Miasta podwójne i wielokrotne w średniowiecznej Europie:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polnisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej : Seria Humanistyczna
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022535729&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022535729&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Double and multiple towns in medieval Europe |
| Umfang: | 741, [1] s., [1] k. tabl. złoż. luzem il. (w tym kolor.). - Kt. 21 cm. 1 Kt.-Beil. |
| ISBN: | 9788322930960 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV037382640 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20181221 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 110505s2010 xx b||| |||| 00||| pol d | ||
| 020 | |a 9788322930960 |9 978-83-229-3096-0 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)730012157 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV037382640 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a pol | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-B220 | ||
| 084 | |a 8 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Słoń, Marek |d ca. 20./21. Jh. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1140125907 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Miasta podwójne i wielokrotne w średniowiecznej Europie |c Marek Słoń |
| 264 | 1 | |a Wrocław |b Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 741, [1] s., [1] k. tabl. złoż. luzem |b il. (w tym kolor.). - Kt. |c 21 cm. |e 1 Kt.-Beil. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej : Seria Humanistyczna | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Double and multiple towns in medieval Europe | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 900-1250 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Stadt |0 (DE-588)4056723-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Europa |0 (DE-588)4015701-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Europa |0 (DE-588)4015701-5 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Stadt |0 (DE-588)4056723-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Geschichte 900-1250 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HEBIS Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022535729&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022535729&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 900 |e 22/bsb |f 0902 |g 438 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022535729 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819334076002205696 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | FUNDACJA NA RZECZ NAUKI POLSKIEJ
MAREK SŁOŃ
MIASTA PODWÓJNE
I WIELOKROTNE
W ŚREDNIOWIECZNEJ
EUROPIE
WROCŁAW 2010
SPIS TREŚCI
WSTĘP 5
I WPROWADZENIE 7
1 1 Pojęcie miasta 7
1 2 Język wykładu 17
1 3 Zakres tematyczny pracy 19
1 4 Identyfikacja miast podwójnych i wielokrotnych 20
1 5 Stan badań 25
1 6 Podziękowania 27
II PROWANSJA I LANGWEDOCJA 31
II 1 Uwagi wstępne 31
II 1 a Odrębna droga rozwoju 31
Il l b Układ treści 33
II 1 c Specyfika terminologii 34
11 2 Podział instytucjonalny 36
II 2 a Arles • 36
II 2 b Tuluza 38
II 2 C Marsylia 40
11 3 Podział urbanistyczny 44
II 3 a Aix-en-Provence 44
II 3 b Carcassonne 47
11 4 Podział urbanistyczny i instytucjonalny 51
II 4 a Narbona 51
II 4 b Rodez 55
11 5 Geneza podziału 57
II 5 a Topografia i warunki naturalne 57
II 5 b Różnice gospodarcze i społeczne 58
II 5 c Jurysdykcja i własność 59
II 5 d Lokalni seniorzy 59
II 5 e Geneza podziału urbanistycznego 61
11 6 Geneza unifikacji 62
II 6 a Siły hamujące proces zjednoczenia 63
II 6 b Tożsamość i aspiracje „miast w miastach 64
II 6 c Konflikty między gminami 67
II 6 d Inicjatywa zjednoczenia 71
II 6 e Siły wyższe - Królestwo Francji i monarchia andegaweńska 73
II 6 f Władze municypalne i zniesienie podziałów urbanistycznych 75
11 7 Wnioski końcowe 79
11 8 Limoges 80
11 9 Pampeluna 81
III EUROPA ŚRODKOWA: SPECYFIKA REGIONALNA I FUNKCJONAL-
NA, PRZEBIEG PROCESU LOKACYJNEGO 85
III 1 Narodziny miasta podwójnego i wielokrotnego w Europie Środkowej 85
III 1 a Rzekomy początek: osady flamandzkie w Brunszwiku i Hil-
desheim 87
III l b Hamburg i Brandenburg 95
