kaplan a Čestmír Císař— Robert Horák) 162 „Kádrový profil (Funkcionáři a úředníci - Novináři) 173 Věda na pomoc vesnici 179 (Proměna venkova — Osvěta v zemědělství — Osobnosti — Československo-sovětský institut - Vědci na pomoc zemědělství — Věda na pomoc vesnici — Ideologizace prostoru) Spor o Viljamsovu trávopolní soustavu (Institucionalizace - Sovětská agrobiologie α trávopolní soustava — Překrucování sovětské vědy — Míčurinův odkaz?) 191 4v 1956: Pokus o rehabilitaci československé vědy 201 (Napětí — Konec ideologie ve vědě? — Přiznání neúspěchu Vymezování se - Projev Františka Š orma — Závěry) Vědci v radách Čs. společnosti 212 Převýchova vědce: případ Jaroslava Šafránka (Oběťvlastních úspěchu -Ideologická senzace - Starý pes a nové kousky) 213 Lékařské vědy (Václav Šváb - Karel Přerovský — Zdeněk Franc - Ferdinand Démant — Otakar Teyschl — Josef Linh art - Miroslav Prokopec) 218 Humanitní vědy (MieroslavHysko — Otakar Nahodil — František Kavka - Václav Král - Josef Kočí - Lev Hanzel — Mikuláš Písch - Miloš Gosiorovský - Miloš Tomčík — Československá historická společn ost) 223 Sociální vědy (Milan Majchar — Viktor P avlenda — Prá vní sekce — La dislav S chu bert) 231 Přírodní a technické vědy (Ladislav Šťourač - Rudolf Boríšek - Karel Kalný— Ferdinand Prantl - Karel Vigner - Jaroslav Hausman - Bohumír Kula — Oldřich Benda - Jaroslav Bina — Otakar Švarc) 234 Josef Macek v čele Čs. společnosti 241 Nástup Josefa Macka do vedení (Nový výzkum, nové metody? - Přednáškové a publikační aktivity - Ideologizace?) 241 Sovětský vzor po 10 letech (Struktura — Masová společn ost) 250 Sovětská inspirace pod taktovkou Josefa Macka (Poprvé na zkušenou - Všechna popularizace vědy lidu — Vlastní poznámky členů delegace - Sovětská delegace v ČSR - Nové výzvy - Zákon o osvětové činností) 255 Planetaria lidu 2 72 (Astronomie a ideologie — Zrod planetárií v ČSR - Zeissova planetária - Planetária a lidové hvězdárny v Československu - Návštěvnost — Vladimír Vanýsek — Planetárium do každého okresu! — Shrnutí] Kukuřice a boj proti revizionismu 286 (Vědecko-ateistická propaganda — Filozofie a mezinárodní politika - Společenské a přírodní vědy — Kukuřice a technika - Formy popularizace — Diskuse Josefa Macka s ÚV KSČ — Muzeum ateismu — Závěrečná doporučení— Vym ezení role — Kolovra tský palác) II. sjezd (Sputnik a úkoly inteligence - Dluhy) 298 Ediční politika 304 (Československá Nauka i žizň: Věda a život — Mezinárodní politika - Problémy s šéfredaktorem — Distribuce — Socialistický „networking — Dějiny a současnost - Ediční řady - Československá vlastivěda - Celkový přehled) Lidové univerzity a akademie 326 (Lidové univerzity — Lidové akademie — Specializace ~ Organizace — Vývoj a expanze — Popularizace matematiky— SSSR se učí od Československa - Institucionalizace mimoškolního vzdělávání) Mezinárodní spolupráce přes železnou oponu 373 (Sesterské organizace - Poptávka po Sikovi) Inspirující věda Sovětského svazu (Pjotr Kapica a ÚV KSSS -Ideologickýdohled-Vědeckýateismus) 378 Socialistické státy: Polsko, Maďarsko, Rumunsko (Leopold Inf eld a Polsko - Maďarsko a R um unsko) 383 Kapitalistické země: Rakousko, Švédsko a norská fenomenologie (Komunistická frakce rakouských horolezců -Josef Macek v Tyrolsku - Ernst Fischer a Walter Hollitscher - Švédsko a norská fenomenologie v Čechách) 386 NDR a otevření diskuse o vztahu křesťanství a marxismu (Výměna odborníků — Německý marxismus a křesťanství) 393 Bernal, Garaudy et compadres (John Desmond Bernal - Roger Garaudy- Jan Patočka a Garaudy — Paulusgesellschaft — Francouzský renegát — Světlo ze západu) 398 Výchova k ateismu 410 (Marx, Engels a Lenin - Likvidace bezvěrectví i církví — Počátky výchovy к ateismu — Prospívá dítěti náboženská vých ova ? — Ediční plány — A teism us ve film и — Výzkum a vzorní učitelé — Publikace a školení - Ateistická politika na školách - Nový pokus — Realizace — Výsledky - ČSAV- Normalizace - Vyrovnání se s vývojem 1968—69 — Nep o dp or ovát dis ent) Reorganizace ve stopách usnesení ÚV KSSS 451 (Na venkov! — Lektorské skupiny a vědecko-metodické rady — Reorganizace ústředí — Kontrolní zpráva o průběhu reorganizace — Publikační činnost) Konec hry na zlepšovatele 464 (Ekonomické důsledky zlepšovatelského hnutí - Zpráva o budovatelské otupělosti - Konec hry) 1965: Konec nadějí 472 (V zajetí stereotypu — Všechnu vědu lidu —Koordinační výbor — Opakovaný návrh na svolání — Auerspergova zpráva ... — ...a kauza Ivan Sviták — Počátek konce — Vzpoura! — Dějiny a současnost versus Václav Král — Konec ĎaSu - Petice 330 — „Léta jsme tam odkládali . .. - Kontrolní zpráva к Poslání o stavu kulturních časopisů (1965) - III. sjezd - Výstraha - Drtivá kritika - Konec Josefa Macka — Přestat papouškovat po KSČ! - Nástup Ivana Málka) Kdo chce