Bizantini şi barbari la Dunărea de Jos: (secolele IV - XII)
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Rumänisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Brăila
Ed. Sfântul Ierarh Nicolae
2013
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| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027021399&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027021399&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Byzantines and barbarians at the Lower Danube in the 4th - 12th centuries |
| Umfang: | 263 S. |
| ISBN: | 9786066713085 |
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| adam_text | ABSTRACT
Byzantines and Barbarians at the Lower Danube
IN THE 4th-1 2th CENTURIES
Introduction. The regions from the Lower Danube are extending on both sides of the
river, from the exit of the Kazan Gorge or of the Iron Gates, downstream from Drobeta Tumu-Severin
as far as the Danube’s mouths. On the left shore, the space from the Lower Danube includes the
plain and plateau regions from Southern Romania (Southern Oltenia, Wallachia and Moldavia),
Republic of Moldavia and todays Ukraine, and on the right shore the Pre-Balkan Piedmont from
Northern Bulgaria. Lower Danube’s Basin, within the Carpathian Mountains in North and the Balkan
Mountains in South, is framed, in general lines, between the Wallachian Depression, on the left side
of the river and the Balkan Region and Dobrudja Plateau on its right side.
The regions from Danube’s left shore situated in the South of Old Dacia have remained
after the Roman retreat in Barbaricum. Inhabited by the Daco-Romans and then by the Romanians,
these were situated, through their geographical position, in the path of the great Barbarian invasions
that started in Northern Europe - Germanic and Slavonic - or from the depths of Asia - Turanics -
which have swept the East and the Centre of the continent in the 4th and 12th centuries. The
territories from the right shore of the river have remained part of the Roman-Byzantine Empire (4th
century-beginning of the 7(h century). The fall of the Danubian limes at the beginning of the 7th
century and penetration of the Slavs in the South of Danube led the Byzantine possessions from the
Northern Balkan Peninsula to enter under the control of this Barbarian population. The Slavonic
domination lasted until the end of the 7th century when the regions from the right shore of the Lower
Danube were occupied by the Proto-Bulgarians which have established here the bases of the
Bulgarian Khaganat or the First Bulgarian Czardom.
The military and political sudden change of the Byzantine Empire from the end of the 10th
century and the beginning of the 11th century led to the regain of the territories from the right shore of
the Lower Danube. They will remain part of the empire until the end of the 12th century when they will
be conquered by the new Balkan power, the Wallach-Bulgarian Czardom.
Chapter 1: The Roman-Byzantine Empire at the Lower Danube
in the 4th century. The displacement of the economic and political centre of gravity of the
Roman-Byzantine Empire in pars Orientis, in the first half of the 4th century, and the movement of its
capital at Constantinople (330) have increased the strategic importance of the frontier situated on the
lower Danube. Constantinus I the Great restarts the Roman-Byzantine offensive at the Lower
Danube. At the end of some military campaigns undertaken in the Northern area of the Lower
Danube in 326 and 328, the emperor was bringing under the empire’s control the territories of
Southern Dacia.
The descendants of Constantinus I, his direct successors from the Constantinian dynasty in
the first place, have continued the policy of the former emperor at the Lower Danube. The division of
the empire among the descendants of Constantinus I, situation perpetuated for long periods of time
(337-353; 364-394) made the defence of the Lower Danube’s frontier to become the task of the
emperors from pars Orientis. Under the pressure of the Visigoths, the Roman-Byzantine Empire was
losing de facto the domination over the Southern Dacia. The failure of the campaign undertaken by
254
Valens against the Visigoths between 367 and 369 consecrated also de juri the loss of Southern
Dacia.
Chapter 2: The Roman-Byzantine defensive at the Lower
Danube (5th century - beginning of the 6th century). The Huns invasion in
Europe (375/376) had countless consequences of political and ethnical nature which have
profoundly marked continent’s future history. In the years 408-409, under the lead of Uldin, the Huns
are opening the series of the great Huns’ invasions in the Roman-Byzantine Empire. These continue
in the 3rd decade of the 5th century under the leadership of king Ruas. During the reign of Attila, the
Hun issue becomes one of extreme gravity. Under his rule the Huns attack the Roman-Byzantine
Empire in 441-442, 445 and 447. Following these incursions, the North-Balkan provinces suffer
serious devastations. Incapable of military riposte to measure, Constantinople accepted closing
some humiliating treaties with Attila (439 or 440, 442 or 443, 448) whereby was engaging himself, in
return of peace, to pay the Huns large amounts of money.
