Unió vagy "unificáltatás"?: Erdély uniója és a királyi biztos működése (1867 - 1872)
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Hungarian |
| Published: |
Kolozsvár
Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület
2010
|
| Series: | Erdélyi tudományos füzetek
267 |
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024485990&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024485990&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. und rum. Sprache u.d.T.: Union or annexation? The union of Transylvania with Hungary and the activity of the Royal Commissioner (1867-1872) |
| Physical Description: | 496 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9786068178196 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | TARTALOM
Bevezetés
..............................................................................................................7
1.
„midőn a két haza testvért vonzalommal eggyé olvadni fog .
Erdély a
19.
században és a Magyarországgal való unió kérdése
.............13
1.1.
Erdély társadalma és gazdasága a
19.
század közepén
.................13
1.2.
Az erdélyi rendek és az unió gondolata a
18.
század végén
és a
19.
század első relében
.......................................................................30
1.3.
Unió 1848-ban
......................................................................................53
1.4.
A „kísérletek évei: a szabadságharc leverésétől az
1865.
évi
kolozsvári uniós gyűlésig
..........................................................................94
A neoabszolutizmus kora
...................................................................94
Az Októberi Diploma kihatása Erdélyre
........................................107
A magyar emigráció és a román fejedelemségek
..........................126
A provizórium időszaka
...................................................................132
A kiegyezést tárgyalások és a kolozsvári uniós gyűlés
................138
2.
„De mi midőn uniót akarunk, nem akarunk
unificai
tatást .
Az
1867.
évi unió
.............................................................................................147
2.1.
Kiegyezés és unió
..............................................................................147
2.2.
Pechy
Manó erdélyi királyi biztos életpályája
..............................160
Pályakezdés és főispáni karrier
.......................................................160
Királyi biztosi kinevezése
.................................................................168
Első erdélyi körútja
...........................................................................173
Péchy „utóélete . Kolozsvár képviselője
........................................180
2.3.
Erdély és az
1867.
évi koronázási ünnepségek
.............................188
A múlt rituális újjáalkotása: a koronázási domb
...........................189
„Méltó föld a koronázási dombhoz
..............................................193
Az erdélyi bandériumok ügye
.........................................................197
A koronázás és Erdély
......................................................................202
2.4.
Az uniós törvény előkészítése és az
1868.
évi
XLIII,
törvénycikk
elfogadása
..................................................................................................205
3.
Erdély és Magyarország „eggyéalakulása . A királyi biztos hivatali
működése
.........................................................................................................223
3.1.
A királyi biztos feladatai. A nemzetiségi kérdés
...........................223
Az erdélyi románok és az unió
........................................................224
Az erdélyi magyarok és az unió
......................................................234
A sajtó ügye
........................................................................................239
Az úrbéri kérdés
................................................................................244
3.2.
A Főkormányszék és a „Királyi Biztosság belső szervezete
és működése
..............................................................................................250
3.3.
Személyi ügyek: régi és új hivatalnokok
........................................259
3.4.
A hivatalos nyelv és a hivatali nyelvhasználat kérdése
...............272
Előzmények:
II.
József nyelvrendelete és a visszahatás.
Az
1791:31.
törvénycikk
....................................................................275
A nyelvkérdés a reformkorban
........................................................278
A hivatalos nyelv kérdése
1849-1867
között
.................................283
Hivatalos nyelv és nyelvhasználat a kiegyezés után
....................291
3.5.
A választások „felügyelete
.............................................................304
3.6.
A „Királyi Biztosság felszámolása
................................................322
4.
„Erdélynek magyarhoni lábra állítása . A közigazgatás átalakítása...
331
4.1.
A közigazgatás és igazságszolgáltatás átszervezése
....................332
Az erdélyi törvényhatóságok
1867
előtt
.........................................333
A törvényhatóságok ügye
1867-1872
között
.................................340
Az igazságszolgáltatás reformja
......................................................355
4.2.
A főtiszti kar átalakulása a kiegyezés körül
..................................367
A főtiszti kar és a kiegyezés
.............................................................368
A szász ispán helyzete
......................................................................371
A főispánok társadalmi háttere
.......................................................374
Főispáni karrierútvonalak
................................................................376
Atyák és fiúk, családi kapcsolatok
..................................................385
4.3.