kam? [Josef Macek — Ivan Málek — Federalizační záminka) 533 1968: Před a po 541 Výzva (Akční programy - Srpen 1968 — Akční program Socialistické akademie — Sjezd v březnu 1969 — Hra na sluhy a na pány — Čistky 1969 — Politická konsolidace) 541 Labutí píseň Horizontu (Emanuel Mandler - Na pomoc politickému vzdělávání) 562 Oslavy 100. výročí narození V. I. Lenina (Záminka pro Ú V KSSS) 566 Levá fronta (Levicoví „ultras — Sloučení - Václav Král: Od ledna do srpna 1968 - Vytlačení „ ultras ) 569 Definitivní tečka za anarchií 578 (Socialistická společnost pro vědu, kulturu a politiku — Poučení — Stabilizace a návrat - Brežněv a Lenin — Členská základna) Medaile Ladislava Štolla (Jak jsme začínali? — Diferenciace?) 589 Místo závěru 595 Resumé: Věda jde к lidu! 602 English resumé: Science Goes to People! 617 Prameny a literatura 633 Seznam vyobrazení 654 Seznam příloh 657 Seznam tabulek 659 Seznam zkratek 661 Rejstřík 665 Jen málokdo dnes tuší, že kultovní snímek Kar¬ la Zemana Cesta do pravěku byl součástí široké a komunistickou stranou privilegované výcho¬ vy obyvatelstva к ateismu. Vše však do sebe za¬ padá: cesta čtyř chlapců protiproudu času ma¬ povala jednotlivé etapy formování Země až po samý počátek života na Zemi. A na konci jejich cesty nestál Bůh, ale Darwin. Je třeba hledat ko¬ řeny českého ateismu právě v úspěšné kampani komunistického režimu za ateistickou výchovu mas? Čerpá dnes ze stejných zdrojů kolektivního vědomí i naše víra v bezpečnou atomovou ener¬ gii? A co naše touha přetvářet přírodu? Publikace Věda jde к lidu! vysvětluje, proč se stala popularizace vědy jedním ze základních stavebních kamenů komunistického režimu, i to, jak se změnilo postavení vědce a inteligence po roce 1948. Kniha mapuje totalitní mechanismy popularizace vědy a odkrývá její indoktrmač- ní potenciál, který komunistická moc využíva¬ la beze zbytku. Popularization of science became one of corner stones of the new, communist society. Mottos such as Science goes to people! or Science to help the country! were a com¬ mon part of everyday life of Czechoslovak society from the early 50s of 20th century. As a part of Marxism-Leninism, esp. in the Lenin s teach¬ ing, scientists were left their privileged position in the first stage of revolutionary struggle. As V. I. Lenin said in his work The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government, in the first stage of revolution it was necessary to maintain the exceptional position of scientists and intelligentsia be¬ cause this specific group had knowledge unknown to the working class. Lenin approves of keeping the privileged salaries of scientists and engineers since he was aware of the fact that the state relying on the working class was in a very fragile situation. CULT OF INTELLIGENTSIA The situation in Czechoslovakia was not different and the privileged position of new intelligentsia, including its tech¬ nical members, was maintained. The decimation of intelli¬ gentsia of non-communist nature can also be perceived this way — the only intelligentsia that can be re-educated and which can get to the working class is leftist intelligentsia. Thus, the image of intelligentsia in the context of its servi¬ ce to the working class, not as an independent group, but always related to the working class, prevails till 1956. On¬ ly in 1956, as a part of the de-Stalinization process of Cen¬ tral European science — and, after all, thinking — the cult of a scientist of the people , the prototype of which was Stalin (he hadn t finished his theological studies, but he was an excellent linguist and historian), fell. The war¬ ning of the Communist Party that intelligentsia should not claim a privileged position in the society, pronounced by Marie Majerová at the Second Congress of Writers in 1956 [ Dear comrade writers, remember the great ambition of intelligentsia to become conscience of their people. ) was answered by Jaroslav Seifert as a speaker of Czechoslovak writers ( If only we, writers, were really conscience of our nation now, if only we were conscience of our people. For, believe me, I m afraid we haven t been it for more years, we haven t been conscience of multitudes, conscience of mil¬ lions, nor were we conscience of ourselves. ) CONTINUATION AND SQVIETIZATION The relation between intelligentsia and communist power went through a distressful development in the second half of 20th century; however, the character of essential premi¬ se of popularization of science, i.e. teaching the working class new knowledge, did not change. Furthermore, in the Central European space, the tradition of popularization of VĚDA JDE KUDU! science was firmly set, especially in the left-wing spectrum. Science Goes In Czechoslovakia there was social-democratic