At the end of the 5th century and at the beginning of the 6th century the Roman-Byzantine
Empire was confronting, at the Lower Danube, with the Ostrogoths uprising, the first attacks of the
Proto-Bulgarians and Vitalian s revolt.
Chapter 3: The Roman-Byzantine Empire at the Lower Danube
under Justinianus I. In the first half of the 6th century the main problem that the Roman-
Byzantine Empire will face at the Lower Danube will be the Slavs problem. The Slavonic tribes,
especially the Sclavini tribes, which were moving south, will be the primer adversary of the empire in
the region in this era. Along with the Slavs’ attacks the historical sources also register those of other
barbarian people, like Antae, a population whose ethnical origin continues to remain controversy, the
Proto-Bulgarian, different branches of the Huns and others.
Under Justinianus I the Danubian policy will again become, for a while, the centre of the
Roman-Byzantine authorities’ attention. As part of it we distinguish three major stages some of them
knowing different phases. A first stage may by identify during 527-C.530/531 and represents a
continuation of the defence policy promoted until then by the Roman-Byzantine Empire at Danube. A
second stage within the year c.530/531-545 is characterized by taking military initiative and offensive
at Danube. As part of this stage distinctive phases are being outlined: a) c. 530/531-c.533/534 - the
phase of the military offensive at the North of Danube, ended with the regain of the territories from
Southern Dacia and b) c. 533/534-545 - the phase of the Roman-Byzantine presence’s
consolidation at the Northern Danube and the phase of securing the river’s line. A third stage within
545-565 represents the return of the Byzantine Empire to the defence at the Danubian frontier.
Chapter 4: Roman-Byzantines, Slavs and Avars at the Lower
Danube. The second half of the 6th century acknowledges the desperate efforts of Justinian’s I
successors - Justinus II (565-578), Tiberius II Constantine (578-582) and Maurikius (582-602) - all of
the being emperors with real qualities to save what could have been saved at the lower Danube.
Their efforts will be focused especially on conserving the Roman-Byzantine Empire’s possessions in
the region that were severely compromised by the unrealistic policy of their predecessor. They
particularly chose for the replacement of the defence promoted by Justinianus I in the last part of his
rule, with a policy of force in the relations with the Barbarians. The Avar and Slavonic issue
continues to dominate the Danubian policy of the Roman-Byzantine Empire. The attempts of
resolving them through military or diplomatic means are completely draining the empire’s military and
finance resources.
255
Maurikius’ attempt, in the second half of his reign (c.590-602), in a favourable moment, in
terms of military nature, even though at an incomparable smaller scale, to resume Justinian’s I
North-Danubian policy will proof itself to be not only completely unrealistic but simply disastrous for
the empire’s positions at Danube. The attempt of reconquering Southern Dacia will lead, due to the
serious dissatisfaction of the Roman-Byzantine militaries in the region, to the definite compromise of
the Roman-Byzantine Empire’s Danubian policy. The failure led to compromising the defence of the
Danubian limes that will collapse under the pressure of the North-Danubian Slavs’ assaults.
Chapter 5: The Byzantium and the Bulgarian issue. The history of
South-Eastern Europe in the period of time between the end of the 7th century and the beginning of
the 11th century is marked by the dispute for supremacy in the Balkan Peninsula between the
Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Czardom. In this period of time of more than 3 centuries, the
Bulgarian issue will represent the basic component of the European policy of Constantinople. Its
favourable resolution forced Byzantium to consolidate its material, financial, diplomatic and finally,
military efforts.
The arrival of the Bulgarians at the Lower Danube (c.670) followed by their penetration in
the Balkan Peninsula and by the formation of the Bulgarian Khaganat (679/680) between the Balkan
Mountains and the Danube, severely affected the Byzantine positions in the area. Obliged to a
continuous defence until mid-10th century the Byzantine Empire lost most of its possessions at the
Lower Danube.
With much difficulty and some disruptions, between the end of the 7th century and mid-10lh
century, Byzantium was going to preserve an extremely limited domination at Danube’s mouths. In
the second half of the 9th century, due to the necessity to strengthen empire’s positions’ defence in
the Black Sea, the Byzantine possessions from Danube’s mouths were organized into a thema, the
Archonate of Lykostomion.
