A grammar of Tommo So:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin ; Boston, Mass.
De Gruyter Mouton
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Mouton grammar library
62 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026999812&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Umfang: | XXV, 622 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9783110300925 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a McPherson, Laura Elizabeth |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1044165472 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A grammar of Tommo So |c Laura McPherson |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; Boston, Mass. |b De Gruyter Mouton |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XXV, 622 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Mouton grammar library |v 62 | |
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Dogon-Sprache |0 (DE-588)4150371-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Tommo So |0 (DE-588)104405462X |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Tommo So |0 (DE-588)104405462X |D s |
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| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Dogon-Sprache |0 (DE-588)4150371-5 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |D s |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026999812 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819264130095251456 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS V
ABBREVIATIONS XXVI
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 DOGON LANGUAGES 1
1.1.1 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE DOGON LANGUAGES 1
1.2 TOMMO SO 2
1.3 ENVIRONMENT 4
1.4 CULTURE 5
1.5 LANGUAGE USE AND VITALITY * 6
1.6 TOMMO SO SOURCES 6
1.6.1 PREVIOUS WORK 6
1.6.2 CURRENT FIELDWORK 7
2 GRAMMATICAL SKETCH 8
2.1 PHONOLOGY 8
2.1.1 SEGMENTAL INVENTORY AND PHONOTACTICS 8
2.1.2 TONAL INVENTORY AND TONOTACTICS 8
2.1.3 KEY PHONOLOGICAL ALTERNATIONS 9
2.1.4 KEY TONAL CHANGES 9
2.2 VERBAL INFLECTION 10
2.2.1 ASPECT 11
2.2.2 NEGATION 11
2.2.3 IMPERATIVE AND HORTATIVE 11
2.3 VERBAL DERIVATION 12
2.4 NOUN PHRASE (NP) 12
2.5 CASE MARKING AND PPS 13
2.6 MAIN CLAUSES AND CONSTITUENT ORDER 13
2.7 RELATIVE CLAUSES 14
2.8 INTERCLAUSAL SYNTAX 14
3 SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY 16
3.1 CONSONANTS 16
3.1.1 CONSONANT PHONEME INVENTORY 16
3.1.2 EXCEPTIONAL SOUNDS 16
3.1.3 GEMINATION 17
3.1.4 MINIMAL PAIRS 18
3.1.4.1 /P/ 18
3.1.4.2 /B / 19
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/104334019X
X TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.1.4.3
IT/
19
3.1.4.4 /D/ 20
3.1.4.5
IK/
20
3.1.4.6
/G/ 20
3.1.4.7
/M/ 21
3.1.4.8 /N/ 22
3.1.4.9
/PI
22
3.1.4.10
/N/ 22
3.1.4.11
IS/
23
3.1.4.12
/H/ 23
3.1.4.13
1)1
23
3.1.4.14
/W/ 24
3.1.4.15
/Y/ * 24
3.1.4.16
/R/ 25
3.1.4.17
/I/ 25
3.2 VOWELS 26
3.2.1
VOWEL INVENTORY 26
3.2.2
NASAL VOWELS 26
3.2.3
THE STATUS OF [A] * 27
3.2.4
VOWEL FORMANTS 28
3.2.5
MINIMAL PAIRS 29
3.2.5.1
/U/ 29
3.2.5.2 /O/ 29
3.2.5.3
HI
30
3.2.5.4
/A/ 30
3.2.5.5
/E/ 30
3.2.5.6 /E/ 31
3.2.5.7 /I/ 31
3.2.5.8 /UU/ 31
3.2.5.9 / OO/ 31
3.2.5.10
/OA/ 32
3.2.5.11
/AA
/ 32
3.2.5.12
/EE/ 32
3.2.5.13 /EE/ 33
3.2.5.14 // 33
3.2.5.15
/DD / 33
3.2.5.16
/AA
N
/ 33
3.2.5.17
/EE / 34
3.3 SYLLABLE AND STEM STRUCTURE -
3.3.1
SYLLABLE SHAPE * 34
3.3.2
WORD MINIMALITY REQUIREMENT
3.3.3
STEM LENGTHS 36
TABLE OF CONTENTS