Working to People! Academy (founded in 1896), and also Socialist Academy, officially founded in 1935. After communism took over, they both were closed, as well as e.g. CzechoslovakFreethought, one of national branches of Freethought. Freethought was forced out from the popularization of science and a part of it was integrated in the new structure following the Sovi¬ et model, and the Working Academy was eliminated. The pre-war communist Socialist Academy became the foun¬ dation of the future system; however, the pressure on So- vietization of its activities was so strong that the Academy was dissolved and a new organization was founded — The Czechoslovak Society for Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge. This society was formed following the example of The All-Union Society for Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge, which was introduced by Stalin in 1947-1948. The dimension of its activity and fast start were overwhelming; in 1950 the institution organized 933,000 lectures for 80 mil. people. Every month almost 90,000 lec¬ tures were given across the USSR. In the first half of 1950s its membership increased from 250,000 members to more than 500,000 million. The USSR Academy of Sciences took the main part since it guaranteed the expert level of the All-Union Society s activity and it also served as a ba¬ sis for recruitment of majority of Ail-Union Society s top representatives, including its chairmen. The origin of Czechoslovak Society was directly inspired by the Ail-Union Society, as proved by the archive records and detailed reports on structure of individual Soviet in¬ stitutions which were shortly afterwards implemented in the Czechoslovak environment. After the First Ideological Conference in Brno in 1952, where a wide range of tasks that the Czechoslovak intelligentsia should focus on dur¬ ing the transformation of the Czechoslovak society was set, a progress on ideologization of scientific community in Czechoslovakia and science indoctrination was made. This also included the area of popularization of science, where the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Com¬ munist Party of Czechoslovakia decided and later initiated foundation of the Czechoslovak Society for Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge. STAGE OF BUILDING In contradiction to the real situation, it was necessary to emphasize a voluntary nature of this initiative; therefore — as it had happened before in other cases - a spontaneous appeal to progressive intelligentsia was made a month after the conference in Brno. Appeal for founding the Czecho¬ slovak Society f or Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge was published in Rudé právo on April 7, supp¬ orted by 80 Czech scientists, who met for this occasion at Dobříš chateau. The appeal was aimed at representatives of Czech science and called upon the whole scientists co¬ mmunity to participate in activities of the newly founded organization. Soon the first, founding conference of the Czechoslovak Society took place in June 1952, where Vi- libald Bezdíček (1906—1991) was elected chairman of the Society. In the first stage, the Czechoslovak Society focused on building up its background. It took over the property of the Socialist Academy, a part of local facilities for public ed¬ ucation, etc. At the same time it was necessary to build a steady expert team and set controlling organs of the Socie¬ ty. Apart from experienced resistance fighters, who proved useful for the Communist Party in WWII and had experi¬ ence with agitational work, also new cadres whose pro¬ file corresponded to the needs of the new regime were en¬ gaged. Usually they were young comrades, graduates from universities such as the University of political and economic VEDA JDE К LIDU! science, etc. , where Marxism-Leninism, or political sciences Science Goes related to it was taught. to People! This mixture of party members with merit, who needed to be offered a position corresponding to their service in WWII, and new cadres, who should build a new society, was completed by the members of academy across the whole country. An independent branch of the Czechoslovak So¬ ciety was built from scratch also in Slovakia. This branch was chaired by Antonín Nedvěd (1899—1954), and Gabriel Čeněk (1900-1956) after Nedvěďs death. In order to provide the highest possible level of profes¬ sional prestige of the new society, also those scientist who did not affiliate to the regime were called for, since their proficiency and reputation was key for the Society existen¬ ce. This was the case of Jaroslav Šafránek (1890-1957), an inventor of mechanical television set in Czechoslovakia — his ironic criticism of new conditions caught