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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Ebnesajjad, Sina (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2012
Edition:	1. ed.
Series:	PDL Handbook series
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024397218&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Physical Description:	XIII, 296 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781437734614

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adam_text	Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................................xiii PART 1 Introduction .......................................................................................1 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................3 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................3 1.2 Uniqueness of Fluorine ...............................................................................................................................3 1.3 Fluorine Characteristics ..............................................................................................................................5 1.3.1 Fluorination .......................................................................................................................................6 1.3.2 Reactivity — An Extreme Element ...................................................................................................6 1.3.3 Preparation of Fluorine .....................................................................................................................6 1.3.4 Inorganic Chemistry ..........................................................................................................................7 1.3.5 Organic Chemistry ............................................................................................................................8 1.3.6 Fluorine and Nature ..........................................................................................................................9 References ....................................................................................................................................................9 2 Descriptions of Fluoropolymer Additives .....................................................................................11 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................11 2.2 Polymeric Fluorinated Additives ..............................................................................................................11 2.2.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene Homopolymer Additives ..........................................................................11 2.2.2 Fluoroelastomer Additives (Polymer Processing Additives) .........................................................11 2.2.3 Vinylidene Fluoride Polymer Additives (Polymer Processing Additives) ....................................12 2.3 Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) Additives .......................................................................................................12 2.4 PTFE-Modified Waxes ..............................................................................................................................13 2.5 Fluorinated Graphite .................................................................................................................................13 2.6 Fluorination ...............................................................................................................................................13 References ..................................................................................................................................................14 PART 2 Manufacturing and Properties .......................................................15 3 Manufacturing and Properties of High-Molecular-Weight Fluoropolymer Additives ...........17 3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................17 3.2 Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) Preparation .....................................................................................................17 3.3 Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene ..............................................................................................................19 3.4 Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene .....................................................................................................20 3.5 Tetrafluoroethylene Polymers ...................................................................................................................20 3.5.1 Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate (APFO, also C8) .........................................................................21 3.6 Polymerization Mechanism .......................................................................................................................22 vi Contents 3.7 Suspension Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene ..................................................................................23 3.7.1 Finishing Technologies of Granular PTFE .....................................................................................25 3.8 Emulsion Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene .....................................................................................27 3.8.1 Dispersion Products ........................................................................................................................28 3.8.2 Fine Powder (Coagulated Dispersion) Products .............................................................................28 3.9 Characterization of Polyterrafluoroethylene .............................................................................................29 3.9.1 Granular PTFE Resins ....................................................................................................................29 3.9.2 Fine Powder PTFE Resins ..............................................................................................................31 3.9.3 Dispersions of PTFE .......................................................................................................................32 References ..................................................................................................................................................34 4 Manufacturing and Properties of Low-Molecular-Weight Fluoropolymer Additives ............37 4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................37 4.2 Molecular Weight Reduction ....................................................................................................................37 4.3 Degradation of Polytetrafluoroethylene ....................................................................................................37 4.4 Production Methods ..................................................................................................................................39 4.4.1 Production of Fluoroadditives by Thermal Cracking (Pyrolysis) ..................................................39 4.4.2 Production of Fluoroadditives by Electron Beam Irradiation ........................................................39 4.4.3 Grinding Irradiated PTFE ...............................................................................................................42 4.5 Direct Polymerization ...............................................................................................................................43 4.5.1 Dispersion Polymerization (Fine Powder) .....................................................................................43 4.5.2 Suspension Polymerization (Granular) ...........................................................................................46 4.6 Other Manufacturing Methods ..................................................................................................................51 4.7 Commercial Products ................................................................................................................................51 References ..................................................................................................................................................51 5 Manufacturing and Properties of Fluoroelastomer-Based Additives .......................................53 5.