* XI
3.3.4 CRYPTO-COMPOUNDS 37
3.4 PHONOTACTICS 39
3.4.1 CONSTRAINTS ON INDIVIDUAL CONSONANTS * 39
3.4.1.1 WORD-INITIAL RESTRICTIONS 39
3.4.1.2 STEM-INTERNAL RESTRICTIONS 40
3.4.1.3 WORD-FINAL RESTRICTIONS 41
3.4.2 CONSTRAINTS ON VOWEL QUALITY 42
3.4.3 CONSTRAINTS ON NASALIZED VOWELS 42
3.4.4 CONSTRAINTS ON VOWEL LENGTH 42
3.4.5 CONSONANT CLUSTERS 44
3.4.5.1 INITIAL CC 44
3.4.5.2 MEDIAL GEMINATED CC 44
3.4.5.3 MEDIAL NON-GEMINATE CC 45
3.4.5.4 MEDIAL CCC 47
3.4.5.5 FINAL CC 48
3.4.6 [U] - [0] ALTERNATIONS 48
3.5 VOWEL HARMONY 51
3.5.1 STEMS 52
3.5.1.1 INITIAL SYLLABLE 53
3.5.1.2 MEDIAL SYLLABLES 54
3.5.1.3 FINAL SYLLABLES 57
3.5.1.4 DISHARMONIC STEMS 59
3.5.2 HARMONY IN VERBAL DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES 60
3.5.2.1 INTRODUCTION 60
3.5.2.2 IDEALIZED SUFFIX BEHAVIOR 60
3.5.2.3 ACTUAL SUFFIX BEHAVIOR 62
3.5.3 HARMONY IN VERBAL INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES 64
3.5.4 HARMONY IN NOMINAL DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES 65
3.5.5 HARMONY IN NOMINAL INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES 65
3.6 METRICAL STRUCTURE 66
3.6.1 VOWEL REDUCTION 66
3.6.2 VOWEL SYNCOPE 67
3.6.3 /G/ SPIRANTIZATION 69
3.7 OTHER PHONOLOGICAL RULES 69
3.7.1 NASALIZATION 69
3.7.2 NASAL PLACE ASSIMILATION 70
3.7.3 PRE-SUFFIXAL VOWEL RAISING, OR, VOWEL HIATUS RESOLUTION 71
3.7.4 VOWEL HIATUS 72
3.7.5 PRE-PALATAL VOWEL FRONTING 73
3.7.6 DERHOTICIZATION 73
3.8 CLITIC PHONOLOGY 74
XII
* TABLE OF CONTENTS
4 TONE 75
4.1 LEXICAL TONE 75
4.1.1 THE TONE BEARING UNIT AND CONTOUR TONE DISTRIBUTION 75
4.1.2 LEXICAL TONE IN NOUNS, NUMERALS, AND ADJECTIVES 77
4.1.2.1 MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS 78
4.1.2.2 DISYLLABIC NOUNS 79
4.1.2.3 TRISYLLABIC NOUNS 83
4.1.3 LEXICAL TONE IN VERBS * 86
4.1.3.1 /H/ CLASS VERBS 87
4.1.3.2 /LH/ CLASS VERBS 88
4.1.3.3 SUB-MINIMAL /L/ VERBS 89
4.2 TONAL UNDERSPECIFICATION * 90
4.2.1 PHONETIC REALIZATION OF TONE 90
4.2.1.1 PHONETIC REALIZATION OF H AND L 90
4.2.1.2 DECLINATION 93
4.2.1.3 DOWNDRIFT 93
4.2.2 PHONETIC REALIZATION OF 0: INTERPOLATION 94
4.2.2.1 SINGLE SYLLABLE 95
4.2.2.2 MULTIPLE SYLLABLES 98
4.2.3 UNDERSPECIFICATION AND EPENTHETIC VOWELS 99
4.3 PHONOLOGICAL TONE RULES 100
4.3.1 TONAL ABSORPTION 100
4.3.2 TONE SHIFT 101
4.4 VERBAL GRAMMATICAL TONE 103
4.5 GRAMMATICAL TONE IN THE NP 106
4.5.1 UNPOSSESSED NPS 106
4.5.1.1 CONTROLLERS: ADJECTIVES, DEMONSTRATIVES, AND RELATIVE CLAUSES *
107
4.5.1.2 NON-CONTROLLERS: NUMERALS, DEFINITE, PLURAL, ALL 108
4.5.2 POSSESSED NPS 108
4.5.2.1 NON-PRONOMINAL POSSESSORS 108
4.5.2.2 PRONOMINAL POSSESSORS 109
4.5.3 POSSESSED NPS
WITH OTHER MODIFIERS 109
4.5.3.1 ALIENABLE POSSESSION 110
4.5.3.2 INALIENABLE POSSESSION 111
5 NOMINAL, PRONOMINAL, AND ADJECTIVAL MORPHOLOGY
*113
5.1 NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY 113
5.1.1 HUMAN SUFFIXES 113
5.1.2 IRREGULAR NOUNS (WOMAN, MAN, CHILD, GIRL, BOY, PERSON) 115
5.1.3 HUMAN SUFFIXES ON KINSHIP TERMS 117
5.1.4 SO-AND-SO 118
5.1.5 NOMINAL REDUPLICATION 118
TABLE OF CONTENTS *
XIII
5.1.6 DIMINUTIVE 119
5.1.7 FROZEN INITIAL
A(N)-
IN NOUNS 120
5.2
NOMINALIZATION 121
5.2.1 DEVERBAL DERIVATION 121
5.2.1.1
AGENTIVE NOMINALS 122
5.2.1.2 GERUNDIVE NOMINALS 122
5.2.1.3
-IGO
OR
-IGE
DERIVATION 126
5.2.1.4 INFINITIVES 126
5.2.2
DEADJECTIVAL DERIVATION 127
5.2.2.1
REDUPLICATIVE DERIVATION 127
5.2.2.2
CHARACTERISTIC DERIVATION
(-GU)
128
5.3
PRONOUNS 129