attention of the Society s cadres. However, the Secretary of the Czechoslo¬ vak Society said, It was my mistake I hadn t discussed this issue with him. I thought I could have no influence on an old man (about 70 years) like him, but his expert knowledge was crucial for our institution. DEVELOPMENT AND ID EOLOG tZATI D N The activity of the Czechoslovak Society in the 1950s deve¬ loped rapidly in both parts of the republic — the overall num¬ ber of lectures in Czechoslovakia from 1952 to 1954 multi¬ plied (in 1952 there were around 2,000 lectures, in 1954 their number crossed the line of 26,000); the number of audience increased rapidly, too (in 1952 it was 281,000 people; 1,290 mil. in 1953 and 1,762 mil. in 1954). hi Slovakia the number of members doubled in the early 50s (from one thousand to two thousand members), the number of lectures increased (oscillated between 7,000 and 10,000) as well as the number of their audience (from more than 300,000 to 650,000 people). A great part of this increase was due a mass spread of the Czechoslovak Society s activities in the country where it expanded after the Tenth Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in 1954, which claimed agricul¬ ture as one of the main priorities of further development and growth. Related to this requirement, projects such as Scientists to help agriculture, book series Science helps practice or Science to help agriculture. In total, as a part of apriority project Science to help the country 9,000 lectures were given in 1956. The dissemination of scientific methods to the coun¬ try was closely related to the ideologization of society, i.e. spreading of those scientific theories and paradigms that were observed as ideologically correct by the regime. E.g. due to the Czechoslovak Society s activities, Viliams s grass crop system, based on the application of Soviet re¬ search in soil biology, was massively implemented. Other Soviet theories, such as michurinism or lysenkoism, were also uncritically spread, however, this happened in mi- churinists clubs and other organizations, in parallel to the Society s activities. In the political system, these clubs and organizations were under the auspices of public edu¬ cation and a part of activities of Czechoslovak Academy of Agricultural Sciences. CHAIRMEN OF THE SOCIETY After the resignation of the chairman Professor Vilibald Bezdíček in 1955, for which the main reasons were his wor¬ king load and the fact he spent most time in Brno, not in Prague, a new chairman was to be elected. Even though Jo¬ sef Macek (1922-1991), a historian and top representative of humanities in the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, was recommended for this position, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia gave preference to a scientist with a better reputation, as stated in the Party VĚDA JDE К LIDU! documents, and therefore František Šorm (1913—1980), a biochemist and general secretary of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, became the next chairman. His stra¬ tegy regarding the relationship to the political power was to yield to the Party requirements, but in reality, not to do any¬ thing. This became the reason for his replacement by a new chairman, Josef Macek, two years after he had been elected. In the period of Šorm s chairmanship, the Czechoslo¬ vak Society managed to deal with the way it had run in the early 1 950s and all theories suppressed or forbidden in the name of ideology. A strong criticism of the previous cour¬ se and de facto the first refusal of the ideological attitude to sciences and power advocacy of paradigms or theories not based on scientific methods was heard at the meeting of board of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak So¬ ciety. Thus, genetics or cybernetics were rehabilitated; and some Soviet theories and their global implementation in practice in conditions different from the Soviet ones were criticized for the first time. In 1957 Josef Macek, an ambitious historian and a top representative of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, finally becomes chairman of the Czechoslovak Society. The Society and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences were personally connected at the time of Šorm s election in 1955. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czech¬ oslovakia regarded such connection as helpful in engage¬ ment of a larger number of top scientists and anchoring the Czechoslovak Society in the area of scientific politics. However, František Šorm failed trust of the Central Com¬ mittee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia since he subordinated interests of the Czechoslovak Society to those of Czechoslovak Academy of Science, and thus he signifi¬ cantly restricted the impact of ideology to the science itself. Josef Macek decided for a completely opposite course and under his direction, mainly scientists from the Czechoslo¬ vak Academy of Sciences participated in the Czechoslovak Science Goes to People! Society s activities. Josef Macek went to the USSR for a re¬ search fellowship and focused on the experience of the All- -Union Society for Dissemination of Political and Scienti¬ fic Knowledge, which he implemented in practice after he returned to Czechoslovakia. E.g. Act 52 from July 9,1959, On Public Education, which was repealed no sooner than in 1992, was initiated by the Czechoslovak Society delega¬ tion lead by Josef Macek. The delegation visited the USSR in 1957 and got acquainted with a new version of Soviet Act on Public Education, which was later implemented in the Czechoslovak legal system. PUBLISHING POLICY To Macek s credit we must say that under his lead, the Cze¬ choslovak Society s publishing activity was stabilized and extended. Publishing became one of the organization s most important activities; it had the largest impact on the socie¬ ty. E.g. in 1960, the Czechoslovak society monthly churned out over 300,000 copies of journals, pamphlets and books published in various book series. The portfolio of journals published by the Czechoslovak Society included e.g. Dějiny a současnost, Mezinárodní politika, Věda a život, Magazín aktualit a zajímavostí, Technický magazín and Domov, but also Slovak Příroda a spoločnosť οι Svet vedy and Hunga¬ rian Természetes Tarsadalon. The Czechoslovak Society made a longtime effort to gain its own publishing house, which did not happen until 1968. Its series such as Malá moderní encyklopedie, Polytech¬ nická knižnice and others were published in Orbis and in Státní nakladatelství politické literatury or in Státní nak¬ ladatelství technické literatury. In 1968 a new publishing house Horizont that came under the Czechoslovak Society was founded. In its publishing policy, the Czechoslovak Society focused on titles whose structure was inspired, as well as the activity VĚOA JDE К UDU! of the whole Society, by the Soviet All-Union Society for Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge. This meant publishing especially the above-mentioned journals with the structure adapted by all popularization-scientific organizations of the Czechoslovak Society kind in Central Europe (e.g. German Urania or Polish TWP), and also book series containing titles — such as Malá moderní encyklope¬ die series — following the practice in the USSR and its All- Union Society. Science Goes to People! PEOPLE S UNIVERSITIES AND ACADEMIES In the late 1950s and early 1960s the Czechoslovak Soci¬ ety predominated over all popularization activities, and according to the new act on public education it also began to take over so-called educational houses and secured its position in the country. At the end of the 1950s, one of the most successful concept of work with the public was born — people s universities and academies. In fact these were of three types: people s universities, people s academies and youth universities. People s universities offered cour¬ ses finished by an equivalent to the professional diploma, serving as a certificate for qualification enhancement; pe¬ ople s academies had a more liberal nature and offered va¬ rious thematic series of lectures. People s academies were of two kinds — parental academies, film academies and ag¬ ricultural academies. Activities of these universities and academies were very successful. In 1960 there were more than 2,000 people s academies in Czechoslovakia, which provided more than 9,500 series of lectures. The number of audience officially enrolled in the аса demies was between 2 50,000 and 5 00,000 people from the end of 50s and during the 60s. Series of lectures and courses of people s academies were centrally planned and authorized in advance. These lec¬ tures were structured in various branches of knowledge, so the attention was paid to courses of scientific atheism, biology, nuclear physics and nuclear energy or lessons in parenthood. SCIENTIFIC ATHEISM One field of study was especially popular with the commu¬ nist power since it was a necessary part of the very bases of its ideology — scientific atheism, which became the main activity of the Czechoslovak Society for the whole period of its existence. Scientific atheism was clearly approached in the way Marxism-Leninism defined relationship of mankind 1 gion. In their perception, religion was escape from rea- Ì superstitions and obscurantism in the past, but when і trial society came, most unnatural phenomena were p^oöj-üle to explain. Education of scientific