Aşezări şi locuinţe medievale timpurii în Transilvania: (sec. VI/VII - IX/X)
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Rumänisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cluj-Napoca
Argonaut
2008
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| Schriftenreihe: | Istorie, documente, mărturii
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| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024539509&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024539509&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | 372 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789731091860 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Aşezări şi locuinţe medievale timpurii în Transilvania |b (sec. VI/VII - IX/X) |c Valentin Victor Vizauer |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819344906132389888 |
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| adam_text | CUPRINS
I.
INTRODUCERE
.............................................................................9
1.1. Stadiul cunoştinţelor
.......................................................................9
1.2.
Aspecte generale ale cercetării
.....................................................16
II.
LOCUINŢA
-
MODALITATE DE MANIFESTARE
A VIEŢII COTIDIENE
................................................................19
II.
1.
Tipuri de locuinţe
.................................................................19
11.2. Tehnici constructive şi materiale. Locuinţa din punctul de
vedere al durabilităţii
.............................................................81
11.3. Amenajarea spaţiului intern
.................................................93
11.4. Instalaţii pentru foc
...............................................................95
11.5. Locuinţe cu caracter special
...............................................113
11.6. Tipurile de locuinţe şi problema relaţionărilor
entice
........115
III. CONSTRUCŢII (ANEXE) GOSPODĂREŞTI
....................119
III.
1.
Gropi de provizii şi menajere
............................................119
111.2. Alte spaţii pentru depozitarea alimentelor sau furajelor...
122
111.3. Spaţii destinate producţiei meşteşugăreşti
........................125
111.4. Spaţii destinate animalelor domestice
...............................128
IV.
AŞEZĂRILE
............................................................................129
IV.
1.
Relaţia dintre aşezări şi mediul natural
.............................129
IV.
2.
Structura internă a aşezărilor
............................................133
IV.3. încercare de tipologie
.......................................................141
IV
.4.
Locuirea în peşteri. Alte indicii ale locuirii sezoniere
......146
rV.5. Aşezările din punctul de vedere al funcţiilor economice
.......148
rV.6. Aşezări
-
centre rezidenţiale ale elitei
..............................152
IV.
7.
Populaţiile nomade şi problema determinării formelor
specifice de habitat
............................................................157
V.
CONCLUZII
..............................................................................160
V.l.
Probleme de cronologie
.....................................................160
V.2. Habitat şi conotaţii etnice
...................................................161
V.3. Evoluţia habitatului pe parcursul epocii medievale timpurii.
Premisele structurării societăţii medievale (feudale)
........163
V.4 Transylvanian
Early Medieval (6th/lth
-
^/ÏO*
centuries)
Settlements and Dwellings (Abstract)
.................................165
VI.
REPERTORIUL AŞEZĂRILOR NEFORTIFICATE
MEDIEVALE TIMPURII
(
SEC.
VI/VII
-
IX/X
)
DIN
TRANSILVANIA
..................................................................174
BIBLIOGRAFIE
............................................................................282
ANEXE
............................................................................................311
Anexa
1 -
Lista aşezărilor posibile de pe teritoriul Transilvaniei
(sec. WVII-IX/X)
...............................................................311
Anexa
2 -
Locuinţe pur şi simplul
..................................................333
Anexa
3 -
Repertoriul peşterilor cu descoperiri medievale timpurii
..335
Planşe
........................................................................................340
Hărţi
..........................................................................................367
Contents
I.
Introduction
...................................................................................................9
1.
Historiographical
overview.....................................................................
9
2.
General aspects
of the research
.............................................................16
IL
The Dwelling
-
a manifestation of the quotidian life
..........................19
1.
Dwelling types
.....................................................................................19
2.
Construction technics and materials. The durability of the dwellings
..81
3.
The disposal of the internal space
......................................................93
4.
The fire installations
............................................................................95
5.
Special dwellings
...............................................................................113
6.
The dwelling types and the problem of ethnical correlations
........115
III. The Annexes of the house-hold
...........................................................119
1.
The pits for provisions and the pits for the domestic remains
........119
2.
Other depositing spaces for food and fodder
...................................122
3.
Spaces for the handicraft wares
........................................................125
4.