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................53 5.2 Manufacturing Process ..............................................................................................................................53 5.3 Emulsion Polymerization ..........................................................................................................................54 5.3.1 Continuous Emulsion Polymerization ............................................................................................55 5.3.2 Semibatch Emulsion Polymerization ..............................................................................................55 5.4 Suspension Polymerization .......................................................................................................................56 5.5 Development of Polymeric Process Additives .........................................................................................58 5.6 Commercial Products ................................................................................................................................64 Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................65 References ..................................................................................................................................................65 PART3 Applications .....................................................................................67 6 Applications of Fluorinated Additives for Lubricants ................................................................69 6.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................69 6.2 Friction .....................................................................................................................................................69 6.3 Wear Processes ........................................................................................................................................69 Contents vii 6.4 Fluorinated Additive Types..................................................................................................................... 70 6.5 Lubrication Processes ..............................................................................................................................70 6.6 Lubricant Base Oils .................................................................................................................................71 6.7 Lubricant Additives — General ...............................................................................................................72 6.8 Comparison of Solid Lubricant Additives ..............................................................................................72 6.9 Polymeric Fluorinated Additives .............................................................................................................73 6.9.1 PTFE ..............................................................................................................................................73 6.9.2 Low-MW Fluorinated Additives ...................................................................................................75 6.10 Lubricant Application Categorization .....................................................................................................75 6.11 Low-Viscosity Lubricants ........................................................................................................................75 6.11.1 Test Methods for Low-Viscosity Lubricants ..............................................................................76 6.11.2 Literature Studies of Low-Viscosity Oil with PTFE Addition ...................................................77 6.11.3 Dry-Film Lubricants ....................................................................................................................79 6.11.4 Release Agents ............................................................................................................................81 6.12 Engine Oil ................................................................................................................................................82 6.12.1 Classification ...............................................................................................................................82 6.12.2 Engine Oil Anti-Wear Additives .................................................................................................84 6.12.3 Development History of Use of PTFE in Motor Oil ..................................................................88 6.13 Grease ......................................................................................................................................................90 6.13.1 Grease Compositions and Characterization ................................................................................90 6.13.2 Technical Studies of Grease with Fluorinated Additives ...........................................................93 6.13.3 Grease Patent History ..................................................................................................................94 6.14 Suppliers of Lubricants Containing Fluorinated Additives ....................................................................96 6.14.1 DuPont™ Company Products ......................................................................................................96 6.14.2 3M™/Dyneon™ Products ............................................................................................................98 6.14.3 Daikin™ Industries Ltd/Daikin America Inc ..............................................................................98 6.14.4 Solvay Solexis .............................................................................................................................99 6.14.5 Asahi Glass ................................................................................................................................100 6.14.6 Other Suppliers ..........................................................................................................................100 References ..............................................................................................................................................102 Fluorinated Additives for Plastics ...............................................................................................107 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................107 7.2 Types of Fluorinated Additives .............................................................................................................107 7.3 Friction and Wear Processes .................................................................................................................108 7.3.1 Friction Processes ........................................................................................................................109 7.3.2 Wear Processes ............................................................................................................................110 7.3.3 Countersurface Effects ................................................................................................................113 7.4 Friction and Wear of High- and Low-MW PTFE ................................................................................113 7.5 Role of PTFE Manufacturing Process and Particle Size on Wear and Friction of Plastics ...............................................................................................................................................116 7.6 Development of Fluoroadditive Use for Friction/Wear Enhancement of Thermoplastics ..................116 7.7 Plastic Wear Under Water .....................................................................................................................118 7.8 Types of Non-Fluorinated Anti-Friction and Anti-Wear Additives .....................................................118 viii Contents 7.9 Plastic Types ..........................................................................................................................................118 7.9.1 Polyamides (Nylons) ...................................................................................................................119 7.9.2 Polyacetals...................................................................................................................................121 7.9.3 Polycarbonates .............................................................................................................................123 7.9.4 Polyesters (PEs) ...........................................................................................................................124 7.9.5 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) .....................................................................................................125 7.9.6 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) ......................................................................................................128 7.9.7 Epoxy Resins ............................................................................................................................... 