atheism meant an elaborate system of scientific lectures, the aim of which was to explain natural laws, physical phenomena, etc. to the public from the point of view of Marxism-Leninism. In Czechoslovakia much attention was paid to this problem, even though the proposal to build a museum of scientific atheism inspired by the similar workplace in Moscow was never realized. Thus, in the system, planetariums often ful¬ filled this function. Planetariums appeared in Czechoslovakia before WWII, but their number significantly increased after the war. Even though this partly happened due to the interest of commu¬ nist regime in development of scientific atheism, success of Sputnik satellite and conquering of universe in general took the main part. From the mid-seventies small plan¬ etariums should be in all regions, in distinct centres large planetariums will be built. This is at least what ministry directive stated in 1981. VĚDA JDE K UDU! COOPERATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES The Czechoslovak Society for Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge, as an officially established orga¬ nization, a part of National front from the beginning of the 1960s, with a firm ideological control of the Central Commi¬ ttee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, had many opportunities of foreign exchange programmes. However, the impact of de-Stalinization process appeared with de¬ lay; in 195 7 the exchange ran between Czechoslovakia and the USSR and only a small amount with other countries of the socialist block. At the end of the 50s the exchange co¬ mmonly took place with the states of the socialist block, but also with the states in Western Europe. Even though the main criterion for approval of such programs was pro- gressiveness of foreign scientists (J. D. Bernai, P. Kapica, R. Garaudy), also non-leftist intelligentsia came. For the domestic Marxist thinking all foreign visits meant an important impulse and a possibility to come closer to scientific and philosophical discourse of neighbouring sci¬ entific communities. It is an irony that one of the most dis¬ tinct phenomena of Marxist thinking in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s — opening the question of relationship between Marxism and Christianity — originated in the Czechoslo¬ vak Society. Science Goes to People! LIBERALIZATION IN THE 1960S AND NORMALIZATION The development of situation in the Czechoslovak Socie¬ ty in the first half of the 1960s was perceived as too liberal by communist officials. Many of them severely criticized the activities of the Czech Society and its opening to the new outside impulses, which resulted in replacement of chairman Josef Macek by Ivan Málek in 1965. Ivan Málek only held the position of the Czechoslovak Society chair¬ man until 1969. The liberal phase of development of the Czechoslovak Society was in fact ended by normalization; however, from 1965 the effort to influence and normalize the Czechoslo¬ vak Society s activities especially in its publishing policy was apparent. Thus, after a strong Party criticism of Dějiny a současnost, a flagship of the Czechoslovak Society in the area of popularization of history, the whole editorial board of the journal was replaced and the chief editor Zdenek Sild dismissed. The number of foreign exchange programmes with capitalist countries was also cut down and the organ¬ ization focused — especially under the direction of Ivan Málek - on the USSR. The Third Congress of the Czechoslovak Society in 1965 dealt with the issue of normalization of conditions and thus it augured a change in the course of its activities, ironi¬ cally a long time before the invasion. At this congress, the Czechoslovak Society was renamed back to its inter-war name Socialist Academy, inspired by its Soviet equivalent that changed its name to Znani j e in 1963. In 1968 several attitudes and decisions from the first half of 1960s were revised in the Socialist Academy. Upon request of its board, supported by the signature campaign of 330 historians, the former members of editorial board of Dějiny a současnost came back, and later, the post of execu¬ tive secretary was filled by Robert Horák — a man that was dismissed after he and Josef Macek were accused of unfa¬ vourable political consequences of the development of the Czechoslovak Society in the first half of the 1960s. How¬ ever, they stayed in their posts only for a short time since they were soon replaced within the normalization purge. Ì968 AND ITS CONSEQUENCES In 1968 the Socialist Academy joined the reformatory stre¬ am, and following the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences it formulated VĚDA JDE K UDU! its own Action Programme, defining its