Spaces for the domestic animals
......................................................128
IV. The Settlements
......................................................................................129
1.
The relation between the settlements and the natural environment
. 129
2.
The internal structure of the settlements
..........................................133
3.
An attempt for a typology
.................................................................141
4.
Cave dwelling. Other indications of seasonal dwelling
..................146
5.
The economical functions of the settlements
..................................148
6.
The settlements as residential centers of the elite
...........................152
7.
The nomad populations and the problem of determination of the
specific forms of habitat
....................................................................157
V. Conclusions
..............................................................................................160
1.
Chronological problems
....................................................................160
2.
The habitat and the ethnical connotations
......................................161
3.
The evolution of the habitat during the Early Middle Ages.
The premises of the medieval (feudal) society structure
................163
4.
Transylvanian Early Medieval (6th/7th
-
9th/
1
0th centuries)
Settlements and Dwellings (Abstract)
.......................................165
VI. The Catalogue of the discoveries
.........................................................174
Bibliography
..................................................................................................282
Annex
1 -
The list of the possible settlements from the territory of
Transylvania
..................................................................................311
Annex
2 -
Just dwellings
..........................................................................333
Annex
3 -
The catalogue of the caves with early medieval discoveries.
... 335
Transylvanian
Early Medieval (6th/fh
-
Ѓ/1Ѓ
centuries)
Settlements and Dwellings
Abstract
The utility of a synthesis work is to offer a general image, more or less
clear, over a certain issue, taking into account the stage of the research
conducted so far. A general perspective over the situation of the Transylvanian
habitat in the Early Middle Ages (we are interested in the period of time between
the 2n half of the 6th century and the 9th/
1
0th centuries) is necessary and useful.
In the past, there were made a lot of archaeological excavations (systematic, for
preservation or as soundings) and many discoveries were made by chance. As a
result, several hundreds settlements were identified from which approximately
160
are certain. Therefore, a centralization of all these data was necessary, at
least as a starting point for future research of the habitat.
The studied area is: Transylvania,
Banat, Crişana
and
Maramureş,
but
inside the thesis we used mainly the name of Transylvania. We chose as a
North-Western territorial limit the state frontier of Romania, although this
imaginary line did not exist in the Middle Ages and had no particular
importance. Although this area is not unitary from the geographical point of
view, it can not be divided either from the cultural point of view, mostly starting
with the first half of the 7th century.
From the structural point of view, we can say that the thesis has a
complete structure. At the same time, we are fully aware of the fact that, taking
into consideration the present state of the research regarding the early medieval
habitat from Romania, a part of the issues could be only partially analyzed.
Therefore, the thesis reflects the actual stage of the historical research of these
tatters in Romania.
Our work had as starting point and as research basis, the drawing up of
ад
exhaustive catalogue of the early medieval unfortified settlements from the
territory of Transylvania in the aforementioned period of time. The catalogue
has two parts: one of the certain settlements; the other, of the possible
settlements. The first part, realized in the 6th chapter of the work, refers to those
settlements where there was discovered at least one archaeological complex
(dwelling, house-hold annex, pit for provisions or for garbage, fire installation
fte·); the second part (Annex I) includes the settlements identified only on the
asis
of some ceramic fragments and/or of other vestiges
-
or those that are only
Mentioned in historiography.
Starting from the catalogue of the certain settlements, we realized a
typology
for the settlements, as well as for the dwellings and fire installations,
thus showing the diversity of the real archaeological situation. They are useful in
165
order
to emphasize the type of the settlement, the types of the dwellings and
their architecture, the types of fire installations as well as the cultural
inheritances and influences.
The problem of the spread of the settlements during different
chronological stages is illustrated by the maps from the final part of the work. For
the period of the 6th
-
7th centuries, we noticed
3
areas of dwelling. They also
indicate the direction of penetration of some new populations (Slavs and perhaps
Avars, in the case of the settlements from the South-West) in Transylvania. These
areas are: the North-West of Romania, the South-East of Transylvania and the
WesťSouth-West
of Romania, on the Mures Valley and in
Banat.