5.3.1 INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS 129
5.3.2
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 131
5.3.3
SUFFIXAL PRONOUNS 131
5.4 DEFINITES AND DEMONSTRATIVES * 132
5.4.1 DEFINITE DETERMINER
=GE
132
5.4.2
DEICTIC DEMONSTRATIVES *133
5.4.2.1
DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINERS 134
5.4.2.2
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 135
5.4.3 DISCOURSE DEFINITES 136
5.4.4 PRESENTATIVES ( HERE S... ) 136
5.5
ADJECTIVES 138
5.5.1
SUFFIXED ADJECTIVES 138
5.5.2
UNSUFFIXED ADJECTIVES 140
5.5.3
DISTRIBUTIVE REDUPLICATION 141
5.6 VERBS AS MODIFIERS 142
5.7 NUMERALS 143
5.7.1 CARDINAL NUMBERS 143
5.7.1.1
ONE , SAME (ONE) 143
5.7.1.2 2 THROUGH 10 144
5.7.1.3
DECIMAL MULTIPLES (10, 20,...) AND THEIR COMBINATIONS (22, 67,...) 145
5.7.1.4
LARGE NUMERALS (100, 1000,...) AND THEIR COMPOSITES *
-146
5.7.1.5 CURRENCY 147
5.7.1.6 DISTRIBUTIVE NUMERALS 148
5.7.1.7 NEGATIVE POLARITY ADVERB
DOGO
148
5.7.2
ORDINAL ADJECTIVES 149
5.7.2.1
ORDINAL FORMATION (-
YEM
SUFFIX) 149
5.7.2.2
FIRST AND LAST 149
5.7.3 FRACTIONS AND PORTIONS 150
XIV
* TABLE OF CONTENTS
6 NOMINAL AND ADJECTIVAL COMPOUNDS * 151
6.1 ROOT COMPOUNDS 151
6.1.1 CANONICAL COMPOUND [X
L
X] 151
6.1.1.1 RIGHT-HEADED CANONICAL COMPOUNDS 151
6.1.1.2 LEFT-HEADED CANONICAL COMPOUNDS 152
6.1.1.3 EXTERNALLY-HEADED CANONICAL COMPOUNDS 153
6.1.1.4 COMPLEX CANONICAL COMPOUNDS 153
6.1.1.5 COMPOUNDS WITH
N
CHILD AND
NAA
MOTHER 154
6.1.1.6 COMPOUNDS WITH
ANA
MAN OR
YAA
WOMAN 156
6.1.1.7 COMPOUNDS WITH
GUNNB
SLAVE AND
NAA,
FAKE AND AUTHENTIC 158
6.1.2 PSEUDO-GENITIVE COMPOUNDS [X X
L
] 159
6.1.2.1 OVERVIEW 159
6.1.2.2 TONAL VARIATION BETWEEN PSEUDO-GENITIVE AND CANONICAL
COMPOUNDS 160
6.1.2.3 COMPLEX PSEUDO-GENITIVE COMPOUNDS 160
6.1.2.4 UNUSUAL PSEUDO-GENITIVES *161
6.2 SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS 161
6.2.1 AGENTIVE COMPOUNDS *161
6.2.2 COMPOUNDS WITH FINAL VERBAL NOUN; [U] COMPOUNDS 163
6.2.3 GERUNDIVE COMPOUNDS 164
6.2.4 PURPOSIVE COMPOUNDS 165
6.2.5 OTHER SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS 166
6.3 ADJECTIVAL COMPOUNDS 167
7 NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURE 169
7.1 ORGANIZATION OF NP CONSTITUENTS 169
7.1.1 LINEAR ORDER * 169
7.1.2 ADJECTIVE-NUMERAL INVERSION 171
7.1.3 DETACHABILITY 173
7.1.4 HEADLESS NPS 173
7.2 NOUN PLUS ADJECTIVE *175
7.2.1 TONE CHANGES 175
7.2.2 MULTIPLE ADJECTIVES 176
7.2.3 ORDINAL NUMERALS 176
7.2.4 SOME 176
7.2.5 PARTICIPLES 178
7.3 NOUN PLUS NUMERAL 178
7.4 NOUN PLUS DETERMINER 180
7.5 NOUN PLUS QUANTIFIER 181
7.5.1 PLURAL 181
7.5.2 ALL 182
7.5.3 EACH 182
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
7.6 POSSESSION 183
7.6.1 ALIENABLE POSSESSION 183
7.6.1.1 NON-PRONOMINAL NP POSSESSOR 183
7.6.1.2 TREATMENT OF MODIFIERS FOLLOWING THE POSSESSED NOUN 184
7.6.1.3 NON-PRONOMINAL POSSESSOR WITH GENITIVE CLITIC =MO 185
7.6.1.4 PRONOMINAL POSSESSION 186
7.6.1.5 PRONOMINAL POSSESSION WITH MODIFIERS 187
7.6.2 INALIENABLE POSSESSION 189
7.6.2.1 NON-PRONOMINAL POSSESSION 189
7.6.2.2 NON-PRONOMINAL POSSESSION WITH MODIFIERS 190
7.6.2.3 PRONOMINAL POSSESSION 190
7.6.2.4 PRONOMINAL POSSESSION WITH MODIFIERS 191
7.6.3 RECURSIVE POSSESSION 192
8 IDEOPHONES AND ONOMATOPOEIA 194
8.1 PHONOLOGY OF IDEOPHONES 194
8.1.1 REDUPLICATION 194
8.1.2 DISHARMONIC STEMS 196
8.1.3 UNUSUAL SEGMENTS AND PHONOTACTICS 197
8.1.4 TONE PATTERNS 197
8.2 ADJECTIVAL INTENSIFIES 198
8.2.1 USAGE AND MORPHOLOGY 198