Chapter 6: The restore of the Byzantine domination at the
Lower Danube. The revival of the Byzantine Empire under the soldier-emperors of the
Macedonian Dynasty - Nikephoros II Phokas, loannes I Tzimiskes and Basileios II - allowed
Constantinople to take the initiative in the relations with Bulgaria. In the summer of 971 emperor
loannes I Tzimiskes was obtaining a decisive victory against the great Prince of Kiev, Sveatoslav I,
who was called against the Bulgarians but turned against Byzantium. The obtained success allowed
the emperor to bring under the empire s domination the regions of Eastern Bulgaria and the Ponto-
Danubian space.
The Byzantine conquest of Eastern Bulgaria didn t lead to the disappearance of the
Bulgarian state. The Bulgarian statehood is maintained in Bulgaria s Western regions and in
Macedonia under the rule of the sons of Comita Nikolas - David, Aaron, Moses and Samuel. In 976
is bursting the anti-Byzantine rebellion of the Komitopuli. The Bulgarian offensive under the rule of
Samuel Komitopules led to the regain of Western Bulgaria’s regions. The Byzantine Empire still
maintains under its rule a narrow territory at Danube’s mouths. At the beginning of the 11th century
the Byzantine Empire was passing at offensive under the lead of Emperor Basileios II. In the year
1001 Eastern Bulgaria is conquered. In 1004 the emperor occupies Vidin ending the conquest of
Eastern Bulgaria. The Byzantine offensive ends with the dissolution of the Bulgarian Czardom in
1018. Its territories are incorporated in the empire.
Chapter 7: The Byzantine military-administrative organization
at the Lower Danube.The territories conquered by the emperor loannes I Tzimiskes in the
256
summer of 971 were built new military-administrative units: Strategia of loannoupolis (Preslav) in
Eastern Bulgaria and the Katepanat of Theodoroupolis (Dorostolon/Dristra/Silistra) at the Lower
Danube. After a very short time of functioning the Katepanat of Theodoroupolis was ending its
existence, in its place being build the Strategia of Dristra or Dorostolon.
Due to the increasing hostilities of the Comitopouli’s Bulgaria, after 973 emperor loannes I
Tzimiskes resorted to the reorganization of the Byzantine possessions in Eastern Bulgaria and from
the Lower Danube. Most likely, in this context, previous to the year 975/976 in the Ponto-Danubian
territories belonging to the Strategia of Dristra, was organized the Katepanat of Western
Mesopotamia. The Bulgarian offensive against the Byzantine possessions from Eastern Bulgaria
triggered after 976 was finalizing with the conquest of loannoupolis (Preslav) and with the
disappearance of the homonym strategia (986). After 986 Byzantium lost in favour of the Bulgarian
state most of its possessions from the Lower Danube. The territories belonging to the Katepanat of
Western Mesopotamia were reduced to the Northern half of the Ponto-Danubian space. In these
conditions the reduced Byzantine possessions were organized in a Klimata, as the one in Crimea.
At the turn of the 10th-11th centuries the Byzantine Empire was transiting to offensive
retrieving the territories in Eastern Bulgaria and from the Lower Danube (c.1001). For a short period
of time at Preslav was instituted an ek prosopou followed by a strategies. In this phase of the conflict
the measure was emphasizing the Byzantine authorities’ intention to restore the old Strategia of
Preslav. Soon this measure was abandoned. Immediately after the emperor Basileios II restored, in
change, the Katepanat (Duchy) of Western Mesopotamia. Shortly after 1001-1002 the Katepanat of
Western Mesopotamia disappears from sources sign that it ceased its existence. Its territories were
organized by Basileios II in the Strategia of Dristra. Most likely, the measure was the consequence of
the retrieving, around 1002-1004, of the entire Danubian Bulgaria to Vidin. The new Byzantine
military-administrative unit will perpetuate its existence until around 1018-1020 when, after the
conquest of the Bulgarian Czardom, Basileios II will reorganize the Byzantine possessions
constituted in its former territories.
The final victory over Bulgaria obtained by Basileios II was followed by the final organization
of its constituted military-administrative units. Around 1018-1020 the territories from the Lower
Danube were organized into a new theme, Paristrion, known under the names of Katepanat or
Duchy of Paradunavon (the Duchy of Paristrion, the Archonate of the Paristrion cities, of the cities
from Istros or of the cities and territories from Istros). During the 11th century the organization of the
Katepanat of Paradunavon is relatively well known. Many of its governors are known as well as
some of its dignitaries of lower rank as tourmarchoi, city strategists andor kommerkioaroi. For the
12th century such information is missing.