But, one can not
forget the fact that, perhaps, a better archaeological investigation of these
territories offered all these data referring to these settlements, whereas other areas
less investigated could have been just as populated as the aforementioned ones. In
the next centuries, from the 7th until the 9th, we can observe an intensification of
dwelling throughout all these territories and the multiplication of the settlements
(see the maps). This fact also indicates a demographic growth, which was a reality
for the rest of Europe as well. But, in the same time, we have to take into
consideration the fact that several settlements discovered in a small area could
have belonged to the same human community that moved its location probably
because of different economical needs.
Regarding the forms of relief preferred for dwelling, we noticed that the
plains as well as the hills had been populated approximately on the same extent
(see graphic no.
6,
p.
126).
We believe that the differences are given by the
degree in which each form of relief exists on the territory chosen for our
research. But from the chronological point of view, in the
б*-? 1
centuries and in
the
7 -7 /8
centuries the hill areas were more populated (graphic no.
8,
p.
128:
38% -
plain settlements at an altitude under 300m;
62% -
hill settlements at an
altitude between
300 -
1000m; mountain settlements at over 1000m altitude
have not been discovered so far), but this conclusion could be a result of some
more consistent archaeological research conducted in some of the present
Romanian districts. The situation is similar for the spread of the settlements
along the main or secondary valleys. A preference for the secondary valleys
could be recorded for the
8Љ-8Љ/9Љ
centuries (graphic no.
7,
p.
126).
The existing data regarding the size of the settlements is rather relative.
This is due mostly to the lack of an exhaustive research of the settlements or to
the destruction of their remnants as a result of agricultural or construction works
etc. but also to the fact that part of the information gathered as a result of
archaeological excavations has not been published yet. Therefore, taking into
consideration the data known so far, we classified the settlements following the
size
-criterium:
-
small settlements
-
below
5
dwelling complexes (house-holds);
-
middle-size settlements
-
between
5
and
10
dwellings;
166
-
large
settlements
-
more than
10
dwellings.
For a rather vast period of time, from the 6th century until the end of the
8
century and the beginning of the 9th century, we can not observe significant
evolutions regarding the types of dwellings (perhaps only the new oval plan of
the pit of some houses) and of house-hold annexes. There were no serious
changes in the way of building or regarding the materials used for construction
either. Alongside the shifting of the Slavs towards the European South, we ca
notice the generalization of the dwelling sunk in the soil, sustained by pillars,
with a square or rectangular plan and with a stone (predominant in Transylvania)
or clay oven in a corner. We can notice approximately the same situation
regarding the surface buildings, the first changes could be observed only starting
with the
8
century, when the inhabitants of some Transylvanian settlements
also started to use the stone as a building material, but these cases are still very
rare. A certain example is the settlement from Jucu
de Sus
-
Cluj
(the 8th-9lh
centuries). In the same time, we could notice a significant multiplication of the
surface dwellings, which was a fact for the rest of the Central Europe as well.
During the second half of the 1st millennium
A.D.,
there is a certain
evolution of the internal organization of the settlements. In the
б*-?*
centuries, it
could be noticed a semicircular and circular disposing of the dwellings inside the
settlements (for example:
Lazuri
-
Lubi
tag;
Sighişoara
-
Aurel Vlaku
and
Dealul Viilor, Zalău
-
Mihai Viteazul).
This type of internal organization
remained a reality also for the
7*-9*/10ώ
centuries, but some new others
appeared, such as the disposing of the buildings in nests/groups (for example:
Cuceu, Popěni
and Stupini) or on
2
lines (for example: Biharia, Eliseni, Iernut or
Poian), giving the impression of a road limited by house-holds. Other models of
internal organization of villages could have existed, but they haven t been
observed through the archaeological discoveries.
Taking into consideration the situation from the Transylvanian area, as
well as the researches conducted in other parts of Europe, we drew up the
following typology, more or less ideal:
-
settlements in straight line
-
the house-holds are disposed
alongside a road or a river;
-
settlements diposed- in circle
-
around an open space;
-
in semicircle or ellipse
-
around an open space;
-
in lines- on the two sides of a road.