8.2.2 LIST OF ADJECTIVAL INTENSIFIERS BY PHONOLOGICAL SHAPE 201
8.3 EXPRESSIVE ADVERBIALS 203
8.3.1 ADJECTIVE-LIKE EXPRESSIVE ADVERBIALS 203
8.3.2 ADVERB-LIKE EXPRESSIVE ADVERBIALS 205
8.3.3 EXPRESSIVE ADVERBIALS DERIVED FROM NOUNS OR VERBS 207
8.4 ONOMATOPOEIA 207
8.4.1 ANIMAL CALLS 207
8.4.2 BODY NOISES 208
8.4.3 OTHER NOISES 209
8.5 SOUND SYMBOLISM 209
9 COORDINATION 211
9.1 CONJUNCTION 211
9.1.1 NP CONJUNCTION 211
9.1.2 ORDERING OF THE CONJUNCTS 213
9.1.3 CONJUNCTION OF DETERMINERS 214
9.1.4 PP CONJUNCTION 215
9.1.5 CONJUNCTION OF ADVERBS 216
9.1.6 CONJUNCTION OF ADJECTIVAL MODIFIERS -
9.1.7 CONJUNCTION OF ADJECTIVAL PREDICATES
* 216
217
XVI
** TABLE OF CONTENTS
9.1.8 CLAUSE-LEVEL CONJUNCTION 217
9.2 DISJUNCTION 218
9.2.1 NP DISJUNCTION 218
9.2.2 DISJUNCTION OF DETERMINERS 218
9.2.3 DISJUNCTION OF PPS 219
9.2.4 DISJUNCTION OF ADJECTIVAL MODIFIERS 219
9.2.5 CLAUSE-LEVEL DISJUNCTION 220
10 POSTPOSITIONS AND ADVERBIALS
* 221
10.1 POSTPOSITIONS 221
10.1.1 INSTRUMENTAL AND ASSOCIATIVE
=LE
221
10.1.1.1 INSTRUMENTAL 221
10.1.1.2 COMITATIVE 222
10.1.1.3 OTHER USES OF THE ASSOCIATIVE * 223
10.1.1.4
=LE
AS A QUESTION MARKER 225
10.1.2 LOCATIVE
=BAA
225
10.1.3 OBLIQUE
=NC
226
10.1.3.1 SIMPLE USES OF
=NE
226
10.1.3.2 ON (THE HEAD OF) 229
10.1.3.3 NEXT TO, BESIDE 229
10.1.3.4 IN FRONT OF/FORWARDS AND BEHIND/BACKWARDS * 229
10.1.3.5 OVER/ABOVE AND UNDER/BELOW 231
10.1.3.6 BETWEEN * 231
10.1.3.7 ALL THE WAY TO 232
10.1.4 POSSESSIVE OR BENEFACTIVE =MO 233
10.1.4.1
=RM
IN LOCATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 234
10.1.4.2 =MO AS A BENEFACTIVE 234
10.1.4.3 OTHER USES OF
=RM
235
10.1.5 PURPOSIVE OR CAUSAL
DIYE
235
10.2 ADVERBS 236
10.2.1 SIMILARITY 236
10.2.2 EXTENT 238
10.2.2.1 A LOT , VERY
DIYE-GO, SAY-NI, JOO-NI
238
10.2.2.2 A LITTLE
GAALEY-NI, MKK-NI
240
10.2.3 EXACTLY , SPECIFICALLY 241
10.2.4 EVALUATION 242
10.2.4.1 WELL AND BADLY 242
10.2.4.2 APPROPRIATE 243
10.2.5 EPISTEMIC MODALS 243
10.2.5.1 CERTAINLY
TAJORO, MAY
243
10.2.5.2 POSSIBLY , MAYBE 244
10.2.6 MANNER 245
TABLE OF CONTENTS
XVII
10.2.7 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ADVERBS 245
10.2.7.1 TEMPORAL ADVERBS 245
10.2.7.2 FIRST 246
10.2.7.3 DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERBS 246
10.2.7.4 DIRECTIONS 247
10.2.8 OTHER ADVERBIALS 248
10.2.8.1 STRAIGHT 248
10.2.8.2 TOGETHER , APART 249
10.2.8.3 ALWAYS , NEVER 249
10.2.8.4 ALL, ENTIRELY , NOT AT ALL 250
11 VERBAL DERIVATION * 251
11.1 FACTITIVE
-NDK
251
11.1.1 PHONOLOGICAL FORM 251
11.1.2 INCHOATIVE VERBS 252
11.1.3 FACTITIVES ADDED TO INTRANSITIVE VERBS 254
11.2 REVERSIVE
-HE
256
11.2.1 PHONOLOGICAL FORM 256
11.2.1.1 TREATMENT OF THE STEM-FINAL VOWEL 257
11.2.1.2 MONOSYLLABIC STEMS 258
11.2.1.3 DISYLLABIC STEMS 258
11.2.2 OPAQUE REVERSIVES 260
11.3 TRANSITIVE
-IRE
AND MEDIOPASSIVE
-LYE
262
11.3.1 PHONOLOGICAL FORM 262
11.3.2 TRANSITIVE/MEDIOPASSIVE PAIRS 263
11.3.3 SUFFIXED MEDIOPASSIVE WITH BARE STEM TRANSITIVE 264
11.3.4 SUFFIXED TRANSITIVE WITH BARE STEM MEDIOPASSIVE * 266
11.3.5 MEDIOPASSIVE WITH NO TRANSITIVE COUNTERPART 267
11.3.6 TRANSITIVE WITH NO MEDIOPASSIVE COUNTERPART 267
11.3.7 INCHOATIVES DERIVED WITH THE MEDIOPASSIVE 268
11.4 CAUSATIVE
-M5
269
11.5 AMBI VALENT VERBS 270
11.6 DENOMINAL VERBS 271
12 VERBAL INFLECTION 273
12.1 OVERVIEW OF TENSE-ASPECT-NEGATION (TAN) FOR REGULAR VERBS 273
12.2 IMPERFECTIVE 277
12.2.1 PRESENT/FUTURE IMPERFECTIVE 277
12.2.1.1 AFFIRMATIVE 277
