Ziemie Centralnej Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu: studium archeologiczno-osadnicze
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| Language: | Polish |
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Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
2009
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| Series: | Monografie Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
7 |
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| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Territory of the Central Poland in early Middle Ages |
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| adam_text | VI. Territory of the Central Poland in early Middle
Ages
Summary
Chapter l. Introduction
The aim of the work is possibly complete reconstruction of a settlement in the Central
Poland in the early Middle Ages, based on archaeological sources, supplemented by the written
sources, very few for this period. It includes:
-
reconstruction of the settlement pattern, implied as the organization of the settlement area, in
terms of the model;
-
reconstruction of the settlement at various levels, from micro to macro level;
-
determining the dynamics of change in spatial occupation, defined as the functioning of the
settlements, placed on a timeline;
-
understanding the cultural specificity of the studied area, the changes of social, political,
economic and cultural processes in the early Middle Ages, in conjunction with the processes
recorded in other parts of the early Piasts state;
-
confronting the archaeological data with the results of the work of historians investigating
written and cartographic sources.
The territorial scope of work includes the area identical with the area of the
Łęczyca
Province in the 11th and 12th century, principalities of
Łęczyca
(and later also
Sieradz)
in the 13th
century, and voivodeships (provinces, so called earths ) of
Łęczyca
and
Sieradz
in later Middle
Ages and early Modern Times (from the 15th to 17th century), Determination of the approximate
linear boundaries of that territory, or even, depending areas, connected with main
administrative centers is not easy because of the weak and late source basis. In this paper, an
reconstruction of the territories of the province of
Łęczyca
and
Sieradz
were based on the work
of historians: S. Arnold,
S
Zajaczkowski, S. M. Zajaczkowski and R. Rosin, apart from the
disputed territories along the right bank of the
Pilica
river.
The chronological frames of the paper are defined by the quite common in the Polish
archaeology understanding of the early Middle Ages as a period started in the 6th century and
ended in the mid 13th century. The first date is determined by the beginnings of early Slavic
culture and settlement, the second one is associated with cultural changes characteristic for the
13th century revolution.
This paper is based on analysis of the sources acquired during archaeological field
researches, especially on the results of studies conducted with different methods of
archaeological excavations (from small to wide scale and of different specificities: rescue,
reconnaissance, heritage programs and also scientific research programs). Also the information
gathered during the field surveys, especially the data base of so called Archaeological
Photography of Poland were used.
The work in a way is a continuation, and in some cases also a polemic with the thesis
Presented in the papers by other authors, among which publications by J.
Kamińska
(1953;
lf№) and A. Chmielowska
(1975; 1989 -
the latter together with P. Marosik) should be
mentioned.
177
Chapter
2.
Territory of the Central Poland in early Middle Ages in
the light of written sources
Some historians attempt to identify the names of the tribal communities living in the
Central Poland before the middle of the 10th century, when it became part of the early
Piast
state. K. Tymieniecki suggested the presence of the tribes called
Łęczycanie
and Warcianie,
based on the names Lunsizi and Uerizane in so-called Bavarian Geographer (the anonymous
Frankish source from 9th century); H.
Łowmiański
saw here territory of Goplanie tribe of almost
imperial size. R. Rosin reconstructed dynamic and evolutionary process, according to which
since the end of 6th to mid-ioth century, smaller territories known in later sources as vicinia
(neighborhood, in Polish:
opole)
were developed. He listed neighborhoods of
Łęczyca, Mnichów
and
Witów, Szydlów
and Lutomiersk,
Rękoraj
and
Wolborz, Rozprza, Smulsko
and probably
Chełm,
which were combined to form tribal kingdoms . The most important of them was tribe
of
Łęczyca.
As a matter of fact, there are no written sources, which would allow to reconstruct
tribal names and settlement relations in the period before 2nd half of the 10th century.