-
multi-focal settlements
-
the house-holds are disposed in
nests/groups that, at their turn, are not disposed in any particular way;
-
perpendicular settlements
-
the house-holds are separated
from one another by paths/roads that cross each other;
-
dispersed settlements
-
the house-holds are not disposed
following any plan, or this fact could not be observed as a result of
the excavations;
167
-
solitary house-holds
-
probably very rare and mostly
nearby a settlements.
As the dwelling buildings are concerned, we noticed for the territories of
Transylvania,
Banat, Crişana
and
Maramureş
that the dwellings deepened into
the soil had been the most used, the ones built on pillars as well as the ones
having beams at the basis of the walls, or the both elements combined. The
surface dwellings were also discovered, but they are a minority comparing to
those from the one category. This is a reality for the entire Central and Eastern
Europe, thus our area of interest is not an exception. Inside the category of the
dwellings deepened into the soil, the buildings with a rectangular plan were the
most common in these territories, followed by the ones with a square plan and
by the few ones with a trapezoidal or oval plan (graphics no.
3,
p.
43
and no.
5,
p.
57).
The majority of the surface dwellings had a rectangular plan, the ones
with a square or oval plan being in minority. Unfortunately, in the case of a large
number of complexes, deepened into the soil or from the surface, the necessary
information needed for a correct typological framing is not known. Therefore,
many of the statistics imply a high level of relativism.
The typology suggested for the dwelling complexes is the following
(there are no complexes to correspond to each type of dwelling described in the
typology, that is an ideal one, being available also for the future studies and can
be used in the case of new discovered types of dwellings as well):
A. Dwellings deepened in the soil
A.I. Deepened complexes built on supporting pillars
A.I.a. Dwellings with a quadrilateral plan
A.I.a.
1.
square
A.I.a.2. rectangular
A.I.a.3. trapezoidal
A.I.a.4. dwellings with an indefinite plan
A.I.b. Dwellings with a circular plan
A.I.c. Dwellings with an oval/prolonged-oval plan
A.I.d. Dwellings with an undefined plan
A.II. Deepened complexes built without supporting pillars
A.II.a. Dwellings with a quadrilateral plan
A.II.a.1. square
A.II.a.2. rectangular
A.II.a.3. trapezoidal
A.II.a.4. dwellings with an indefinite plan
A.II.b. Dwellings with a circular plan
A.II.c. Dwellings with an oval/prolonged-oval plan
A.II.d. Dwellings with an undefined plan
A.III. Complexes with a distinct plan (pear-shaped plan etc.)
A.III.a. Dwellings built on supporting pillars
168
A.III.b. Dwellings built without supporting pillars
Α.*
Complexes with construction elements that were not
archaeologically specified or attested1
A.a.* Dwellings with a quadrilateral plan
A.a.l.* square
A.a.2.* rectangular
A.a.3.* trapezoidal
A.a.4.* dwellings with an indefinite plan
A.b.*
Dwellings with a circular plan
A.c.*
Dwellings with an oval/prolonged-oval plan
A.d.* Dwellings with an undefined plan
A.e.* Dwellings with a distinct plan
B. Dwellings built on the soil surface
B.I. Surface complexes built on supporting pillars
B.I.a. Dwellings with a quadrilateral plan
B.I.a.l. square
B.I.a.2. rectangular
B.I.a.3. trapezoidal
B.I.a.4. dwellings with an indefinite plan
B.i.b. Dwellings with a circular plan
B.I.c. Dwellings with an oval/prolonged-oval plan
B.I.d. Dwellings with an undefined plan
B.IT. Surface complexes built without supporting pillars
B.II.a. Dwellings with a quadrilateral plan
B.II.a.
1.
square
B.II.a.2. rectangular
B.II.a.3. trapezoidal
B.II.a.4. dwellings with an indefinite plan
B.II.b. Dwellings with a circular plan
B.II.c. Dwellings with an oval/prolonged-oval plan
B.II.d. Dwellings with an undefined plan
B.III. Complexes with a distinct plan (pear-shaped plan etc.)
B.III.a. Dwellings built on supporting pillars
B.III.b. Dwellings built without supporting pillars
B·* Complexes with construction elements that were not
wchaeologically specified or attested
B.a.* Dwellings with a quadrilateral plan
Α.*
and
В.*
are not a part of the typology itself, but I felt the need to introduce them as
^exes,
taking into consideration the large number of complexes with supporting elements
at cou d not have been attested in the excavations or that were not mentioned by the
Marchers in their published works.