12.2.1.2 NEGATIVE 280
12.2.2 PAST IMPERFECTIVE 282
12.2.2.1 AFFIRMATIVE 282
XVIII
12.2.2.2
12.2.3
12.3
12.3.1
12.3.1.1
12.3.1.2
12.3.1.3
12.3.1.4
12.3.2
12.4
12.4.1
12.4.2
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.7.1
12.7.1.1
12.7.1.2
12.7.2
12.7.2.1
12.7.2.2
12.7.3
12.7.3.1
12.7.3.2
12.8
12.8.1
12.8.2
12.8.3
12.8.3.1
12.8.3.2
12.8.3.3
12.9
12.9.1
12.9.1.1
12.9.1.2
12.9.2
12.9.2.1
12.9.2.2
12.9.3
12.9.3.1
12.9.3.2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NEGATIVE * 284
FOCUSED IMPERFECTIVE 285
PERFECTIVE (NON-FOCUSED) 285
AFFIRMATIVE 286
PRESENT 287
PAST 288
FUTURE 290
TEMPORALLY UNMARKED 290
NEGATIVE 291
DEFOCALIZED PERFECTIVE 293
PHONOLOGICAL FORM 294
USAGE 296
IMPERFECTIVE PERFECTIVE 297
EXPERIENTIAL PERFECT 299
PROGRESSIVE 301
PRESENT 304
AFFIRMATIVE 304
NEGATIVE 306
PAST *- 306
AFFIRMATIVE 306
NEGATIVE 307
FUTURE 308
AFFIRMATIVE 308
NEGATIVE 309
SUBJECT AGREEMENT * 309
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SUBJECT MARKING 309
3PL SUFFIX MARKING 310
PHONETIC INTERACTION BETWEEN ASPECT AND SUBJECT MARKING 311
LSG -M 312
2SG -W 312
LPL AND 2PL -Y 312
IMPERATIVES AND HORTATIVES 312
IMPERATIVE 312
AFFIRMATIVE 312
NEGATIVE 314
HORTATIVE 315
AFFIRMATIVE 315
NEGATIVE 316
OPTATIVE 317
AFFIRMATIVE 317
NEGATIVE 318
TABLE OF CONTENTS
XIX
13 VP AND PREDICATE
STRUCTURE * 319
13.1 REGULAR VERBS, AND VP STRUCTURE 319
13.1.1 VALENCY 319
13.1.1.1 INTRANSITIVE VERBS 319
13.1.1.2 TRANSITIVE VERBS 321
13.1.1.3 DITRANSITIVE VERBS 321
13.1.2 VERB PHRASE AND CLAUSE STRUCTURE 322
13.1.3 FIXED SUBJECT-VERB COMBINATIONS 323
13.1.4 FIXED OBJECT-VERB COMBINATIONS 324
13.1.5 COGNATE NOMINALS 326
13.1.5.1 PHONOLOGICAL RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN NOUN AND VERB 327
13.1.5.2 PREDICTABILITY OF NOUN CLASS MEMBERSHIP 333
13.1.5.3 MORPHOLOGICALLY COMPLEX COGNATE NOMINALS 333
13.1.5.4 COMPOUND AND MODIFIED COGNATE NOMINALS 334
13.1.5.5 GRAMMATICAL STATUS OF THE COGNATE NOMINAL 336
13.1.6 OBJECT MARKING 337
13.2 COPULA, QUASI-VERBS AND STATIVES 339
13.2.1 COPULA CLITICS 339
13.2.1.1 AFFIRMATIVE COPULA 339
13.2.1.2 NEGATIVE COPULA 341
13.2.2 EXISTENTIAL AND LOCATIVE QUASI-VERBS AND PARTICLES 342
13.2.2.1
WO
343
13.2.2.2
LO
345
13.2.2.3
YO
346
13.2.2.4
TOD
347
13.2.3 STATIVES AND OTHER DEFECTIVE VERBS 349
13.2.3.1 STATIVE VERBS 349
13.2.3.2 MORPHOLOGICALLY REGULAR BECOME AND REMAIN 352
13.2.3.3 IRREGULAR VERBS 353
13.3 EXISTENTIAL PARTICLES
YE=
AND
KD=
354
13.4 ADJECTIVAL AND ADVERBIAL PREDICATES 358
13.4.1 ADJECTIVAL PREDICATES 359
13.4.1.1 REGULAR PREDICATES 359
13.4.1.2 DEFOCALIZED PREDICATES 360
13.4.2 ADVERBIAL PREDICATES 361
13.5 POSSESSIVE PREDICATES 361
13.5.1 QUASI-VERB
SE
HAVE 361
13.5.2 POSSESSIVE PREDICATES WITH AND THE COPULA * 362
14 COMPARATIVES 364
14.1 ASYMMETRICAL COMPARATIVES 364
14.1.1 PREDICATE ADJECTIVE WITH
DIYE
THAN 364
XX * TABLE OF CONTENTS
14.1.2 VERBAL PREDICATE WITH
DIYE
THAN 366
14.1.3 BE BETTER THAN
IRE
367
14.1.4 SURPASS
GALA
368
14.1.5 SUPERLATIVES 368
14.2 SYMMETRICAL COMPARATIVES 370
14.2.1 PREDICATE ADJECTIVE WITH
=GONU
LIKE 370
14.2.2 BE EQUAL TO
KTGU
370
14.2.3 ATTAIN
DOO
371
14.3 A FORTIORI
SAKO
372
15 FOCALIZATION AND INTERROGATION 373
15.1 FOCUS 373
15.1.1 SUBJECT FOCUS 374
15.1.2 OBJECT FOCUS 377
15.1.3 PP OR
ADVERBIAL FOCUS 379
15.1.4 VERB AND VP FOCUS 380
15.2 INTERROGATIVES 381
15.2.1 POLAR (YES/NO) INTERROGATIVES 381
15.2.2 A WHO? * 384
15.2.3
JTJK
WHAT? , WHY? , WHEN? 386