activity in relati¬ on to the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, or rather its Central Committee, and demanded more autonomy when deciding about realization of various tasks etc. This was the first open disagreement with indoctrination of people, as spread by the Socialist Academy from the very beginning of its existence. E.g., until 1968, the educational activity of the Socialist Academy was not separated from the pre-elec¬ tion agitation — which was its duty before every election and which was easily coordinated due to its organization base. The claim to separate science, popularization, ideology and politics was first clearly formulated in the Action Program¬ me of the Socialist Academy; in fact, the Programme means the end of the process of emancipating intelligentsia from the toils of ideology and political power, which this group of society underwent from 1956. However, it did not last for a long time — in mid- 1969 the pressure on returning the activity of the Socialist Academy to its old ways increases. Whilst 1968 meant confirmation of the Academy mem¬ bers desire to liberalize its ideologically rigid educational activity and popularization of science, from 1969 it was clear that this trend could not be sustained any longer. The Left Front, an ideological institution of ultraleft-wing charac¬ ter, appeared on the scene, and many of its members were foremost critics of the Socialist Academy development in the first half of the 1960s. Under the political pressure of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, both institutions were violently fused, and between 1971 and 1973 they formed one organization called The Socialist Society for Science, Culture and Politics. In 1973 the process of nor¬ malization and purge in both institutions ended and they returned to the former name - the Socialist Academy. This was a very carefully plotted move from the conceptual and ideological point of view since in 1971, both organizations ceased to exist in order to form a new one. Their fusion Science Goes to People! guaranteed its neutralization, happening under the strict control of the Party authorities. THE END OF HORIZONT The fate of the management of the publishing house Hori¬ zont became a symbol of normalization context in the So¬ cialist Academy. Horizont was officially founded as a pu¬ blishing house of the Socialist Academy in 1968, where former members of the editorial department of the Socia¬ list Academy worked as editors — Emanuel Mandler beca¬ me director and Milan Churaň an editor-in-chief. Before Horizont, they both worked in the problematic journal Dě¬ jiny a současnost, the activity of which was first ended in 1965, then in 1968. The first title published by this new publishing house in 1969 was — by no mistake — Charter of Human Rights. Nevertheless, in 1969 the whole management of Horizont was dismissed and replaced by normalization cadres. The planned series consisting of titles written by renowned foreign and Czechoslovak authors were stopped and the publishing house focused on series such as To help politi¬ cal education (1978—1986) or To help national economy (1971-1987) instead. THE 1970S AND 1980S In 1973, Vladimir Rumi (1923-1993), a Marxist philoso¬ pher and one of the top normalization figures of science and intelligentsia life in Czechoslovakia in the 1970s and 1980s became director of the restored Socialist Academy, holding the office until 1989. Under his direction, the activity of the Socialist Acad¬ emy stabilized during the 1970s and 1980s, i.e. the Acad¬ emy strengthened the control of ideological content of its activity, which focused on the popularization of science VĚDA JDE KUDU! as an ideological indoctrination of people and criticism of Science Goes liberalism of the 1960s. The number of lectures and mem- to People! bers stagnated; it reached its maximum in the 1950s and 1960s. However, even the attitude to the conception of the Socialist Academy activity stagnated, as can be seen on the example of one of the priority areas of the Communist regime — education of scientific atheism. The materials of the Ideological Board of the Central Committee of the Com¬ munist Party of Czechoslovakia stuck to repeating the ne¬ cessity to avoid a direct conflict with religious feeling of people and need to proceed in re-education of people in a very cautious way, pointing out especially the scientific explication of various phenomena. The stagnation and actually isolation of Czechoslovak science, including popularization of science, from the de¬ velopment in the world manifested in repeating titles of lectures or whole series, often formulated in the 1950s. The titles were rid of the typical evangelical poetry; they were rather