128 7.9.8 Miscellaneous Thermoplastics ....................................................................................................129 7.10 Fluorinated Additives for Improved Melt and Mechanical Properties .................................................129 7.11 Additives to Alter Plastic Surface Properties .......................................................................................131 7.11.1 Theory and Background ...........................................................................................................131 7.11.2 Type of Fluorinated Additives for Surface Tension Reduction ...............................................132 7.11.3 Permeation .................................................................................................................................134 7.11.4 Surface Properties of Irradiated PTFE .....................................................................................134 7.12 Fluoropolymer Additives to Inhibit Melt Dripping in Fire Situations .................................................134 7.12.1 Characterization of Fire Retardancy .........................................................................................135 7.12.2 Processes for Mixing High-MW PTFE into Other Resins ......................................................137 7.12.3 Commercial PTFE Products for Fire Retardants .....................................................................138 7.13 Compounding of Fluorinated Additives into Thermoplastics ..............................................................138 7.13.1 Compounding with High-MW PTFE (Dispersion-Polymerization) ........................................138 7.13.2 Compounding with Low-MW PTFE (and High-MW Suspension-Polymerized PTFE) .........140 7.13.3 Extrusion Compounding with PTFE Powders .........................................................................141 7.13.4 Other Fluorinated Additives .....................................................................................................142 References .............................................................................................................................................143 8 Addition of Fluoropolymers to Printing Ink ..............................................................................149 8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................149 8.2 Printing Processes ...................................................................................................................................149 8.3 Inks .......................................................................................................................................................... 151 8.4 Fluoropolymer Addition to Ink ...............................................................................................................151 8.4.1 Types of PTFE ..............................................................................................................................152 8.4.2 Particle Size ..................................................................................................................................152 8.5 Abrasion/Rub Resistance of Prints .........................................................................................................153 8.6 Blocking ..................................................................................................................................................154 8.7 Commercial Suppliers of Fluorinated Additives to the Ink Market ......................................................154 References ................................................................................................................................................155 9 Use of Fluorinated Additives in Coatings ..................................................................................157 9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................157 9.2 Purposes of Addition of Fluoropolymer Additives to Coatings ............................................................157 9.3 Thermoplastic Coatings ..........................................................................................................................159 Contents ix 9.4 Thermosetting Coating Parameters .........................................................................................................159 9.4.1 Carriers ..........................................................................................................................................159 9.4.2 Resin Binder or Chemistry ...........................................................................................................160 9.4.3 Crosslinking or Curing ..................................................................................................................161 9.5 Coating Processes ....................................................................................................................................162 9.5.1 Preparing the Coating Formulation ..............................................................................................162 9.5.2 Application of Coating .................................................................................................................162 9.5.3 Drying/Baking of Coating ............................................................................................................162 9.6 Fluoropolymer Types Used in Coatings .................................................................................................162 9.6.1 Perfluorinated Semi-Crystalline Resins ........................................................................................162 9.6.2 Partially Fluorinated Semi-Crystalline Resins .............................................................................166 9.6.3 Amorphous Fluoropolymers .........................................................................................................167 9.7 Perfluoropolymer/Metal Coatings by Electrolytic or Electroless Processes ..........................................168 9.8 Prevention of Staining of a Coating .......................................................................................................168 9.9 Commercial Fluoroadditive Products .....................................................................................................170 References ................................................................................................................................................171 10 Fluorinated Additives for Rubber .............................................................................................175 10.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................175 10.2 Rubber Compositions and Compounding ...........................................................................................175 10.3 Characterization of Rubbers ...............................................................................................................177 10.4 Fluorinated Additive Types .................................................................................................................179 10.4.1 High-MW PTFE (Unmodified) ...............................................................................................179 10.4.2 Modified High-MW PTFE ......................................................................................................180 10.4.3 Melt-Processable Fluorinated Copolymers ............................................................................181 10.4.4 Low-MW PTFE Additives ......................................................................................................182 10.4.5 Miscellaneous Fluorinated Additives .....................................................................................184 10.5 Silicone and Fluorosilicone Rubbers ..................................................................................................184 10.6 Addition of Fluorinated Additives to Fluoroelastomers ....................................................................185 10.7 Addition of Fluorinated Additives to EPDM Rubber ........................................................................186 10.8 Commercial Fluoroadditive Products for Elastomers ........................................................................189 References ...........................................................................................................................................189 11 Applications of Processing Aid Additives .................................................................................193 11.