The Central Poland territories appear in written sources relatively late
-
in a document
called
Falsyfikat Mogileński
(the
Mogilno
Forgery), probably dating from the 2nd half of the
13th century, but referring to earlier events and partially dated on
1065
AD. The document s
content overlaps with content of another source of
1136 -
the so-called Bull of
Gniezno,
which
lists a number of castles: Ziraz, Spitimir, Malogost, Rospra, Lunciz, Voibor, Sarnov,
Skrin
(Sieradz Spicymierz, Małogoszcz, Rozprza, Łęczyca, Wolborz, Żarnów
and Skrzynno). Both
documents were interpreted as a reference list of main administrative centers of the Central
Poland, although they were only inventories of castles that were required to pay tithes to Church
institutions
(Mogilno
Abbey and archbishopric of
Gniezno).
Therefore the documents can not be
regarded as complete list of administrative centers.
Written sources from the 11th century emphasized the importance of
Łęczyca
as the main
center of princely rule in the Central Poland, which was one of the
sedes
regni
principales
-
main capitals of the Kingdom. Its specific role as capital was established in 12th century,
especially during the reign of
Bolesław
III Wrymouth and after his death
(1138)
duchess
-
widow Salomea, daughter of Henry, Count of Berg. In the 2nd half of 12th and in the 1st half of the
13th century,
Łęczyca
became a place of meetings of the dukes, nobles and high clergy. In the 14th
century, prince of
Łęczyca
-
Władysław
the Elbow-high united the
Piast
monarchy and restored
Kingdom of Poland.
Written sources from the 12th century bring more information about land property in the
Central Poland, indicating mainly the nobility s donations to church institutions. We can know
the limited circle of the state elites, with their political and church fundation activity.
Personalities like
Piotr Włostowic
of
Łabędź
family,
Bałdrzych
(Baldwin) of
Gąska
family or Wit
of
Janina
family (in the
12*
century), Mszczuj and Gumpert of Pobog family (in the 13th century)
can be numbered among the strict elites of the whole early medieval Poland.
Chapter
3.
Early Medieval settlement in the Central Poland
In the early period, since the half of the
10*
century most of remains of houses were
preserved as oval, semi-rectangular or irregular pits, filled with dark soil, usually with no traces
of fireplace They are most probably remains of buildings with over the ground constructed
walls probably in log house type. Apart from them much less number of sunken houses were
recorded. Just the objects of
Brzeziny
-
Rudczyzna may be referred to the «classic , early Slavic
square sunken houses with stone lined fireplace.
178
Considerably larger square sunken houses with inner cellars
-
pits were built in the next
period
-
in the 9th century in the stronghold of
Czerchów.
One of them was especially large, and
it can be regarded as an equivalent of hall buildings known from several sites in the Little
Poland and Silesia. Buildings of this type were probably connected with a symbolic and social
functions, and power of local rulers.
Another category of sunken buildings are rectangular and oval objects, such as found in
Sulejów Piaski, Sieradz
site
5,
Witów site
3,
and
Piotrków Trybunalski.
In addition to objects interpreted as remains of houses, in the settlements from this
period, many other archaeological objects were recorded including open fireplaces and pits.
From younger period, until half of the 13th century, few of better preserved log houses are
known, for example in
Rozprza
site
2
or the stronghold of
Sieradz.
The most often recorded type
was still oval, semi-rectangular or irregular pit. Sunken houses were also popular. Some of the
excavated objects were quite large, especially objects from site
2
in
Pęczniew:
object number
70
was
3,6
meters wide and
13,4
meters long, object
92
was
3,8
χ
7,9
meters large, and object
49
was
3,6
meters
χ
ю,з
meters large.
Some wells from this period were recorded. Most of them in log construction (in Turn
and Zabrzezie), but example of a well hollowed in the log is also known
(Pęczniew,
site
3).
A
number of objects were associated with metallurgical production, including stoves and furnaces
for smelting iron.
In the period between the second half of 9th century and the half of the 10th century,
about
11
strongholds were build. The earliest of them (Barkowice
Mokre,
1st phases of
Witów
and
Turn) were equipped with a small-scale fortifications, limited to moats, palisades and possibly
set of buildings, and exterior walls which probably acted as defensive features. Younger
strongholds were usually equipped with ramparts of wood, earth and stones. The chronology of
some of these objects is well confirmed not only by the archaeological studies (mainly pottery
analysis), but also by 14C (Turn) and dendrochronological researches
(Okopy, Czerchów,
Ewinów).