Chapter 8: Byzantines, Pechenegs and Cumans in the llth-12th
centuries. The Byzantine Empire’s Danubian policy in the 11th-12th centuries is dominated by
Constantinople’s relations with the Turanian migratory peoples - Pechenegs, Uzi, and Cumans -
arrived in successive rounds at the Lower Danube. During this entire era, the favourable solution of
the Turanian issue was a fundamental objective of the Byzantine diplomacy.
During the 11th-12th centuries the thema from the Lower Danube will play an important part
in the Byzantine Empire’s Danubian policy. In the 11th century, respectively in the period between the
death of Emperor Basileios II (1025) and the end of the same century, the Katepanat of
Paradunavon will essentially contribute to the annihilation of the strong Turanian invasions of the
Pechenegs, Uzi and Cumans. In the next century concurrently with the Byzantine Empire’s offensive
at the frontier of the Lower Danube, the geo-strategic importance of the Thema Paristrion
257
(Paradunavon) will increase significantly. In this era the military-administrative unit will to serve as
preparation base of the offensive against the Cumans and Hungaria.
Chapter 9: The end of the Byzantine rule at the Lower Danube.
Due to the general crisis of the Byzantine Empire, in the fall of 1185 takes place the uprising of the
Wallachians and Bulgarians under the rule of the brothers Asan and Petru. After it ended would be
constituted, between the Balkans and the Danube, in the old Byzantine possessions, the Wallach-
Bulgarian Czardom.
The anti-Byzantine uprising of the and Bulgarians sustained by the North-Danubian
Cumans (1185) and the constitution of the Wallach-Bulgarian Czardom (1187/1188) will lead to the
radical modification of the force report at the Lower Danube to the detriment of Byzantium. The
Wallach-Bulgarian-Cuman offensive against the Byzantine possessions in the North-eastern Balkan
Peninsula from the period 1188-1202 will have as a result the loss of all these territories by the
Byzantine Empire. As a consequence, around the year 1202 Thema Paristrion (Paradunavon) will
cease to exist.
Translated by THEODORA
258
CUPRINS
PREFAŢĂ [Dr. Constantin Ittu]____________________________________________________________________________ 7
INTRODUCERE________________________________________________________________________________________ 11
Delimitări geografice.......................................................................... 11
Precizări istorice....................................................................... 12
Precizări istoriografice şi metodologice................................................. 14
Capitolul 1
IMPERIUL ROMANO-BIZANTIN LA DUNĂREA DE JOS ÎN SECOLUL AL IV-LEA------------------------------------------ 15
Politica lui Constantinus I la Dunărea de Jos între 312-337.................................... 15
Politica dunăreană a urmaşilor Iul Constantinus I până la sfârşitul secolului al IV-lea........ 29
Capitolul 2
DEFENSIVA ROMANO-BIZANTINĂ LA DUNĂREA DE JOS (SEC. V-ÎNCEPUTUL SEC. VI)---------------------------------- 49
Imperiul Romano-BIzantin şi hunii........................................................ 49
Romano-bizantini, ostrogoti şi protobulgari.............................................. 66
Revolta trupelor de foederati condusă de Vitalianus...................................... 68
Capitolul 3
IMPERIUL ROMANO-BIZANTIN LA DUNĂREA DE JOS SUB JUSTINIANUS1.............................................. 71
Politica defensivă la Dunărea de Jos........................................................... 71
Ofensiva romano-bizantină şl recucerirea Daciei sudice......................................... 73
Consolidarea l/mes-ului danubian......................................................... 76
Organizarea militar-administrativă. Quaestura exercitus.................................. 78
Diplomaţie şi război la Dunărea de Jos......................................................... 82
Avarii - o nouă problmă a politicii romano-bizantine la Dunărea de Jos......................... 90
Capitolul 4
ROMANO-BIZANTINI, SLAVI Şl AVARI LA DUNĂREA DE JOS....................................................... 92
Romano-bizantini, avari şi slavi la Dunărea de Jos............................................. 92
Prăbuşirea f/mes-ului dunărean.......................................................... 128
Capitolul 5
BIZANŢUL Şl PROBLEMA BULGARĂ.................................................................... 131
Bizantini şi bulgari în secolele VII-IX................................................. 131