15.2.3.1 WHAT? 386
15.2.3.2 WHY? 388
15.2.3.3 WHEN? 388
15.2.4
YABAA, YAGU=NE
WHERE? 389
15.2.5
YARJ(GENI)
HOW? 390
15.2.6
ARJGE
HOW MUCH , HOW MANY 392
15.2.7
YAGU
WHICH (ONE)? * 393
15.2.8 EMBEDDED INTERROGATIVES 394
16 RELATIVIZATION AND CLAUSE NOMINALIZATION 397
16.1 OVERVIEW OF RELATIVE CLAUSES * 397
16.2 TONE MARKING ON THE HEAD NP IN A RELATIVE CLAUSE 398
16.3 RELATIVE PARTICIPLE * 400
16.3.1 SUBJECT MARKING IN RELATIVE CLAUSES 400
16.3.2 TAN
ON THE RELATIVE PARTICIPLE 403
16.3.2.1 IMPERFECTIVE 403
16.3.2.2 PERFECTIVE 404
16.3.2.3 EXPERIENTIAL PERFECT 405
16.3.2.4 PROGRESSIVE 406
16.3.3 QUASI-VERBS AS RELATIVE PARTICIPLE 406
16.3.4 RELATIVE PARTICIPLES BASED ON ADJECTIVAL PREDICATES 407
16.3.5 RELATIVE PARTICIPLES WITH VERB CHAINING 407
TABLE OF CONTENTS
XXI
16.4 HEADLESS RELATIVE CLAUSES 408
16.4.1 PERSON OR THING 408
16.4.1.1 PERSON OR ONE WHO... 408
16.4.1.2 THING OR THAT WHICH... 409
16.4.2 TIME 410
16.4.3 FACT , OR NOMINALIZED CLAUSES 410
16.4.4 HEADLESS RELATIVE CLAUSES AS MAIN OR CONJOINED CLAUSES 411
16.5 SUBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES 413
16.5.1 SUBJECT RELATIVES: HEAD PLACEMENT 413
16.5.2 CONJOINED NP SUBJECTS AS HEAD OF A RELATIVE CLAUSE 415
16.5.3 COORDINATED RELATIVES WITH A SHARED SUBJECT HEAD 416
16.5.4 THE PARTICIPLE AND SUBJECT AGREEMENT IN SUBJECT RELATIVES 416
16.6 OBJECT RELATIVES 417
16.6.1 OBJECT RELATIVES: HEAD PLACEMENT 417
16.6.2 CONJOINED NP OBJECTS AS HEAD OF A RELATIVE CLAUSE * 419
16.7 POSSESSIVE RELATIVES 419
16.7.1 POSSESSED-TYPE RELATIVES 419
16.7.1.1 NON-PRONOMINAL ALIENABLE POSSESSION 420
16.7.1.2 PRONOMINAL ALIENABLE POSSESSION 421
16.7.1.3 NON-PRONOMINAL INALIENABLE POSSESSION 422
16.7.1.4 PRONOMINAL INALIENABLE POSSESSION 423
16.7.2 POSSESSOR-TYPE RELATIVES 424
16.7.2.1 NON-PRONOMINAL ALIENABLE POSSESSION 425
16.7.2.2 PRONOMINAL ALIENABLE POSSESSION 426
16.7.2.3 NON-PRONOMINAL INALIENABLE POSSESSION * 426
16.7.2.4 PRONOMINAL INALIENABLE POSSESSION 426
16.8 PP RELATIVES 427
16.9 RECURSIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES 429
16.10 RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH ADVERBIAL MEANINGS 429
16.10.1 WHEN 430
16.10.2 WHERE 430
17 CONDITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS 432
17.1 HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONAL WITH
=YO
IF 432
17.1.1 CONDITIONAL PARTICLE
=YO
432
17.1.2 FORM OF THE VERB IN HYPOTHETICAL CONSTRUCTIONS 433
17.1.2.1 ANTECEDENT VERB: PERFECTIVE 433
17.1.2.2 ANTECEDENT VERB: IMPERFECTIVE 434
17.1.3 POST-PARTICLE
KEM
L
ALL 435
17.1.4 IF ON NON-VERBAL PREDICATES 436
17.2 EVEN IF 436
17.3 WHETHER OR NOT CONDITIONALS 437
17.4 COUNTERFACTUAL CONDITIONAL 439
XXII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
18 CLAUSE CHAINING AND SUBORDINATION 441
18.1 VERB CHAINING 441
18.1.1 MORPHOLOGICAL FORM OF NON-FINAL VERBS 441
18.1.1.1 AFFIRMATIVE 442
18.1.1.2 NEGATIVE 443
18.1.2 TREATMENT OF ARGUMENTS 445
18.1.2.1 SUBJECT MARKING ON NON-FINAL VERBS 445
18.1.2.2 NON-PRONOMINAL ARGUMENTS 446
18.1.3 COMMON CHAIN VERBS 447
18.1.3.1
YE-NDK
LOOK AT * 447
18.1.3.2
BIPJE
PULL 448
18.1.3.3
SE
HAVE * 449
18.1.3.4
MBBNDB
OR
MBBMB-TYK
ASSEMBLE, DO TOGETHER 449
18.1.3.5
DAA
KILL 450
18.1.4 ADVERB-LIKE NON-FINAL VERBS 450
18.1.5 CLAUSE SUBORDINATION WITH NON-FINAL VERBS 451
18.1.5.1 UNTIL 451
18.1.5.2 AS SOON AS 452
18.1.5.3 AFTER 452
18.1.5.4
NLRJ-IYK
BE AFRAID THAT 453
18.1.5.5
GE=SE
THINK THAT 454
18.1.5.6
BARA