The form of these relatively small objects with a single line of ramparts, their
chronology and characteristics allow to assign them to a large group of strongholds known from
the area of Lusatia, Lower Silesia, south of Greater Poland, to Mazovia, sometimes described as
Tornow type strongholds.
Significant intensification of the processes of development of strongholds was associated
with the period after the mid-ioth century, when the Central Poland territory was incorporated
by the early Piasts State. Several older castles were rebuilt in much more impressive forms with
greater ramparts. Some new objects were build. Starting with the 11th century, during the
process of modernization of state administration based on strongholds, new, larger (exceeding
1
hectare of area), sometimes bipartite objects were developed (for example
Sieradz, Spicymierz
and probably
Żarnów).
Archaeological researches allowed the key identification of open settlements from the
early Middle Ages. Most of them were small in size. One-house villages are the most popular
type of settlement in the whole early Middle Ages period. Next to them, even in the early phase
of the
бљ-ѕљ
century, larger villages were developed. Their spatial organization was usually
composed of
4-6
homes surrounded by additional objects (pits, fireplaces, production objects or
wells). Villages were usually built without any prior plan. Buildings were scattered
ш
no clear
order or spatial organization, sometimes concentrated along the nearby river, or probab
у
the
r°ad (in some kind of ribbon development). Starting with the
12*
century few examples of
Plages with buildings located around the central square are known (Zabrzezie, site
4,
Tądow
Dolny, Site
2).
179
Researches of spatial settlement structures at the
meso
and macro level of organization,
allowed to distinguish certain regularity. Settlements of different sizes tend to form complexes,
related with economic, social and administrative system wires. From the 9th century centers of
these complexes were strongholds and fortified settlements. In the early
Piast
period
strongholds
-
castles played an enormous role. It become the basis of the state administrative
system. Written resources inform us that not only the military and land defensive system but
also the juridical and fiscal systems were based on strongholds. Archaeological research
confirmed the central role of strongholds
-
castles: open settlements (with different functions:
agricultural, craft, metallurgy production, market) were often centered around them. Some of
these complexes in the 12th and the 13th century evolved into polycentric agglomerations, so
called early towns
(Łęczyca, Sieradz).
This kind of settlement structure usually had a stronghold
and topographically separated, open market and craft settlements, nobles manors (in
Łęczyca
-
a manor of Gumpert and Mszczuj, with private church of Holy Cross) and churches. Very
similar, but smaller agglomerations were concentrated around monasteries (in Sulejow and
Witów)
or even some churches
(Inowłódz
-
the important role of the development of this
complex had the customs chamber, inn, and the location of the crossing of the
Pilica
river).
Beginning with the 12th century churches were funded by the nobles in centers of their
estates. This way a network of proto-parish churches was strengthened to take important part in
the spatial organization during the younger phases of the Middle Ages.
Chapter
4.
Characteristics and reconstruction of settlement and
cultural changes dynamics
Four phases of Early medieval settlement in Poland have been identified on the basis of
archaeological sources:
1.
In the Late Iron Age, at the end of the 5th century and the beginning of the 6th
century territory of the Central Poland was still inhabited by groups representing
archaeological culture characteristic for the earlier period (Roman and Migration periods).
Based on archaeological research it appears that the main habitats of these communities were
identified in the central basin of the
Warta
and
Prosná
rivers and perhaps also the
Bzura
river
(e.g. deposit of Konarzewo). Most of the Central Poland area draws on archaeological studies as
desolate, what could be the result of the state of the poor archaeological researches. From about
mid-6th century, or even the 7th century, finds representing different, early Slavic model of
material culture are recognized. It should be emphasized that it is not related to classic model of
so called Prague culture, known from the area of the Little Poland, but rather to the later phase
known as Sukow
-
Dziedzice
-
Szeligi culture, distinctive for northern Polish lowland regions
(Parczewski
1988,97-105).
