International crimes and other gross human rights violations: a multi- and interdisciplinary textbook
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Leiden [u.a.]
Nijhoff Publ.
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | International and comparative criminal law series
32 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024565912&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Umfang: | XXI, 530 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789004208049 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a International crimes and other gross human rights violations |b a multi- and interdisciplinary textbook |c by Alette Smeulers and Fred Grunfeld |
| 264 | 1 | |a Leiden [u.a.] |b Nijhoff Publ. |c 2011 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a International crimes | |
| 650 | 4 | |a War crimes | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Crimes against humanity | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Genocide |x Prevention | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Humanitarian intervention | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819349143961731072 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE XIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIX
PART ONE INTRODUCTION
I INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND OTHER GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AROUND
THE WORLD 3
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 4
2.1 THE FIRST HUMAN RIGHTS DOCUMENTS 4
2.2 THE UNITED NATIONS 5
2.3 THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND BEYOND 6 2.4 OTHER TREATY
BODIES AND MONITORING MECHANISM 8
2.5 THE ROLE OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL 11
2.6 OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 13
3. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL AND HUMANITARIAN LAW 14
3.1 THE BATTLE OF SOLFERINO AND THE BIRTH OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN
LAW 14
3.2 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 17
3.3 CONCLUSION 19
4. INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND OTHER GHRV AS MANIFESTATIONS OF POLITICAL
VIOLENCE 20
4.1 STATE CRIME, GOVERNMENTAL VIOLENCE AND STATE TERRORISM: DEFINITIONAL
ISSUES 21
4.2 ARMED CONFLICT 21
4.3 CONCLUSION 24
5. MEASURING THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND
OTHER GHRV 25
5.1 ENCOUNTERED DIFFICULTIES WHEN MEASURING INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND
GHRV 25
5.2 GOVERNMENTAL AND NONGOVERNMENTAL INFORMATIONAL SOURCES 27
5.3 COMPILING DATABASES AND TERROR SCALES 29
5.4 TOWARDS A NEW ERA OF GATHERING HUMAN RIGHTS DATA 32 6. CONCLUSION 34
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
PART TWO INTERNATIONAL CRIMES
II WAR CRIMES 39
1. INTRODUCTION 39
2. DEFINITION 39
3. A SHORT HISTORY OF WAR CRIMES AS A LEGAL CONCEPT 41
3.1 GRAVE BREACHES OF THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS 41
3.2 COMMON ARTICLE 3 OF THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS 42
3.3 PROSECUTING PERPETRATORS 43
3.4 THE ICTY, ICTR AND ICC PROVISIONS 44
3.5 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 45
3.6 CONCLUSION 46
4. THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF WAR 47
4.1 DUKE ET DECORUM EST PRO PATRIA MORI 47
4.2 WAR AND THE MYTH OF MALENESS 49
4.3 THE HORRORS OF WAR 50
4.4 THE NICETIES OF WAR 55
4.5 THE AFTER-EFFECTS OF WAR 58
4.6 CONCLUSION 59
5. WAR CRIMES: TYPES AND CASE STUDIES 59
5.1 IRREGULAR WARFARE, EXCESSIVE VIOLENCE AND OTHER ATROCITIES 61
5.2 RAPE AND OTHER FORMS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE 62
5.3 MASSACRES 70
5.4 A UNIT TURNS BERSERK 80
6. CONCLUSION 82
III CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 85
1. INTRODUCTION 85
2. DEFINITION 85
3. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT CRIMES AGAINST
HUMANITY 86
3.1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WAR CRIMES, CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY AND GENOCIDE
89
4. THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 90
4.1 WHY AND WHEN STATES USE FORCE: THE POLITICAL CONTEXT .... 9I 4.2 WHY
AND WHEN STATES USE FORCE: THE IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXT 96 4.3 WHY AND WHEN
STATES USE FORCE: THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 98
4.4 CONCLUSION 102
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS
5. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY; CAS E STUDIES 1 2 5.1 ARGENTINA S DIRTY WAR
103
5.2 THE SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID STATE (1948-1990/1994) ... 108
6. CONCLUSION 116