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................193 11.2 Low-Molecular-Weight Processing Aids ............................................................................................193 11.2.1 Stéarates (Release Agents) .....................................................................................................193 11.2.2 Polymer Processing Additives (High MW) ............................................................................194 11.2.3 Advantages of PPAs ................................................................................................................194 11.2.4 Melt Fracture ...........................................................................................................................194 11.2.5 Die Drool ................................................................................................................................195 Contents 11.3 Important Applications of PPAs .........................................................................................................195 1.3.1 Blown and Cast Film ..............................................................................................................195 1.3.2 Cable and Tubing Extrusion ...................................................................................................195 1.3.3 Blow Molding .........................................................................................................................196 1.3.4 Fiber Extrasion ........................................................................................................................196 1 .3.5 Fluoropolymer PPAs ...............................................................................................................196 1.3.6 How PPAs Work .....................................................................................................................196 11.4 Select Applications of PPAs ...............................................................................................................198 11.4.1 Blow Molding .........................................................................................................................198 11.4.2 Film Manufacturing ................................................................................................................201 References ...........................................................................................................................................208 PART 4 Compliance and Economics ........................................................211 12 Compliance with Regulations and Standards ..........................................................................213 12.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................213 12.2 Food Contact and Medical Applications ............................................................................................213 12.3 FDA Requirements for Polytetrafluoroethylene Resins for Food Contact ........................................213 12.3.1 Paragraph (d) Specifications ...................................................................................................213 12.3.2 Paragraph (e) Limitations .......................................................................................................213 12.3.3 Scope of ASTM D 4754-98 (2003)........................................................................................214 12.3.4 Special Requirements of Polytetrafluoroethylene Micropowders ..........................................214 12.4 Compliance of Commercial Micropowder Products ..........................................................................214 12.4.1 Articles Intended to Contact Food (Reference: 21 CFR 177.1550 Perfluorocarbon Resins) ..........................................................................................................215 12.4.2 Processing Aids for Polyolefins (Reference: 21 CFR 177.1520 Olefin Polymers) ...............215 12.4.3 Components of Resinous and Polymeric Coatings (Reference: 21 CFR 175.300 Resinous and Polymeric Coatings) .........................................................................................215 12.4.4 Components of Paper and Paperboard (Reference: 21 CFR 176.170 Components of Paper and Paperboard in Contact with Aqueous and Fatty Foods) .......................................215 12.4.5 Lubricant for Rubber Articles (Reference: 21 CFR 177.2600 Rubber Articles Intended for Repeated Use) ....................................................................................................216 12.4.6 Components of Adhesives (Reference: 21 CFR 175.105 Adhesives) ...................................216 12.4.7 Housewares Exemption (Reference: Food Drug Cosmetic Law Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1, January 1987, p. 45)....................................................................................................216 12.5 Standards .............................................................................................................................................217 References ...........................................................................................................................................217 13 Safety, Health, Environment, Disposal, Recycling, and Economics ......................................219 13.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................219 13.2 Toxicology of Fluoropolymers ...........................................................................................................219 13.3 Thermal Properties of PTFE ...............................................................................................................219 13.4 Emission During Processing ...............................................................................................................220 Contents xi 13.5 Safety Measures ..................................................................................................................................220 13.5.1 Ventilation of Degradation Products ......................................................................................221 13.5.2 Processing and Fabrication .....................................................................................................222 13.5.3 Spillage Cleanup .....................................................................................................................224 13.5.4 Equipment Cleaning and Maintenance ...................................................................................224 13.5.5 Protective Clothing .................................................................................................................224 13.5.6 Personal Hygiene ....................................................................................................................224 13.5.7 Fire Hazard ..............................................................................................................................224 13.5.8 Material Incompatibility .........................................................................................................224 13.6 Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling ..................................................................................................225 13.7 Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods ..............................................................................225 13.7.1 Packaging Disposal and Recycling ........................................................................................225 13.8 Economics ...........................................................................................................................................226 References ...........................................................................................................................................226 Appendix 1: Food and Drug Administration .....................................................................................................229 Appendix 2: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ....................................................................................................233 Index ..................................................................................................................................................................287
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spellingShingle	Ebnesajjad, Sina Fluoropolymer additives
title	Fluoropolymer additives
title_auth	Fluoropolymer additives
title_exact_search	Fluoropolymer additives
title_full	Fluoropolymer additives Sina Ebnesajjad ; Richard A. Morgan
title_fullStr	Fluoropolymer additives Sina Ebnesajjad ; Richard A. Morgan
title_full_unstemmed	Fluoropolymer additives Sina Ebnesajjad ; Richard A. Morgan
title_short	Fluoropolymer additives
title_sort	fluoropolymer additives
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024397218&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT ebnesajjadsina fluoropolymeradditives AT morganricharda fluoropolymeradditives

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