169
В.а.
1.*
square
В.а.2.*
rectangular
В.а.3.*
trapezoidal
В.а.4.*
dwellings with an indefinite plan
B.b.* Dwellings with a circular plan
B.c.*
Dwellings with an oval/prolonged-oval plan
B.d.* Dwellings with an undefined plan
B.e.* Dwellings with a distinct plan
Fire installations have been discovered in large number inside as well as
outside the complexes. There were several types of fire installations, thus
resulting the following typology.
A. Fireplace
A.I. open/simple fireplace
A.
2.
fireplace with chime
A3.
fireplace digged in the wall
(?)
A.
*
fireplace
B. Oven
B.I. stone-made oven
B.2. oven digged in clay block
B.3. oven digged in the wall of the dwelling
B.4. clay-made oven (on the floor level)
B.5. oven digged in the soil (outside the dwelling)
B.
*
oven
C*. Fire installations
This typology can be improved as the archaeological investigations will
continue in the future. Further more, I would like to specify that on the territory
chosen for my research the most common fire installations were the stone-made
ovens, followed by the fireplaces encircled by rocks. The other types can also be
found but only in just a few cases.
The information on the house-hold annexes is even fewer. We believe
that the largest part of the pits considered nowadays to be domestic remains pits
because of the remains recovered from them had been at first pits for provisions
that were transformed in an ulterior moment, after their deterioration, in pits for
domestic remains. Taking into consideration the fact that in that period the
majority of the remains were bio-degrading, we don t see the reason for digging
of some special pits for the remains. The other types of spaces used for keeping
the provisions and the domestic animals are difficult to determine using only the
archaeological research. The existence of some written sources as in the Western
Europe, or some lab analysis of these remains could offer interesting answers to
these matters.
170
Studying the settlements and the different types of complexes inside
them, I brought to the conclusion that an ideal Early Medieval house-hold
should have been constituted from the following elements:
-
the dwelling- deepened in the soil or at the surface;
-
the provisions pit (one or several), that latter could
become a pit for the domestic remains;
-
animal coop(s)
-
as small constructions deepened in the
soil or at the surface, use to shelter small animals or, maybe,
larger ones (stables);
-
warehouse(s) or shed(s) used for the preservation of the
food for the men but mostly for the animals, necessary
especially during the cold seasons; they could have been
deepened in the soil or at the surface;
-
oven/fireplace
-
placed outside the dwelling and used
mostly for domestic purposes;
-
pits for the domestic remains
-
in most of the cases, the
deteriorated pits for provisions were used for this purpose.
Another problem brought by the research of the early medieval habitat,
especially in this part of Europe, is the one of ethnicity. It is risky to make
ethnical assigning only on the basis of the dwelling complexes, of the fire
installations, of settlements in general. But with the help of comparisons and
analogies with the neighbouring spaces and especially with the Slav world (as
the Slavs were present very probably in South-Eastern Transylvania and North-
Western Romania starting with the 2nd half of the 6th century), we believe that
there can be observed from which directions and cultures the influences came
and where they were more important, thus it is possible to conclude that there a
certain population had also been present. At the same time the settlements with
Romanic elements (totally or partially) support the theory of the Romanians
ethnogenesis. We want to underline the fact that we used the ethnical assigning
made by the researchers that had conducted the researches in those particular
settlements.
For the 2nd half of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, it
can still be made the difference between the populations that came from the
North-West of Romania or from the South-East of Transylvania (the Slavs) and
those already present here (the Gepidae). To establish with certainty which were
the settlements of the Romanic population in this area is
stili a
great challenge.
After the border of the 6xh-fb centuries, the cultural uniformity and the mixture
of the components of Avar, Slav and Romanic cultures made difficult for the
researchers to discern the ethnical differences and also to realize a clear
chronology of the archaeological complexes.
The appearance in certain settlements from the
б*-?
centuries of the
dwellings deepened into the soil with a square or rectangular plan, having oven.