IV TORTURE 119
1. INTRODUCTION 119
2. DEFINITION 119
3. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE LEGAL PROHIBITION OF TORTURE 120
3.1 TORTURE AS A LEGITIMATE TOOL 120
3.2 TORTURE WITHIN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 123
3.3 TORTURE AS AN INTERNATIONAL CRIME 125
4. THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF TORTURE 127
4.1 TORTURE: FORMS AND EFFECTS 127
4.2. THE FUNCTIONS OF TORTURE 132
4.3. INSTITUTIONALIZED TORTURE 141
5. TORTURE IN DEMOCRATIC STATES: TWO CASE STUDIES 148
5.1 ISRAEL AND THE SHIN BETH AFFAIR 149
5.2 THE UNITED STATES AND THE WAR ON TERROR 151
6. CONCLUSION 157
V GENOCIDE 159
1. INTRODUCTION 159
2. DEFINITION 159
3. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF GENOCIDE 160
3.1 THE PROHIBITION OF GENOCIDE: AN ABSOLUTE MORAL POSTULATE 160
3.2 LEGAL AND POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES 163
3.3 SOCIOLOGICAL DEFINITIONS OF GENOCIDE 165
3.4 RELATED CONCEPTS 166
3.5 CONCLUSION 167
4. THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF GENOCIDE 168
4.1 FUNCTIONS AND TYPES OF GENOCIDE 169
4.2 GENOCIDE PRONE SITUATIONS AND THE ROOTS OF EVIL 171 4.3 THE MEANS OF
GENOCIDE 181
5. CASE STUDIES 182
5.1 NAZI GERMANY 182
5.2 THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE 192
6. CONCLUSION 198
IMAGE 4
CONTENTS
PART THREE THE PERPETRATORS
VI HUMAN NATURE AND SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL INSIGHTS 203
1. INTRODUCTION 203
2. AGGRESSION AND SADISM 204
2.1 AGGRESSION - A NATURAL INSTINCT OR LEARNED BEHAVIOUR? 204 2.2 MORAL
DISENGAGEMENT 206
2.3 DE-INDIVIDUATION 207
2.4 THE MYTH OF PURE EVIL 208
2.5 CONCLUSION 211
3. OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY 211
3.1 THE MILGRAM EXPERIMENT 212
3.2 REPLICATIONS OF THE MILGRAM EXPERIMENT 222
3.3 MEASURING PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS 227
3.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MILGRAM EXPERIMENTS 230
3.5 CONCLUSION 232
4. SITUATIONAL FACTORS 232
4.1 THE STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT (ZIMBARDO) 232
4.2 THE AFTERMATH 237
5. CONCLUSION 239
VII CONFORMISM, GROUP BEHAVIOUR AND COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES 243
1. INTRODUCTION 243
2. THE EFFECT OF OTHERS AND ESPECIALLY GROUPS ON HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 244
2.1 THE EXPERIMENTS OF ASCH: MEASURING COMPLIANCE 245 2.2 THE SOCIAL
IDENTITY THEORY AND THE DANGER OF POLARIZATION 248
2.3 CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALITY AND THE ROLE OF ATTRIBUTION ERRORS 250
2.4 COGNITIVE DISSONANCE, FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR TECHNIQUE AND ESCALATING
COMMITMENTS 252
2.5 GROUP DYNAMICS, SOCIAL LEARNING AND THE EXTREME BEHAVIOUR IN GROUPS
254
2.6 CONCLUSION 256
3. MASS MOVEMENTS 257
3.1 THE WAVE 258
3.2 THE FOLLOWERS 261
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS
3.3 THE NEED FOR AN ENEMY 263
3.4 THE ROLE OF THE LEADER AND THE USE OF SYMBOLISM 2 65 4. CONCLUSION
266
VIII TRAINING AND EDUCATION OF PERPETRATORS 267
1. INTRODUCTION 267
2. MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT 268
2.1 FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS 268
2.2 INITIATION 271
2.3 SELECTION PROCEDURES AND TRAININGS METHODS 274
2.4 TRAINED TO KILL 279
3. THE GREEK TORTURE SCHOOL 282
3.1 SELECTION AND BASIC TRAINING 283
3.2 TRAINED TO BECOME A TORTURER 289
3.3 CONCLUSION 292
IX ORDINARY PEOPLE IN EXTRA-ORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES 295
1. INTRODUCTION 295
2. WHO ARE THE PERPETRATORS? 295
2.1 PERPETRATORS IN NAZI GERMANY 296
2.2 OTHER PERPETRATORS 301
2.3 CONCLUSION 302
3. TRANSFORMATION PROCESS 303
3.1 INITIATION AND FIRST KILL 304
3.2 NEUTRALIZATION TECHNIQUES AND OTHER DEFENCE MECHANISMS 308
3.3 DOUBLING 312
3.4 THE URGE TO COPE 313
3.5 LOOKING BACK 315
3.6 CONCLUSION 317
4. TYPOLOGY OF PERPETRATORS 318
4.1 CRIMINAL MASTERMIND 320
4.2 THE PROFITEERS AND CAREERISTS 321
4.3 DEVOTED WARRIORS AND PROFESSIONALS 322
4.4 FANATICS, SADISTS AND CRIMINALS 322
4.5 THE FOLLOWERS AND CONFORMISTS 323
4.6 IHE COMPROMISED 324
4.7 CONCLUSION 324
5. A QUESTION OF GENDER? 326
6. CONCLUSION 327
IMAGE 6
CONTENTS
PART FOUR BYSTANDERS
X BYSTANDERS 331
1. INTRODUCTION 331
2. DEFINITION 332
2.1 STAGES OF ATROCITIES AND THE ROLE OF THE BYSTANDER 333
3. IGNORANCE 335
4. LEVELS OF ANALYSIS 337
5. TIME PERIODS 341
6. COLLABORATORS AND RESCUERS IN COMBINED TRIANGLES 341
6.1 BYSTANDER ROLES OF SWEDEN AND DENMARK IN THE TRIANGLES AS BOTH
COLLABORATORS AND RESCUERS 345
6.2 VISIONS OF PERPETRATORS TOWARDS BYSTANDERS 347
7. NO SINGLE BYSTANDER ROLE 351
8. RESPONSIBILITY 353