III l c Hagen i Neustadt w Brunszwiku 102
Ill l d Magdeburg 106
111 2 Miasta różnych panów 119
III 2 a Różnorodność rozwiązań 119
III 2 b Przyczyny lokacji 131
III 2 C Między stagnacją a konfrontacją 135
111 3 Nowe miasta tkackie 145
III 3 a Początki towarowej produkcji tkackiej w Europie Środkowej 145
III 3 b Wrocław 150
III 3 C Getynga 157
III 3 d Świdnica 166
III 3 e Głogów 171
III 3 f Racibórz 174
III 3 g Schyłek miast tkackich 178
III 3 h Nowe Miasto Toruń, Neustadt Salzwedel i królewiecki Lip-
nik - gminy tkaczy? 182
III 3 i Nowe Miasto Lemgo a początki lokalnego tkactwa 185
III 3 J Podsumowanie 187
111 4 Nowe miasta Meklemburgii i Pomorza Przedniego, czyli o lokacji
w kilku etapach 191
III 4 a Stan badań 191
IIIAb Lokacja Starego Miasta 194
III 4 C Lokacja Nowego Miasta 196
III 4 d Rozszerzenie Starego Miasta 201
III 4 e Unifikacja zespołu miejskiego 207
III 4 f Podsumowanie 214
111 5 Miasta podwójne w Brandenburgii 217
III 5 a Lokacje nowomiejskie 219
III 5 b Relacje między gminami 222
III 5 C Polityka margrabiów wobec miast podwójnych 224
111 6 Czechy 229
III 6 a Gminy praskie w XIII wieku 229
III 6 b Hradczany 232
III 6 C Lokacja Nowego Miasta 235
III 6 d Unie i podziały Starego i Nowego Miasta 236
III 6 e Tożsamość wspólnoty nowomiejskiej 240
IH ó f Wyszehrad: syndrom miasta wielokrotnego 244
III 6 g Naśladownictwo Wyszehradu: Litomyśl 247
III 6 h Dlaczego tylko Praga i Litomyśl? 247
III 6 i Ćesky Krumlov, rzekome miasto podwójne 248
111 7 Pruskie gminy nowomiejskie w polityce wielkich miast i Zakonu 251
III 7 a Aspekt fiskalny lokacji nowomiejskich 252
III 7 b Braniewo 1394-1398 258
- III 7 C Nowe Miasto zakładane z inicjatywy i na potrzeby Starego? 263
III 7 d Nowe Miasto jako narzędzie kontroli nad Starym 274
III 7 e Konflikty wewnętrzne 282
111 8 Lokacje nowomiejskie w procesie konsolidacji czternastowiecznej
monarchii i rozbudowy jej stolicy 285
I11 8 a Kraków 1305-1333? 288
III 8 b Królewiec 306
III 8 C Kassel 308
III 8 d Kraków 1334-1366 310
III 8 e Praga 316
III 8 f Budapeszt? 319
III 8 g Drezno 323
III 8 h Warszawa 324
III 8 i Podsumowanie 326
111 9 Przyczółek mostowy 333
III 9 a Deutz koło Kolonii 335
III 9 b Stadtamhof koło Ratyzbony 336
III 9 C Neustadt Kassel 338
III 9 d Mała Bazylea 340
III 9 e Altendresden 343
III 9 f Aspekt polityczny 344
III 9 g Układ urbanistyczny 346
III 10 Relokacja Starego Miasta 349
III 10 a Okoliczności zaniku pierwotnej gminy 350
Ill lO b Czynniki miastotwórcze w opuszczonej osadzie 352
III 10 c Przesłanki lokacji odrębnego miasta 356
III 11 Przepołowiona gmina 359
Ill ll a Haigerloch 359
Ill ll b Głogów 361
III ll c Góra i Bytom 370
III 12 Rozprzestrzenianie się modelu miasta podwójnego i wielokrotnego 373
III 12 a Do roku 1240 373
III 12 b Środkowe Niemcy po roku 1240 387
III 12 C Europa Środkowa po roku 1240 407
III 12 d Zanik miast podwójnych: lokacje nieudane, osady zniszczo-
ne, unie i inkorporacje 418
III 12 e Podsumowanie 422
IV EUROPA ŚRODKOWA: W STRONĘ SYNTEZY 425
IV 1 Przebieg i przyczyny lokacji nowomiejskich 425
IV 1 a Stan badań: potrzeba rewizji 426
IV l b Aspekt gospodarczy 427
IV lx Aspekt polityczny 428
IV l d Aspekt prestiżowy i religijny 432
IV l e Koszty bezpośrednie i pośrednie 433
IV 1 f Alternatywa: rozszerzenie Starego Miasta 434
IV l g Rola zasadźcy i warunki powodzenia lokacji 435
IV l h Przebieg lokacji 437
IV 1 i Podsumowanie: ku genezie rozkładu przestrzennego miast
podwójnych i wielokrotnych 439
IV 2 Relacje między gminami w obrębie aglomeracji 440
IV 2 a Nazwy gmin 441
IV 2 b Obwarowania, sieć dróg i hydrografia 444
IV 2 c Specjalizacja gospodarcza: staromiejski handel i nowomiej-
skie rzemiosło 448
IV 2 d Organizacja cechowa 453
IV 2 e Pochodzenie osadników i migracja między gminami 457
IV 2 f Stosunek do pana gruntowego i władzy terytorialnej 461
IV 2 g Stare Miasto jako zwierzchnik Nowego? 463
IV 2 h Konflikty między gminami 465
IV 3 Struktury kościelne Nowego Miasta 469
IV4 Tożsamość wspólnoty nowomiejskiej 488
IV 5 Zjednoczenie miasta 493
IV 5 a Droga do integracji 493
IV 5 b Związek gmin 497
IV 5 c Akt zjednoczenia 500
IV 5 d Ślady dawnych podziałów 504
IV 6 Podsumowanie 510
IV 6 a Wyniki 510