171
mostly by stone and of the handmade pottery similar to the one found in the area
of Prague culture led to their assigning to the early Slavs. Settlements dwelled
only by Gepidae had not been discovered after the destruction of their kingdom
by the Avars. Elements of
Gepidán
material culture together with Romanic
and/or Slav and Avar elements were found at Bratei
-
Sibiu.
Cemetery no.
3
was
considered to have belonged to the Gepidae, but nearby a grave with a horse had
been discovered belonging probably to an Avar warrior. But these discoveries
from Bratei belong to the
7А-8Љ
centuries.
The antithesis sedentary
-
migratory also affects the debate on the
Transylvanian early medieval habitat. The settlements, through their seasonal or
durable character, provide elements regarding the life of their inhabitants. Thus,
the spread of the Slavs in this area could be observed as well as the directions
from where they had come. The same thing is valid also for the Avars, who were
the successors of the Gepidae in these territories. Their authority extended over a
large part of the area that is the subject of my research, even if there was not an
effective Avar presence as well. But constructions that can attest the dwelling of
some nomads or semi-nomads in this region were discovered in only
2
cases that
are also uncertain
(Câmpia Turzii
and
Sângeorgiu de Mureş).
The state of the economy in the Early Middle Ages, especially in an area
where the Roman occupation was shorter and the spread of the Christianity was
weaker, represents a field less approached by the researchers. The discoveries of
some complexes with evidences of some handicraft activities or of some
buildings with an economic role (warehouses for food and crops or shelters for
domestic animals) offer information about some of the occupations of the
population. On the other hand, certain objects considered to be luxurious for that
period of time could suggest the existence of some commercial connections of a
low level of intensity with other regions perhaps even from the South of the
Danube River (or they could have resulted from robbery or from payments for
the mercenaries etc.).
The problem of the elite is as important as the others. Even if the
archaeological discoveries from the settlements do not offer direct information
about them (the cemeteries can offer more consistent information about this
matter), it is certain that there existed persons or groups of persons that took
decisions on behalf of the community and led the negotiations with the new
-
coming populations. The study of the settlements and the identification of those
with a predominant geographical position, with larger dimensions and with
traces of more consistent economical activities could offer clues about the
residences of these members of the elite and possibly their role in the
coagulation of some small areas with a certain number of settlements whose
inhabitants manifested common interests.
We believe that gathering all the information referring to the early
medieval habitat from Transylvania in a work of synthesis was necessary,
172
helping to the creation of a more complete image over a historical period that is
less known and very controversial from many different points of view.
173
|
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| author | Vizauer, Valentin Victor |
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| era | Geschichte 600-1000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 600-1000 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4163417-2 Katalog gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Katalog |
| geographic | Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Siebenbürgen |
| id | DE-604.BV039690717 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T16:00:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789731091860 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024539509 |
| oclc_num | 767767458 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| physical | 372 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Argonaut |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Istorie, documente, mărturii |
| spellingShingle | Vizauer, Valentin Victor Aşezări şi locuinţe medievale timpurii în Transilvania (sec. VI/VII - IX/X) Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4054835-1 (DE-588)4163417-2 |
| title | Aşezări şi locuinţe medievale timpurii în Transilvania (sec. VI/VII - IX/X) |
| title_auth | Aşezări şi locuinţe medievale timpurii în Transilvania (sec. VI/VII - IX/X) |
| title_exact_search | Aşezări şi locuinţe medievale timpurii în Transilvania (sec. VI/VII - IX/X) |
| title_full | Aşezări şi locuinţe medievale timpurii în Transilvania (sec. VI/VII - IX/X) Valentin Victor Vizauer |
| title_fullStr | Aşezări şi locuinţe medievale timpurii în Transilvania (sec. VI/VII - IX/X) Valentin Victor Vizauer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aşezări şi locuinţe medievale timpurii în Transilvania (sec. VI/VII - IX/X) Valentin Victor Vizauer |
| title_short | Aşezări şi locuinţe medievale timpurii în Transilvania |
| title_sort | asezari si locuinte medievale timpurii in transilvania sec vi vii ix x |
| title_sub | (sec. VI/VII - IX/X) |
| topic | Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Siedlung Siebenbürgen Katalog |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024539509&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024539509&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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