HELP 455
18.1.5.7 JE FINISH 455
18.1.5.8
BILK
WAS ABLE TO 456
18.1.6
-EE
COMPLEMENTS * 456
18.1.6.1
MBK
WANT 457
18.1.6.2
NFIJ-IYK
BE AFRAID TO 458
18.1.6.3
DAGA
BE GOOD ( SHOULD , MUST , HAVE TO ) 458
18.1.6.4 5/5
START 459
18.2 CONDITIONALS AS CLAUSE CHAINING 460
18.3 INFINITIVAL COMPLEMENTS 461
18.3.1
NAA
FORGET 461
18.3.2
MBK
WANT, LIKE 462
18.3.3
NFRJ-IYK
BE AFRAID TO 463
18.3.4
DAGA
BE GOOD 464
18.3.5
PADA
CEASE 464
18.3.6
YABA
ACCEPT 465
18.4 COMPLEMENTS WITH A GERUNDIVE COMPOUND 465
18.4.1
NAA
FORGET 466
18.4.2
MBK
WANT 466
18.4.3
PADA
CEASE 467
18.4.4
PADA-MO
PREVENT 467
TABLE OF CONTENTS
XXIII
18.4.5
BKK-DK
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT 469
18.4.6
BARA
HELP 469
18.5 NOMINALIZED SUBORDINATE CLAUSES 470
18.5.1
AMBA BOO
HOPE THAT 470
18.5.2
TLELU=WD
BE HAPPY THAT 471
18.5.3
MIILK
DOUBT THAT 472
18.5.4
KAY-GO=WO
AND
MAA-GO=WO
BE
IMPORTANT THAT 473
18.5.5
I~FR)
BE NECESSARY THAT 474
18.5.6
YABA
CONSENT 474
18.5.7 BECAUSE OF 475
18.5.8 AS SOON AS 475
18.6 POSTPOSITIONS 476
18.6.1 BEFORE 476
18.6.2 AFTER 477
18.6.3 FROM... TO... 479
18.6.4 AS THOUGH 479
18.7
=GE
COMPLEMENTIZER 480
18.7.1
NAA
FORGET 480
18.7.2
YK
SEE THAT 481
18.7.3
KGK
HEAR THAT 481
18.7.4
}G-GO=WO
KNOW
THAT 482
18.7.5
KSK
BE CLEAR THAT 482
18.8 COMPLEMENT WITH A NULL COMPLEMENTIZER 484
18.8.1
IG-GO=WO
KNOW THAT 484
18.8.2
MULU-GO=WD
IT SEEMS THAT 485
18.8.3
IR)-LK
MAYBE 486
18.8.4
KO=DIYE
AND
PASKE
BECAUSE 487
18.8.5
TILAY
NECESSARY THAT 488
18.9 PARTICIPIAL COMPLEMENTS 489
18.9.1
YK
SEE 489
18.9.2
KGK
HEAR 490
18.9.3
TKMBK
FIND 490
18.9.4 6/5 BEGIN 491
18.9.5 IN ORDER TO 491
18.9.6 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES WITH
-GU
OR
-NU
PARTICIPLES 492
18.10 OTHER COMPLEMENT CONSTRUCTIONS 495
18.10.1
GAD
BE ABOUT TO , ALMOST 495
18.10.2
BE-LI
DID NOT WANT 496
18.10.3
TKMBK
FIND THAT 496
18.10.4
ARJAY
WAY ( SUCH THAT OR SO THAT CONSTRUCTIONS) 497
18.10.5 DURATIVE VERB ITERATIONS CHAINED TO A MOTION VERB 497
18.10.6 COMPLEMENTS OF BE ABLE TO WITH [U]- OR [Y]-FINAL VERB 498
XXIV
* TABLE OF CONTENTS
19 QUOTATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS * 500
19.1
GE
SAY 500
19.1.1
GE
SAY WITH NOMINAL COMPLEMENTS * 500
19.1.2
GE
SAY WITH PHRASAL COMPLEMENTS: DIRECT VS. INDIRECT
QUOTATIONS 501
19.1.3 NON-QUOTATIVE USES OF
GE
SAY 503
19.2 QUOTATIVE PARTICLE
=WA
504
19.2.1 PHRASE-FINAL
=WA
504
19.2.2 ADDRESSEE-MARKING
=WA
507
19.2.3 EMBEDDED SUBJECTS MARKED WITH
=WA
508
19.3 JUSSIVE COMPLEMENT 510
19.3.1 EMBEDDED IMPERATIVES 510
19.3.2 EMBEDDED HORTATIVES 512
20 ANAPHORA 514
20.1 REFLEXIVES 514
20.1.1 REFLEXIVES WITH
KUU
HEAD 514
20.1.1.1 DIRECT OBJECT REFLEXIVES * 514
20.1.1.2 INDIRECT OBJECT REFLEXIVES 517
20.1.1.3 REFLEXIVE POSSESSORS 519
20.1.1.4 EMPHATIC REFLEXIVES 520
20.1.2 ADVERBIAL REFLEXIVE STRATEGIES 521
20.2 RECIPROCALS 522
20.3 LOGOPHORIC PRONOUNS 524
20.3.1 LOGOPHORS AS SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS 524
20.3.2 LOGOPHORS AS POSSESSORS 525
20.3.3 LOGOPHORIC PRONOUNS IN RELATIVE CLAUSES 527
21 GRAMMATICAL PRAGMATICS 528
21.1 TOPIC 528
21.1.1 BARE TOPICS 528
21.1.2
KAY
OR
GAY
530
21.1.3
YAA
* 532
21.1.4
NEE
533
21.2 ALSO AND EVEN 535
21.2.1 =/ ALSO 535
21.2.2
HALE
EVEN 537
21.3 PRE-SENTENTIAL DISCOURSE MARKERS 538
21.3.1
YALLA
WONDER 538
21.3.2
KAA, ME, DDGO
BUT 540
21.3.3
SABE
BECAUSE 541
21.3.4
NEE (KAY)
AND
NIMEM
NOW 542
TABLE OF CONTENTS * XXV
21.3.5 FRENCH LOANS
BON, EST-CE QUE
545
21.4 EMPHATICS 546