IV 6 b Ograniczenia 513
IV 6 c Perspektywy 514
Toponim nova civitas /Neustadt w Rzeszy Niemieckiej 517
Lista miast, gmin nowomiejskich, ich oryginalnych nazw i planów 519
Plany miast 531
Bibliografia 627
Summary 699
Indeks rzeczowy 705
Indeks geograficzny i osobowy 715
Spis i legenda map 736
Spis tabel 737
SUMMARY
DOUBLE AND MULTIPLE TOWNS IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE
The present study focuses on settlements which comprised more than one communal
town. Such settlements were identified only in southern France, in the German Empire
with Bohemia and Livonia, in the Kingdom of Poland, the State of the Teutonic Order
in Prussia as well as northern Spain and Hungary (one case each). With regard to
Provence and
Languedoc,
the author discusses both examples of only spatial separa¬
tion of two parts of a settlement (Carcassone and Aix-en-Provence), and a division of
a urbanistically uniform town into two communes (Aries, Toulouse, Marseille) as well
as urban centres divided administratively and spatially (Narbonne and
Rodez on
the
Aquitaine
border). In this region the existence of two municipal authorities in close
proximity was a consequence of a very early and incomplete adaptation of the Italian
model of urban commune. Although this phenomenon concerned a large part of the
main cities of Provence and
Languedoc,
it was only a transitory, relatively short stage
in their development. It was maintained only in a few settlements in neighbouring
areas
(Rodez,
Pamplona, Limoges), which had their own specific characteristics.
The vast majority of recognised double and multiple settlements existed in Cen¬
tral Europe, in the foundation towns zone. The two oldest of them, New Towns in
Hamburg and Brandenburg, were established within a short time of each other
(1187-
1195)
and in similar circumstances: the local ruler controlled only a fragment of the
main settlement, which did not include the already existing merchant commune, and
would establish his own commune right next to it. This successful experiment was then
repeated in Magdeburg (probably before
1205)
and in Brunswick where Otto IV prob¬
ably at the same time, around
1209,
founded the New Town and raised
Hagen
to the
rank of town (this Flemish settlement, similarly to the later
Dammstadt in Hildesheim,
was not initially an urban settlement).
Among the new towns we can distinguish functional and regional groups anal¬
ysed in subsequent chapters of the present book.
Jurisdictional divisions within an urban settlement often led to the emergence
of- in addition to communes subordinated to the monarch
-
church or private towns.
The ruler would agree to this, because in this way the entire settlement could develop
at someone else s expense. On the other hand, this process strengthened the position of
church institutions, enabling them to take advantage to some extent of the prosperity
generated by the activity of the Old Town and use their own local property more ef¬
fectively. However, such an arrangement was often unstable and the New Towns sub¬
ordinated to a different authority were in practice doomed to stagnation or increasing
confrontation with the main commune. An example of the first scenario is the
Poznań
commune
and of the second
- Hildesheim,
where the Old Town eventually brought
about a total elimination of
Dammstadt (1332).
The multiple town model, i.e. several separate communes within one settlement,
was used already in the first part of the 13th century to boost the development of subur¬
ban Flemish settlements specialising in such activities as weaving. The founding of the
New Town in
Wrocław
(1263)
was meant, through the creation of a commune totally
dominated by this one profession, to launch cloth-making and, indirectly, boost trade
and money circulation in the entire principality. This bold economic experiment was
successful and in the
1
290s was copied in Silesia
-
certainly in
Świdnica,
probably in
Głogów
and
Racibórz
as well as
Göttingen in
Lower Saxony. This model might have
been referred to in several other foundations in the last two decades of the 13th century,
but no specialised weaving communes emerged there.