A Királyföld rendezésének kérdése
................................................390
Néhány záró gondolat: unió vagy „unificáltatás ?
....................................405
Források és irodalom
......................................................................................423
Függelék
...........................................................................................................445
Képmelléklet
....................................................................................................471
Névmutató
.......................................................................................................477
Rezumat
............................................................................................................489
Abstract.............................................................................................................
493
ABSTRACT
UNION
OR ANNEXATION?
THE UNION OF TRANSYLVANIA WITH
HUNGARY AND THE ACTIVITY OF THE
ROYAL COMMISSIONER
(1867-1872)
The present book discusses the union of Transylvania with Hungary from
1867,
the events that led to it, and the integration process that followed after its en¬
actment through the activity of the Royal Commissioner and largely based on hith¬
erto unpublished archival sources. The book attempts to provide a complex image
of the above-mentioned topic through the combination of various perspectives and
methods (from political history to social history and political anthropology).
At the end
oí
the seventeenth century, after the removal of the Turkish domi¬
nation, Transylvania was also incorporated into the
Habsburg
Empire, without
reestablishing the unity of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom, but by preserving
the province s status as a distinct principality which it received in the wake of the
Battle of
Mohács
(1526).
In the eighteenth century, the issue of Transylvania s rein-
corporation into Hungary was occasionally discussed during several Hungarian
Diets. However, this idea really became part of a political program only during
the so-called Reform Period
(1830-1848),
in parallel with the spread of nationalism.
Miklós Wesselényi
was the first who placed the question of the union at the core of
his political activity, perceiving it as the main prerequisite for securing the future
of the Hungarian nation as well as the democratization and progress of Transylva¬
nia.
Wesselényi
and the generation of Hungarian liberals from the Reform Period
conceived the union as closely connected to emancipation and the expansion of
democratic rights; at the time, nationalism and liberalism were still going hand in
hand. By the 1840s, the idea had already became not only rooted into the public
mind, but also a general demand. Consequently, in March
1848
it was included
among the demands of the Hungarian revolutionary program.
Thus, by the mid-nineteenth-cenrury, the question of the union had become
central to the Hungarian political establishment. However, in Transylvania it di¬
vided politicians and the emerging public opinion alike. Most provincial Roma¬
nian and Saxon politicians perceived the preservation of the province s autonomy
as the main prerequisite for the survival and development of their respective na¬
tional communities. The opposing views clashed during the Diet of
1848,
and due
to the Hungarian majority the union was ultimately enacted. However, this state of
493
ABSTRACT
affairs was short-lived; in Transylvania, the modern nations/nationalities born on
the ruins of the former political nations of Estates ( feudal nations ) clashed in
a bloody civil war, which caused many lasting traumas.
1848
was a turning point,
but the unfolding of the events from the following two decades played a key-role
as well. In
1849,
after the defeat of the Hungarian Revolution, the Austrian admin¬
istration restored the pre-revolutionary status quo, making the situation even worse
by abolishing local autonomies. Thus, the question of the union was removed from
the agenda. Instead, the Viennese authorities started to promote the principle of
equal rights among the nationalities, but it was soon marginalized by the endeavor
to create a homogenous Empire. The question of the equal rights later became
part of the political game during the compromise negotiations between Vienna
and the Hungarian political elite. To the Transylvanian Romanians
-
albeit they
were frustrated in their hopes
-
the period of neo-absolutism brought certain posi¬
tive changes. The Romanians process of national emancipation could no longer be
reversed.
After the issue of the October Diploma
(1860),
a bitter struggle ensued among
the Transylvanian Hungarians, Romanians, and Saxons for the division of the po¬
litical power and language rights. During the so-called
Provisorium
[Provisional
administration]
(1862-1867)
the Hungarians lost ground, and it was then
(1863-
1864)
that the provincial Diet
-
which held great significance to the Romanians, but
which the Hungarians decided to boycott
-
convened in
Sibiu.
On request from the
Romanians, who were striving for more than the individual rights guaranteed by
the
1848
laws, the Diet adopted a law which granted equal rights to the Romanian
nation and language. However, the initiation of the compromise negotiations once
again changed the balance of power, this time in favor of the Hungarians
-
but the
change again came from outside.
