Černaja metallurgija Dnepro-Donskogo Meždurečja vo vtoroj polovine I tys. n. ė.:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Russian |
| Published: |
Charʹkov
"RCNIT"
1999
|
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024721271&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Item Description: | In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 243 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9667367088 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Černaja metallurgija Dnepro-Donskogo Meždurečja vo vtoroj polovine I tys. n. ė. |c Vladimir Koloda |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | 242
Summary
Summary
The iron metallurgy existed in the Dnepro-Don
interriver
territory in the second
half of the 1-st millennium
A.D.
was one of the leading industries of the economy. Not
only economic potential of the community on the whole, but also the means for further
development of the agriculture, crafts, military science as well as domestic life depended
upon the level of development of the iron metallurgy. Unfortunately, up to the present,
this subject has not been specially investigated.
From the geographical point of view, the above
—
mentioned territory consisted of
the zones of Southeastern Europe that were different as regards the natural life, climate
and landscape. It was populated by numerous and many-ethnic tribes. From the ethnic
point of view, the Dnepro-Don intemver territory was divided into two large regions,
namely: the northern and southern ones being populated by the Slavs and by the Turkic-
Ugric
tribes respectively.
In the second half of the 1-st millennium
A.D.,
the life of the Slavs settled in
Eastern Europe was distinguished by two periods. The first period
—
the third quarter of
the 1-st millennium
A.D. —
was characterized by the intensive settling of those tribes
and by domestic development of the territory . At that period there existed the archaeological
cultures of the Kolochin, Penkovka and Volyntsevo settlements. The second period fell
on the end of the 1-st millennium
A.D.,
and is known as a period of consolidation of the
eastern Slavic tribes, formation of a united material culture, equal social and economic
development and general rise in the economy. During that period, the Romny and
Borshevo archaeological cultures existed. At present, no restoration of the iron smelting
process that has been used by the Kolochin tribes is possible.
The Penkovka tribes used the ground-mounted reusable hearths similar to those
used in the Dnepr-river Rightbank territory and in the Dnestr-river basin. The hearths
were of a cone-shaped structure and circular in plan. The hearth height amounted to
0.5
m
and the lower diameter
—
to
0.5—0.7
m. The Oskol-river group of the Penkovka-
culture antiquities had undergone the influence of the iron metallurgy trends of the
Saltov culture. This is evidenced by discoveries of the hearths of similar constructions.
Among the Volyntsevo-culture antiquities, known is a shaft-type hearth with a shaft
lower portion being below the ground level. Such a construction is not typical for the
time period under review, therefore it should be considered as an archaic one.
One of the specific features of the iron metallurgy of the Volyntsevo culture was
location of the hearths indoors, in a workshop. Such an organization of the smelting
process of that period appears to be analogous to the contemporary antiquities of eastern
Slavs settled in the regions of the territory situated to the West.
The tribes of the Romny culture had used both iron smelting furnaces housed in the
living quarters and ground-mounted hearths with the blast being fed through the nozzles.
The Borshevo tribes are known to use two methods of the iron smelting technique,
the crucible process being the most popular one. The essence of the crucible process lied
in the use of the ordinary domestic pots filled with the charge. The process proper was
carried out either in special furnaces of various constructions or in the ovens of every day
use fitted with additional heat insulation. The second method contemplated the use of
the hearths operating on the cold blast.
The present state of the archaeological sources testifies to the fact that no antiquities
of the iron metallurgy used by the non-Slavic population of the Dnepro-Don intemver
territory at the first quarter of the 1-st mfflennium
A.D.
exist. This is connected with the
great transmigration of peoples (IV
— VIII
centuries
A.D.).
This fact testifies that the
iron metallurgy existed at the end of the 1-st millennium
A.D.
in the South of the region
had no local roots. It was brought to the territory by new ethnic groups that took part in
the formation of the Khazar caganate (Saltov archaeological culture). Antiquities that
Summary
243
belong to tliis culture fall into two groups according to their locality, namely: forest-and-
steppe group and steppe group. The first group was characterized by a distinctive type of
a pit-type reusable hearth operating on the cold blast. What put the structure in a class by
ltseii was provision of a flattened pear
-
shaped smelting chamber. Its volume made up
0.05
cum on the average. The blast was fed through two holes provided on the two
opposite sides. No analogy to such hearths is known.
In the steppe zone of the Khazar territory, the most popular were laige-volume pit-type
reusable hearths
(0.5
to
2.6
cum volume). The smelting chamber had a shape of a truncated
cone or^cylinder. The nozzle blast was fed from below of the front wall wherein the hearth
mouth was located. Those craft structures were somewhat similar to the hearths discovered
m
Southeastern Siberia, which testifies to the common origin of the same.