named in a strictly technical or ideological man¬ ner. In the mid-1980s, as a reply to so-called restructuring, new attempts to grasp the social reality of the then social¬ ist regime were born in the Socialist Academy. The pub¬ lished series brought titles dealing with topics such as care of disabled children, which had partially been a taboo, or environment protection. An independent federal section for environment was established as a part of the Socialist Academy. Even though an environmental group appeared before 1968, it could continue with its activities no sooner than in the second half of the 1970s, setting up after 1985 — between 1987 and 1989. CONCLUSION During its whole existence, the Socialist Academy was ti¬ ghtly related to the political power and to the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The political power fulfilled the part of ideological controller and it guaranteed access to the sta¬ te budget; the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, as the main scientific institution in the country, guaranteed the professional level of popularization. The Socialist Acade¬ my activity itself therefore oscillated between the attempt of political power to indoctrinate people with Marxism- -Leninism and the idea of offering a balanced image of sci¬ ences and their development to the people. The degree of ideologization of the Society depended on the degree of li¬ beralization of the regime and political development in the country, and it also reflected the development of internati¬ onal relations. However, the content of its activity derived from, the personality of its chairman — from 1955 these were usually top scientists or officials from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. When looking back, the activity of the Socialist Acade¬ my and its predecessor may appear as one of the frequent, but unsuccessful attempt of the communist regime to in¬ doctrinate people. In a long-term perspective and taking account of all tools that the communist regime disposed of, this attempt can be considered as very successful. This can be proved by today s statistics, according to which the Czechs lead in a degree of atheism in the society (which is a direct result of two generations growing up and educated in the courses of scientific atheism); they also place among top positions as for the number of advocates of peaceful use of nuclear energy (as a direct result of a carefully planned campaign in favour of nuclear physics and its peaceful use by communist scientists). ι
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author	Olšáková, Doubravka 1977-
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spellingShingle	Olšáková, Doubravka 1977- Věda jde k lidu! Československá společnost pro šíření politických a vědeckých znalostí a popularizace věd v Československu ve 20. století Šťastné zítřky Popularisierung (DE-588)4200720-3 gnd Wissenschaft (DE-588)4066562-8 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4200720-3 (DE-588)4066562-8 (DE-588)4078435-6
title	Věda jde k lidu! Československá společnost pro šíření politických a vědeckých znalostí a popularizace věd v Československu ve 20. století
title_auth	Věda jde k lidu! Československá společnost pro šíření politických a vědeckých znalostí a popularizace věd v Československu ve 20. století
title_exact_search	Věda jde k lidu! Československá společnost pro šíření politických a vědeckých znalostí a popularizace věd v Československu ve 20. století
title_full	Věda jde k lidu! Československá společnost pro šíření politických a vědeckých znalostí a popularizace věd v Československu ve 20. století Doubravka Olšáková
title_fullStr	Věda jde k lidu! Československá společnost pro šíření politických a vědeckých znalostí a popularizace věd v Československu ve 20. století Doubravka Olšáková
title_full_unstemmed	Věda jde k lidu! Československá společnost pro šíření politických a vědeckých znalostí a popularizace věd v Československu ve 20. století Doubravka Olšáková
title_short	Věda jde k lidu!
title_sort	veda jde k lidu ceskoslovenska spolecnost pro sireni politickych a vedeckych znalosti a popularizace ved v ceskoslovensku ve 20 stoleti
title_sub	Československá společnost pro šíření politických a vědeckých znalostí a popularizace věd v Československu ve 20. století
topic	Popularisierung (DE-588)4200720-3 gnd Wissenschaft (DE-588)4066562-8 gnd
topic_facet	Popularisierung Wissenschaft Tschechoslowakei
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volume_link	(DE-604)BV035483322
work_keys_str_mv	AT olsakovadoubravka vedajdekliduceskoslovenskaspolecnostprosirenipolitickychavedeckychznalostiapopularizacevedvceskoslovenskuve20stoleti

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