9. CONCLUSION 355
| XI PREVENTION BY BYSTANDERS 357
I 1. INTRODUCTION 357
J 2. PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE 358
3. OPPORTUNITIES TO PREVENT 363
4. RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT 366
5. EARLY WARNING AS A CONCEPT 369
I 6. SIGNALS FOR EARLY WARNING 372
7. PREVENTIVE ACTION 376
8. PEACE-KEEPING FORCES 377
| 8.1 GENERATIONS OF PEACE-KEEPERS 379
J 8.2 CONSENT 382
J 8.3 USE OF FORCE 384
8.4 IMPARTIALITY 385
8.5 STRENGTH, MANDATE, COMPOSITION AND RULES OF ENGAGEMENT 386
8.6 REGIONAL PEACE-KEEPING FORCES 389
9. CONCLUSION 390
XII CASE STUDIES: FAILURE TO PREVENT GENOCIDE IN RWANDA (1994),
SREBRENICA (1995) AND DARFUR (SINCE 2003) 393
1. INTRODUCTION 393
2. RWANDA 394
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS
2.1 WARNINGS 396
2.2 INSTRUMENTS: TJNAMIR 3 96 2.3 DECISION-MAKING 399
3. SREBRENICA 399
3.1 WARNINGS 401
3.2 INSTRUMENTS: DUTCHBAT 401
3.3 DECISION-MAKING 404
4. DARFUR Z^^ ^ Z ^. 405
4.1 WARNINGS 408
4.2 INSTRUMENTS: UNAMID/EUFOR 4 1
4.3 DECISION-MAKING 413
5. FAILURES TO PREVENT GENOCIDE 414
6. CONCLUSION 417
XIII INTERVENTION BY BYSTANDERS 421
1. INTRODUCTION 421
2. ENFORCEMENT MEASURES BY THE UN 421
3. SECURITY COUNCIL DECISION MAKING 425
4. ECONOMIC SANCTIONS 428
5. EFFECTIVENESS OF SANCTIONS 431
6. SMART SANCTIONS 432
7. THE USE OF FORCE IN MILITARY ACTIONS 435
8. HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION 437
8.1 RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT (R2P) 439
8.2 UN-AUTHORIZED INTERVENTION 442
8.3 UN UNAUTHORIZED INTERVENTION 442
9. CONCLUSION 445
PART FIVE DEALING WITH THE PAST
XIV POST-CONFLICT JUSTICE 449
1. INTRODUCTION 449
2. THE IMPORTANCE OF DEALING WITH THE PAST 450
2.1 TRUTH 451
2.2 ACCOUNTABILITY 453
2.3 RECONCILIATION 456
2.4 REPARATION 457
2.5 CONCLUSION 459
IMAGE 8
CONTENTS
3. DEALING WITH THE PAST? 460
3.1 DO NOTHING: GENERAL PARDONS AND UNCONDITIONAL AMNESTIES 460
3.2 RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE 463
3.3 RESTORATIVE JUSTICE 478
3.4 OTHER WAYS OF DEALING WITH THE PAST 485
4. HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION? 489
5. CONCLUSION 492
BIBLIOGRAPHY 495
BIOGRAPHIC NOTE 519
INDEX 52I
|
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| id | DE-604.BV039717747 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:00:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789004208049 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2011018452 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024565912 |
| oclc_num | 720635027 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXI, 530 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Nijhoff Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | International and comparative criminal law series |
| series2 | International and comparative criminal law series |
| spellingShingle | Smeulers, Alette 1967- Grünfeld, Fred 1949- International crimes and other gross human rights violations a multi- and interdisciplinary textbook International and comparative criminal law series International crimes War crimes Crimes against humanity Genocide Prevention Humanitarian intervention |
| title | International crimes and other gross human rights violations a multi- and interdisciplinary textbook |
| title_auth | International crimes and other gross human rights violations a multi- and interdisciplinary textbook |
| title_exact_search | International crimes and other gross human rights violations a multi- and interdisciplinary textbook |
| title_full | International crimes and other gross human rights violations a multi- and interdisciplinary textbook by Alette Smeulers and Fred Grunfeld |
| title_fullStr | International crimes and other gross human rights violations a multi- and interdisciplinary textbook by Alette Smeulers and Fred Grunfeld |
| title_full_unstemmed | International crimes and other gross human rights violations a multi- and interdisciplinary textbook by Alette Smeulers and Fred Grunfeld |
| title_short | International crimes and other gross human rights violations |
| title_sort | international crimes and other gross human rights violations a multi and interdisciplinary textbook |
| title_sub | a multi- and interdisciplinary textbook |
| topic | International crimes War crimes Crimes against humanity Genocide Prevention Humanitarian intervention |
| topic_facet | International crimes War crimes Crimes against humanity Genocide Prevention Humanitarian intervention |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024565912&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035021973 |
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