The third type of the Saltov-culture iron smelting furnaces was represented by only
one specimen, i.e. a system of three pit-type hearths connected between each other and
tound to be similar to those used by the Turkic-speaking population belonging to the
lashtyk culture of Eastern Siberia.
fhe general level of the development of the iron metallurgy can be determined
based on a production site (PS). There are known several types of production sites, each
corresponding to a certain level of development of production, social organization of the
same and to a degree of formation of the iron metallurgy as a separate industry within the
general framework of the economy.
The lowest level of the production (PS-l) was the level of production within the
framework of the communal economy system. In that case, a smelter had a status of an
ordinary communal worker. A number of antiquities (PS -2A) testify to the start of formation
of the iron metallurgy as a separate craft. This was manifested by the territorial isolation
of iron production in the rural areas.
The further development of that type of production was connected with two possible
trends. The first trend lied in the appearance of the iron smelting craft in the settlements
and towns with a high level of organization of the same and high social position of skilled
craftsmen (PS-2B). The second trend lied in the creation of specialized craft industry
centers
-
the sites for seasonal iron production to provide iron for the needs of the
agricultural population (PS-3). As to the rate of the iron metallurgy development, the
population of the Khazar territory had left behind the neighbouring Slavic peoples settled
hi the region under review. This is confirmed by a considerable number of antiquities of
PS-2B and PS-3 types as well as by the high degree of the goods quality characteristic of
the certain iron metallurgy centers.
The data considered allow to arrive at the following conclusions:
—
the iron metallurgy of the Dnepro-Don
interriver
territory had undeigone two
stages of its development during the second half of the 1-st
millennium
Α.Ό.,
namely:
decline in the production at the third quarter of the 1-st millennium
A.D.
and rise in the
same at the end of the 1-st millennium
A.D.;
—
the tribes of each archaeological culture had the iron production of their own,
which can be confirmed by the great variety of iron production methods and many types
of craft structures;
—
as regards the level of the production development, the Saltov-culture iron
metallurgy had surpassed that of the Slavic culture;
—
the development of the iron industry of the tribes settled in the region was going
on
m
the general line of the development of civilization and was connected with
intensification in the social division of labour;
—
the general development of the iron metallurgy testifies to the gradual separation
of this kind of production activity out of the communal domestic system and conversion
of the same into the craft of the early feudal community.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Koloda, Vladimir Vasilʹevič |
| author_facet | Koloda, Vladimir Vasilʹevič |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Koloda, Vladimir Vasilʹevič |
| author_variant | v v k vv vvk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039861740 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)780106197 (DE-599)BVBBV039861740 |
| era | Geschichte 1-1000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1-1000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Dnjepr-Don-Gebiet |
| id | DE-604.BV039861740 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:04:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9667367088 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024721271 |
| oclc_num | 780106197 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 243 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publishDateSearch | 1999 |
| publishDateSort | 1999 |
| publisher | "RCNIT" |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Koloda, Vladimir Vasilʹevič Černaja metallurgija Dnepro-Donskogo Meždurečja vo vtoroj polovine I tys. n. ė. Eisenerz (DE-588)4014063-5 gnd Hüttenindustrie (DE-588)4160760-0 gnd Buntmetalllagerstätte (DE-588)4346557-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014063-5 (DE-588)4160760-0 (DE-588)4346557-2 (DE-588)4306521-1 |
| title | Černaja metallurgija Dnepro-Donskogo Meždurečja vo vtoroj polovine I tys. n. ė. |
| title_auth | Černaja metallurgija Dnepro-Donskogo Meždurečja vo vtoroj polovine I tys. n. ė. |
| title_exact_search | Černaja metallurgija Dnepro-Donskogo Meždurečja vo vtoroj polovine I tys. n. ė. |
| title_full | Černaja metallurgija Dnepro-Donskogo Meždurečja vo vtoroj polovine I tys. n. ė. Vladimir Koloda |
| title_fullStr | Černaja metallurgija Dnepro-Donskogo Meždurečja vo vtoroj polovine I tys. n. ė. Vladimir Koloda |
| title_full_unstemmed | Černaja metallurgija Dnepro-Donskogo Meždurečja vo vtoroj polovine I tys. n. ė. Vladimir Koloda |
| title_short | Černaja metallurgija Dnepro-Donskogo Meždurečja vo vtoroj polovine I tys. n. ė. |
| title_sort | cernaja metallurgija dnepro donskogo mezdurecja vo vtoroj polovine i tys n e |
| topic | Eisenerz (DE-588)4014063-5 gnd Hüttenindustrie (DE-588)4160760-0 gnd Buntmetalllagerstätte (DE-588)4346557-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eisenerz Hüttenindustrie Buntmetalllagerstätte Dnjepr-Don-Gebiet |
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