Prezenţa bizantină la Dunărea de Jos (sfârşitul secolului Vll-secolul VIII).................... 137
Stăpânirea bizantină la Dunărea de Jos în secolul al IX-lea. Arhontatul de Lykostomion......... 139
Capitolul 6
RESTAURAREA STĂPÂNIRII BIZANTINE LA DUNĂREA DE JOS....................................................... 143
Disputa bizantino-bulgară în a doua jumnătate a secolul al X-lea............................... 143
Revenirea bizantină la Dunărea de Jos (971).................................................... 145
Comitopoulii şi ofensiva în Bulgaria răsăriteană............................................... 152
Desfiinţarea Taratului Bulgar şi restaurarea stăpânirii bizantine la Dunărea de Jos............ 155
Capitolul 7
STĂPÂNIREA BIZANTINĂ LA DUNĂREA DE JOS (SFÂRŞITUL SEC. X-SEC. XI»________________________________________ 157
Organizarea militar-administrativă bizantină la Dunărea de Jos la sfârşitul secolului al X-lea. 157
Criza stăpânirii bizantine de la Dunărea de Jos la sfârşitul secolului al X-lea................ 161
Strategia Dristrei (Dorostolonului)............................................................ 167
Thema Parlstrion (Paradounavon) în secolul al Xl-lea........................................... 171
Stăpânirea bizantină la Dunărea de Jos în secolul al Xll-lea................................... 187
5
Capitolul 8
BIZANTINI, PECENEGI Şl CUMANI ÎN SECOLELE XI-XII_________________________________
Politica bizantină la Dunărea de Jos: caracteristici şi etape..........
Asaltul turanic la Dunărea de Jos......................................
Consolidarea prezenţei bizantine la Dunărea de Jos.....................
Ofensiva bizantină la Dunărea de Jos...................................
Capitolul 9
SFÂRŞITUL STĂPÂNIRII BIZANTINE DE LA DUNĂREA DE JOS..............................
Răscoala antibizantină a vlahilor şi bulgarilor. Crearea Taratului Vlaho-Bulgar.
Ofensiva antibizantină vlaho-bulgaro-cumană............................
192
192
193
202
205
211
211
214
CONSIDERAŢII FINALE.
220
BIBLIOGRAFIE..
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228
ABSTRACT [Translated by Theodora Mărculeţ]...
254
INDEX.________________
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259
263
6
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mărculeţ, Vasile 1962- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1046536249 |
| author_facet | Mărculeţ, Vasile 1962- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mărculeţ, Vasile 1962- |
| author_variant | v m vm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041576075 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)920400278 (DE-599)BVBBV041576075 |
| era | Geschichte 600-1200 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 600-1200 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Byzanz (DE-588)4088772-8 gnd Untere Donau (DE-588)4119297-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Byzanz Untere Donau |
| id | DE-604.BV041576075 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:49:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786066713085 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027021399 |
| oclc_num | 920400278 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 263 S. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Ed. Sfântul Ierarh Nicolae |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Mărculeţ, Vasile 1962- Bizantini şi barbari la Dunărea de Jos (secolele IV - XII) Völkerwanderung (DE-588)4188482-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4188482-6 (DE-588)4088772-8 (DE-588)4119297-7 |
| title | Bizantini şi barbari la Dunărea de Jos (secolele IV - XII) |
| title_auth | Bizantini şi barbari la Dunărea de Jos (secolele IV - XII) |
| title_exact_search | Bizantini şi barbari la Dunărea de Jos (secolele IV - XII) |
| title_full | Bizantini şi barbari la Dunărea de Jos (secolele IV - XII) Vasile Mărculeţ |
| title_fullStr | Bizantini şi barbari la Dunărea de Jos (secolele IV - XII) Vasile Mărculeţ |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bizantini şi barbari la Dunărea de Jos (secolele IV - XII) Vasile Mărculeţ |
| title_short | Bizantini şi barbari la Dunărea de Jos |
| title_sort | bizantini si barbari la dunarea de jos secolele iv xii |
| title_sub | (secolele IV - XII) |
| topic | Völkerwanderung (DE-588)4188482-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Völkerwanderung Byzanz Untere Donau |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027021399&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027021399&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marculetvasile bizantinisibarbariladunareadejossecoleleivxii |