21.4.1
KOY
546
21.4.2
DE
546
21.4.3
JAATI
EXACTLY 547
21.4.4
WALLAY
BY GOD! 547
21.5 BACK-CHANNELING AND UPTAKE CHECK 548
21.6 GREETINGS 549
21.6.1 TIME OF DAY GREETINGS 549
21.6.2 ACTIVITY GREETINGS 551
21.6.3 GENERAL GREETINGS 552
21.6.4 SPECIFIC OCCASION GREETINGS AND EXPRESSIONS 553
21.7 BENEDICTIONS 554
22 DIALECTS 556
22.1 PHONOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES 556
22.1.1 /D ~ T - S / 556
22.1.2 /D ~ J / 557
22.1.3 /M ~ F] / 557
22.1.4 VOWEL CORRESPONDENCES 558
22.1.5 TONE CORRESPONDENCES 559
22.2 MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES * 559
22.2.1 /M/ VS. /Q/ 559
22.2.2 NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE 560
22.3 LEXICAL DIFFERENCES 560
23 TEXTS 561
23.1 WHY PEOPLE NAMED KANDA CANNOT BE HOGON 561
23.2 THE ARRIVAL OF THE DOGONS, CLAN WARS, THE ARRIVAL OF THE FULANI AND
FRENCH 564
23.3 ORIGIN OF TONGO-TONGO 584
23.4 DOGON FUNERALS IN THE OLD DAYS 597
23.5 THE STORY OF THE CO-WIVES AND THEIR CHILDREN 603
23.6 THE STORY OF THE ANIMALS AND THE SUN 610
REFERENCES 616
INDEX 618
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | McPherson, Laura Elizabeth |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1044165472 |
| author_facet | McPherson, Laura Elizabeth |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | McPherson, Laura Elizabeth |
| author_variant | l e m le lem |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041554138 |
| classification_rvk | EP 14776 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)862857530 (DE-599)DNB104334019X |
| dewey-full | 496.3 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 496 - African languages |
| dewey-raw | 496.3 |
| dewey-search | 496.3 |
| dewey-sort | 3496.3 |
| dewey-tens | 490 - Other languages |
| discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041554138 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:49:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783110300925 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026999812 |
| oclc_num | 862857530 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | XXV, 622 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | De Gruyter Mouton |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Mouton grammar library |
| series2 | Mouton grammar library |
| spellingShingle | McPherson, Laura Elizabeth A grammar of Tommo So Mouton grammar library Dogon-Sprache (DE-588)4150371-5 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Tommo So (DE-588)104405462X gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4150371-5 (DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)104405462X |
| title | A grammar of Tommo So |
| title_auth | A grammar of Tommo So |
| title_exact_search | A grammar of Tommo So |
| title_full | A grammar of Tommo So Laura McPherson |
| title_fullStr | A grammar of Tommo So Laura McPherson |
| title_full_unstemmed | A grammar of Tommo So Laura McPherson |
| title_short | A grammar of Tommo So |
| title_sort | a grammar of tommo so |
| topic | Dogon-Sprache (DE-588)4150371-5 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Tommo So (DE-588)104405462X gnd |
| topic_facet | Dogon-Sprache Grammatik Tommo So |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026999812&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000018422 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mcphersonlauraelizabeth agrammaroftommoso |