Gradually, until the late 8th century areas of major river valleys of the region were
inhabited
(Warta,
Ner,
Widawka nad Bzura
rivers).
There are no evidences in archaeological
record of early settlement in the central part of the territory. Traces of settlement were found
mostly in the areas of river valleys, on small hills in depressions and on the lower parts of slopes
of valleys. They were usually associated with soils proper for cultivation (light sandy soils were
preferred).
The dominant forms of settlement were small, one-house villages (Jeziorsko
4,
Tądów
Dolny
5,
Sulejów Piaski
4), although there were more complex, multiple house structure villages
(Ewmow,
Brzeziny
-
Rudczyzna).
The results of the excavations indicate a relatively poor material culture of communities
living in the Central Poland. Archaeological inventories consist almost exclusively of fragments
180
of pottery, with no imported or luxury items. There are no spatial structures, which would
suggest the existence of hierarchy of settlement. No burial sites or pre-Christian places of
worship were recorded. Significance and possible cult and central role can be attributed only to
the site in Turn (the so-called
Kępa
settlement), where fortified settlement, probably dated
back to the 8th century was recorded during field researches in
1950s.
The degree of recognition of this early phase in hitherto archaeological researches should
be regarded as highly inadequate.
2.
In the period between the beginning of the 9th and mid-ioth century the number of
recorded settlement increased (over
60%
archaeological sites more than in the previous phase).
Intensification of the processes of settlement led to increased number of recorded habitat areas.
In the 9th century, especially in its 2nd part, a new category of settlement structures were
developed. Strongholds were usually fortified with timber, stone and earth constructions, and
they fulfilled various functions, not only military but also those associated with the power of
local rulers as well as symbolic and ritual.
A number of strongholds were build in the area of the
Warta
valley, including well-
fortified, mid-size ringworks in
Witów, Mnichów, Okopy
and
Ewinów.
Similar process was
clearly viewed in the basin of
Bzura
river and its tributaries (the Mroga, the Moszczenica): the
intensification of settlement developed large spatial complex with strongholds in
Czerchów,
Stare Skoszewy and Turn (the so-called settlement
Kępa ).
Another complex was developed in
the
Ner
river valley, with a stronghold in
Szydlów.
Settlement area located in the
Pilica
basin
(with the
Luciąża
and the
Wolbórka
as its main tributaries) has a strong representation of
fortified settlements: large settlement with moats in Barkowice
Mokre
and strongholds in
Rękoraj
and
Rozprza
as well as alleged cult stronghold in
Chełm.
This spatial complex is
relatively poorly recognized with archaeological surveys, with small number of open settlement.
The last clearly recorded spatial complex was associated with the valley and basin of the
Widawka river. No strongholds were found there.
The development of strongholds most likely reflects social changes, interpreted as
processes associated with the chieftains systems and the formation of the tribal elites. The
chronology of these processes is still poorly recognized but it must relate to the end of the 9th or
the
1«
half of the 10th century. In archaeological record those processes are visible with finds of
imported weaponry: Great Moravian hammer axes (so called bradatica), Carolingian type spurs,
silver ornaments and so called Silesian iron bowls. Lack of similar finds in the area of the
Warta
river valley may reflect poor state of archaeological researches or it can bear witness to a
different model of social relations, with a limited role of local leadership, failing to gather an
adequate capital (imported and luxury goods, symbolic and human capital) necessary to
consolidate its position in a tribal society.
During this period, both one-house (Zabrzezie
4,
Zakrzew 12A)
and larger multiple
houses settlements were established
(Wylazłów
3
and
4,
Ostrów Warckie
12).
Most of them with
no clear structure or any type of centrally planned layout. Some of them were organized along
the course of rivers.
We have little information on the pre-Christian mortuary customs: single cremation pit
was recorded in
Wylazłów,
fife barrows (cenotaphs, with no traces of human remains) were
excavated in Ruszczyn.