The union of Transylvania with Hungary was concomitantly the precondi¬
tion for the Austro-Hungarian Compromise
(1867)
and its direct consequence. In
the meantime, in the almost two decades that elapsed since the end of the Revo¬
lution, the situation had changed significantly, and in Transylvania, standpoints
became more divergent instead of converging. Transylvanian Hungarians viewed
the question of the union as vital to them. Conversely, the elites of the other na¬
tionalities viewed other aspects, such as national awakening , the development
of an as wide as possible basis, the securing of autonomy, and the acquiring of as
favorable as possible positions, as vital to them. Furthermore, both the Romanians
and Saxons wanted collective rights instead of the existing individual ones, which
ran counter to the conception of the Hungarian political elite, which was rooted in
liberal nationalism. The union was finally enacted by the provincial Diet in
Cluj
in December
1865
despite strong opposition from most Romanians and Saxons,
which left an indelible mark not only on the ensuing government measures, but
also on the entire political life.
Once with Compromise from
1867,
Transylvania s more than three century-
long separate status and development came to an end. However, this was only the
first step, because the complex integration process still lay ahead. In April
1867,
Emanuel
Pechy,
the Lord Lieutenant of
Abaúj
County, was appointed Royal Com¬
missar with the task of supervising the province s integration process. The initial
494
ABSTRACT
idea was that it had to be carried out tactfully, by taking into account the various
sensitivities, especially the national ones, as well as local particularities. However,
this initial approach steadily changed, and the handling of the issue became an
extension of inter-party struggles and potential arrangements. The separate paths
to development that Transylvania took for three centuries as well as the complex
nationality question did not make its integration any easier.
Concerning the integration of Transylvania, the situation prevailing in
1867
was much more unfavorable in many than that in
1848.
If in
1848
there was still
hope that the abolition of serfdom and liberal rights will lay the foundation for
consensus, in
1867
all this turned into an illusion. Furthermore, it was not a ready-
made and structurally-developed state that tried to integrate a territory with a
state tradition, but a semi-sovereign and freshly-autonomous state that tried to in¬
tegrate a province that had gone through several experiments and was marred by
national tension. As for the integration, there was no plan for its implementation,
and without a preliminary conception, the ideas were developed and re-developed
along the way without making a thorough assessment of the consequences. The
bargaining among the various interests was not at all easy. The government was in
a difficult situation, because all of a sudden it was faced with numerous expecta¬
tions and tasks. The Hungarian landowners in Transylvania were its main allies
and potential voters; therefore, it had to take their interests into account. Further¬
more, the staunch rejection from the Romanians and the opposition of the Saxons
only increased the government s tendency to support Hungarian interests, and the
conviction that since it could not win the other nationalities over, the government
should at least satisfy Transylvanian Hungarians steadily gained ground. Conse¬
quently, the government increasingly moved into the direction of homogenization.
However, part of the Hungarians in Transylvania were also frustrated in their ex¬
pectations. This was the typical disappointment due to excessive expectations, but
their pouting had other reasons as well. They felt that the government disre¬
garded Transylvania s most important and specific matters, that they had too little
saying in the decision-making and too few representatives in the government, and
that their interests were mostly ignored.
State- and nation-building occurred simultaneously in Hungary. Hungarian
politicians completely rejected the possibility of federalization or regional auton¬
omy, which was one of the main demands of the nationalities in the period of the
dual monarchy, albeit at the time Transylvania already had a sort of model for
power-sharing among the nationalities in place, which for better or worse worked
in practice. The inclusion of the medieval-origin autonomies within the confines of
modern bourgeois states was not at all a simple and smooth process. The central¬
izing endeavors of the modern state clashed with the privileges of the estates as
well as the local autonomies. The most Hungarian liberal politicians who came to
power envisaged a centralized national state, which was not possible to reconcile
with the system of autonomies prevailing in Transylvania. They perceived every
particularism as a remnant of feudalism, and argued that the liberal state built
on rights equality among the citizens was incompatible with the concept of a state
within a state, as they dubbed the Saxon autonomy. That is why they considered
legitimate to abolish the national autonomies which appeared as separate politi-
495
ABSTRACT
cal
entities to them. The partial reorganization of the administrative system had al¬
ready begun during the transition years, albeit its complete reorganization would
be achieved only later, during the administrative reform of
1876.