З-
Approximately in the mid-10* century destruction of previously observed settlement
structures was recorded. A number of strongholds collapsed (Wrtow,
Mnichów Okopy
Czchów),
m
some of them traces of violent events were registered: layers of charcoal and
181
burned wood as well as finds of arrowheads. Some of destructed strongholds were rebuilt and
continued their existence later (probably Stare Skoszewy and
Szydłów,
also
Tum, Rozprza,
Rękoraj, Ewinów
and Chelmo). At the same time completely new strongholds were developed
(Krzepocinek,
Dobrów).
Transient, short-term breakdown of settlement in some areas were also
registered (in settlement complex of
Witów
and Burzenin, other complex of Jeziorsko
-
both in
the valley of the
Warta
river, in Zabrzezie, by the
Krasówka
river). Intensification of settlement
processes was observed at the same time in the region of
Łęczyca
and the area of
Rozprza.
Also
the colonization by the population of foreign origin is possible in some areas, for example: from
Veleti
-
Pomeranian territory in
Grabek
and supposed
Ruthenian
or/and Scandinavian
component in Lutomiersk. In the period between the 2nd half of the 10th and the 1st half of the
11th century significant increase of settlements, reflected in the number of archaeological sites is
recorded.
Changes in the spatial organization are accompanied with drastic changes in the
archaeological inventories, mainly in the artefacts and items related to social elites. In place of
clear links with southern area of Moravian and Carolingian influences, the new model was
recorded: explicit references to culture of north-western Slavs, mainly the Great Poland region
as well as many elements of Scandinavian,
Ruthenian,
German
(Ottonian)
and Czech
provenance. New habits included: hoarding of silver (which probably was connected with
symbolic and social, not only economical reasons), the use of inhumation, with row and rare
barrows cemeteries and lavish burials (with swords, axes and other weapons and horse and
riding equipment and also silver or copper alloy ornaments).
It should be emphasized that detailed chronology of the process of destruction and
rebuilding of strongholds in the Central Poland is not currently possible to determine. Only a
few objects (Krzepocinek,
Ewinów, Tum)
were analyzed with dendrochronology. In
Tum
construction of Piasts stronghold was preceded by votive silver hoard dated to
934.
Analysis of
silver hoards from the Central Poland shows that chronology of depositing corresponds closely
to the situation recorded in the Great Poland, analyzed by
Michal
Kara. The wider range of
chronological verification of strongholds in the area of the Great Poland allowed to synchronize
phases of building activity with horizons of depositing hoards. Indirectly, this allows (together
with the analysis of finds obtained during archaeological excavations of fortified settlements) to
determine the chronology of castles building process in the Central Poland. On this basis one
can be conclude that territory of the Central Poland was incorporated about 940s, and this
process probably ended in the 970s.
The area of the Central Poland was organized by the Piasts Monarchy, with
administrative system based on strongholds, built to protect main trade routes from the Great
Poland to Mazovia (along the Great Warsaw
-
Berlin Valley, with objects in
Ewinów,
Krzepocinek, Turn and
Bochen)
and from the Great Poland to
Sandomierz
region (strongholds
in
Tum, Szydłów,
with Lutomiersk settlement complex and fortresses in
Rękoraj, Rozprza
and
Chelmo). It should be noted that the reconstructed network of strongholds
-
castles seems to be
a typical colonial structure concentrated on exploitation of the territory.
4.
In the period after the half of the 11th century until the mid-i3th century this
colonial structure was changed. Before the mid-i2th century the Central Poland territory was
gradually covered with a new network of strongholds
-
castles. Some of them were built in the
place of earlier objects (such as
Tum, Rozprza,
Chelmo), the other were built on the raw root
(Spicymierz,
Sieradz).
Some other could not be identified in surveys, but they are known from
written sources
(Wolborz,
Skrzynno
-
Skrzyńsko).