Certain particu¬
larities, such as specific elements of the use of three languages in the administra¬
tion, remained in place until the abolition of the Royal Commissioner system in
1872
or partially even after that. The steady removal of the autonomy increased
the nationalist feelings of the increasingly marginalized nationalities, and with this
the ethnic tensions. As for the legal system, the standardization process took even
longer, given that Transylvania had a quite complicated and eclectic system. The
Austrian laws introduced during the period of neo-absolutism remained in force
for a long time here. On the one hand, the government did not want to extend over
Transylvania pieces of legislation that it was anyway intent on modernizing
-
only
that in the beginning nobody thought that the adoption of new legislation could
take years if not decades, and that the transition period would take much longer
than expected; on the other hand, for instance in the case of the franchise, the gov¬
ernment abandoned the idea of standardization, which would have implied the
democratic expansion of the franchise, precisely because of the national question.
Therefore, the integration process was not completed yet in
1872,
and it contin¬
ued after the abolition of the Royal Commissioner system; furthermore, from the
perspective of governance, it proved much more complex than it was thought in
the beginning. Despite the fact that in the realm of economic and social moderniza¬
tion the following period undoubtedly brought improvements, albeit not unbro¬
ken progress, the attempt to reach an internal consensus with the nationalities
proved a failure.
(Translated by Leonard
Ciocan)
í
Bayerische
ţ
496
Staatsbibliothek
München
I
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Pál, Judit 1961- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)131727907 |
| author_facet | Pál, Judit 1961- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Pál, Judit 1961- |
| author_variant | j p jp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039635970 |
| classification_rvk | NP 5906 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)760132339 (DE-599)GBV66069879X |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1860-1872 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1860-1872 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Siebenbürgen (DE-588)4054835-1 gnd Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd Sachsen (DE-588)4051176-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Siebenbürgen Ungarn Sachsen |
| id | DE-604.BV039635970 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T15:59:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786068178196 |
| language | Hungarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024485990 |
| oclc_num | 760132339 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M496 DE-M494 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M496 DE-M494 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 496 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Erdélyi tudományos füzetek |
| series2 | Erdélyi tudományos füzetek |
| spellingShingle | Pál, Judit 1961- Unió vagy "unificáltatás"? Erdély uniója és a királyi biztos működése (1867 - 1872) Erdélyi tudományos füzetek Péchy, Emanuel 1813-1889 (DE-588)132855712 gnd Rumänen (DE-588)4117147-0 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)132855712 (DE-588)4117147-0 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4054835-1 (DE-588)4078541-5 (DE-588)4051176-5 |
| title | Unió vagy "unificáltatás"? Erdély uniója és a királyi biztos működése (1867 - 1872) |
| title_auth | Unió vagy "unificáltatás"? Erdély uniója és a királyi biztos működése (1867 - 1872) |
| title_exact_search | Unió vagy "unificáltatás"? Erdély uniója és a királyi biztos működése (1867 - 1872) |
| title_full | Unió vagy "unificáltatás"? Erdély uniója és a királyi biztos működése (1867 - 1872) Pál Judit |
| title_fullStr | Unió vagy "unificáltatás"? Erdély uniója és a királyi biztos működése (1867 - 1872) Pál Judit |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unió vagy "unificáltatás"? Erdély uniója és a királyi biztos működése (1867 - 1872) Pál Judit |
| title_short | Unió vagy "unificáltatás"? |
| title_sort | unio vagy unificaltatas erdely unioja es a kiralyi biztos mukodese 1867 1872 |
| title_sub | Erdély uniója és a királyi biztos működése (1867 - 1872) |
| topic | Péchy, Emanuel 1813-1889 (DE-588)132855712 gnd Rumänen (DE-588)4117147-0 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Péchy, Emanuel 1813-1889 Rumänen Politik Siebenbürgen Ungarn Sachsen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024485990&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024485990&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV025535021 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT paljudit uniovagyunificaltataserdelyuniojaesakiralyibiztosmukodese18671872 |