182
The spatial organization, indicate a substantial increase in the number of settlements in
relation to the previous period. The 12th century seems to be an important turning point , when
significantly great number of archaeologically surveyed settlements
(Śladków Górny
site
2,
Pęczniew
site
1/3,
Tądów Dolny
site
2,
Sulejów-Piaski
site
4)
were developed. During this period
spatial organization of open settlement was changing. At the micro level it is manifested with
the development of large sunken buildings, sometimes equipped with so-called corridor, of
considerable size (in
Pęczniew
1/3
of up to
131,75
square meters). Also large settlements with an
area exceeding
2
hectares were formed, where the arrangement of objects suggests the
implementation of certain objectives: the layout around a central, undeveloped square
(Zabrzezie site
4,
Tądów Dolny
site
2),
separation of the zones of production and other economic
activities from the zone of habitation (Zabrzezie site
4,
Pęczniew
site
1/3,
Sulejów - Piaski
site
4),
delimitation of the area of settlement
(Piotrków Trybunalski, Rozprza).
Changes in the
placement of preferred habitats (higher zones of valleys slopes instead of hitherto preferred
lower zones) were recorded, which is related to climate change and rising of water levels in
rivers
(Dunin-Wąsowicz
1968; 1974).
The important role of Christianization process should be noticed in this phase. In the 2nd
half of the 11th century the first church in
Tum - Łęczyca
was built for an unknown monastic
congregation. In the 2nd half of the 12th century a new, large Romanesque collegiate church was
erected in this place. During this period the network of churches, mostly funded by the nobles
was established. It stimulated further development of the settlement structures, together with
development of strongholds.
Chapter
5.
Conclusion
Presented panorama of settlement and cultural changes in the Central Poland during the
early Middle Ages, between the 6th/7th century and the middle of the 13th century, should be
regarded as a summary of current knowledge. More than half a century since the pioneering
work of J.
Kaminska,
38
years after her last paper and
35
years after the last extensive
recapitulation of the researches by A. Chmielowska
(1975;
also A. Kufel-Dzierzgowska
1975;
A.
Gupieniec
1975
and R. Rosin
1975)
it is the first broad view of this topic. Unfortunately, the state
of knowledge concerning this interesting period is not much higher. The reason for this situation
was both suspension of field researches, observed by
Leszek Kajzer
withdraw of local
archaeologists from early medieval researches (Kajzer
2003),
as well as lack of publication
revealing the results of previous fieldworks (for example referred to Spicymierz or Jeziorsko
researches).
In this situation it is essential to focus on scientific description of archaeological material
deposited in warehouses of research institution and museums and preparation of new research
programs focused on comprehensive recognition of interactions between human activity and
geographical environment on different levels. Researchers should be concentrated primarily on
the implementation of not only strictly archaeological exploration but also of geomorphological
Paleogeographical, paleobiological methods and analysis supported by independent methods of
determining chronology (radiocarbon and dendrochronology). Only an interdisciplinary
approach would break the stagnation and develop an entirely new picture of the settlement and
cultural processes on the territory of the Central Poland in the early Middle Ages.
183
Spis
Tresei:
I.
Zagadnienia wstępne
.........................................................................................................
il
Li Cel
..................................................................................................................................... 12
1.2
Zakres
............................................................................................................................... 12
1.3 Metoda pracy
.................................................................................................................... 16
1.4 Zarys historii i stanu badań
.............................................................................................. 19
II.
Ziemie Polski Centralnej we wczesnym średniowieczu świetle źródeł
pisanych
—
zarys stanu badań
...................................................................................... 25
III. Wczesnośredniowieczne osadnictwo na terenie Polski Centralnej
.................. 33
111.1 Osadnictwo w okresie
VI/VII
-
połowy
X
w
.................................................................. 33
Ill.i.a. Domostwa
-
struktury osadnicze poziomu mikro
................................................ 33
Ill.i.b. Osady
-
struktury osadnicze poziomu
semi
-
mikro
........................................... 41
III.
i.e.
Miejsca związane ze sferą sacrum
......................................................................... 57
Ill.i.d. Zespoły osadnicze
-
struktury osadnicze poziomu makro
................................... 61
111.2 Osadnictwo w okresie
2
połowy
X
do połowy
XIII
w
.................................................... 66
111.2.a.
Domostwa
-
struktury osadnicze poziomu mikro
............................................... 66
111.2.1).
Osady
-
struktury osadnicze poziomu
semi
-
mikro
.......................................... 78
III.2.C. Miejsca związane ze sferą sacrum
........................................................................ 93
III.2.d.
Zespoły osadnicze
-
struktury osadnicze poziomu makro
.................................. 115
IV.
Próba charakterystyki i rekonstrukcji dynamiki przemian osadniczych
i kulturowych
.................................................................................................................... 133
rv.i.
Faza 1
.............................................................................................................................. 133
IV.i.a.
Podstawy chronologii
............................................................................................. 133
IV.i.b.
Chronologia, dynamika i główne kierunki przemian w zasiedleniu
..................... 138
rv.i.c.
Przemiany organizacji przestrzennej osadnictwa (ujęcie modelowe)
................... 138
IV.i.d.
Oblicze kulturowe i jego przemiany (podstawowe kierunki wpływów)
................ 140
IV.2.
Faza
II
............................................................................................................................ 141
rv.2.a.
Podstawy chronologii
............................................................................................ 141
IV.2.b. Chronologia, dynamika i główne kierunki przemian w zasiedleniu
..................... 141
IV.2.C.
Przemiany organizacji przestrzennej osadnictwa (ujęcie modelowe)
.................. 142
IV.2.d. Oblicze kulturowe i jego przemiany (podstawowe kierunki wpływów)
............... 146
IV.3.
Faza III
.......................................................................................................................... 150
ГУ.З.а.
Podstawy chronologii
............................................................................................ 150
ІУ.З.Ь.
Chronologia, dynamika i główne kierunki przemian w zasiedleniu
..................... 151
ІУ.З.с.
Przemiany organizacji przestrzennej osadnictwa (ujęcie modelowe)
.................. 152
IV.3.d.
Oblicze kulturowe i jego przemiany (podstawowe kierunki wpływów)
............... 154
IV.4.
Faza
IV
........................................................................................................................... 161
ГУ.фа.
Podstawy chronologii
............................................................................................ 161
IV.4.b. Chronologia, dynamika i główne kierunki przemian w zasiedleniu
..................... 161
rv^.c.
Przemiany organizacji przestrzennej osadnictwa (ujęcie modelowe)
.................. 162
rv^.d.
Oblicze kulturowe i jego przemiany (podstawowe kierunki wpływów)
............... 166
V.
Podsumowanie
................................................................................................................... 171
VI. Territory of the
Central
Poland in early Middle Ages
......................................... 177
VII.
Bibliografia.....................................................................................................................
185
10
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| geographic | Mittelpolen (DE-588)4282110-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Mittelpolen |
| id | DE-604.BV039576133 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T15:57:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788392888710 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024427544 |
| oclc_num | 748263099 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 238 s., [25] k. tabl. il. (w tym kolor.). - Ill., Kt. 30 cm. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Monografie Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| series2 | Monografie Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| spellingShingle | Sikora, Jerzy 1976- Ziemie Centralnej Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze Monografie Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego Mittelalterliche Archäologie (DE-588)4138633-4 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4138633-4 (DE-588)4181216-5 (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4282110-1 |
| title | Ziemie Centralnej Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze |
| title_auth | Ziemie Centralnej Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze |
| title_exact_search | Ziemie Centralnej Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze |
| title_full | Ziemie Centralnej Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze Jerzy Sikora |
| title_fullStr | Ziemie Centralnej Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze Jerzy Sikora |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ziemie Centralnej Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze Jerzy Sikora |
| title_short | Ziemie Centralnej Polski we wczesnym średniowieczu |
| title_sort | ziemie centralnej polski we wczesnym sredniowieczu studium archeologiczno osadnicze |
| title_sub | studium archeologiczno-osadnicze |
| topic | Mittelalterliche Archäologie (DE-588)4138633-4 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mittelalterliche Archäologie Siedlungsarchäologie Siedlung Mittelpolen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024427544&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024427544&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV021831886 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sikorajerzy ziemiecentralnejpolskiwewczesnymsredniowieczustudiumarcheologicznoosadnicze |