Seven New Town foundations that took place between
1220
and
1270
in Meck¬
lenburg and
Vorpommern
constitute a single process with clear origins and evolution.
The original inspiration came from Hamburg where the foundation of a strong New
Town and its early unification with the Old
(1215)
was a great economic and political
boost for the entire settlement. All New Town communes in Mecklenburg and
Vor¬
pommern
may have been founded with the intention of merging them quickly with
the Old Towns. This was a successful attempt to use the boom in the second and third
quarters of the 13 th century and create within a short period thriving economic and
political centres. The first New Towns were supposed to rival the adjacent Old Towns
(Middle Town Roctock, New Town Stralsund and New Town Parchim, perhaps also
New Town Gilstrow); in the mid-13th century the newly founded communes were
visibly weaker (New Town Rostock, New Town Prenzlau, Schadegard in Stralsund)
or the Old Towns were expanded instead (Wismar, Grefswald, Stralsund). This was
followed by administrative and (with the exception of Parchim) spatial unification of
all settlements.
Margraves of Brandenburg made their three main settlements double towns,
but after the mid-13th century they did not continue New Town foundations. They
supported cooperation between the Old and the New Towns, accepted associations of
communes within a settlement (Brandenburg in the mid-13th century, Berlin in
1307
and Salrwedel in
1434)
but did not accept unions or forced towns to break those
that had already been formed. Maintaining divisions within the strongest cities was
an important element of the margraves policy, pursued consistently throughout the
Middle Ages.
In Prague, as early as the 13th century there were three urban communes, Old
Town with its centre at the
Týn,
St. Gallen s Town and Mala
Strana.
The first two were
soon, and probably in accordance with the initial idea, merged. Another of Prague s
boroughs,
Hradčany,
was probably founded by the local
burgrave
shortly before
1330.
Prague s New Town, founded by Charles IV in
1347,
was merged with the Old Town
(1367-77, 1518-28)
on Old Towns initiative. New Town burghers themselves main¬
tained a strong sense of separateness: we can even observe the emergence of a local
historiography and own vision of the history of the country and its capital. In
1488
another Prague town
-
Town of Mount
Vyšehrad
-
was founded. It was a model for
the only New Town commune in Bohemia outside Prague
-
Upper Town of
Litomyšl
(1490).
In the Teutonic State in Prussia New Towns could be found in almost all big
urban centres; one of the objective of their founding was to use the fiscal potential
of these settlements more effectively. In addition, they were to facilitate the Teutonic
Order s control over their older neighbours and, to some extent, they fulfilled these
expectations. The separateness of the New Town of
Braniewo
was abolished in
1394
on the initiative of the Old Town Council and subsequently restored
(1398)
as part of
repressive measures following a failed rebellion in
1396.
The cooperation concept,
formulated by
Antoni Czacharowski,
according to which New Towns were founded on
the initiative and for the needs of Old Towns, has been critically reviewed.
In the 14th century, raising the prestige of the capital was one of the important
elements of the consolidation of Central and Eastern European monarchies. Often this
process included
-
in addition to the expansion of the monarch s residence, privileges
for the main commune, the improvement of fortifications and church foundations
-
the foundation of New Towns. The first undertaking of this kind was the foundation
of
Kneiphof in Königsberg (1327);
the model was then developed in
Kassel (Freiheit
1330)
and Cracow
(Kazimierz
1335)
to reach its apogee in Prague (New Town
1347).
An ambitious though at the same time
epigonie
reference to this model was the foun¬
dation of
Altendresden
(1403)
and New Warsaw
(1408).
It had, however, nothing to
do with Pest s regaining (after the destruction in the mid-13th century) of city rights in
the 15th century. A modest and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to follow that example
was maybe the foundation of the third commune in this urban centre, Old
Buda,
by
Elisabeth of Poland in the mid-14th century. This chapter also includes a new inter¬
pretation of fragments mentioning
Okół
and Kleparz before
1335:
the former never
contained a separate commune, while the latter acquired the status of a town in
1358
or shortly before that date.
In all the groups mentioned above
-
weavers towns, towns in Mecklenburg and
Pomerania,
towns in Brandenburg, towns in Prussia or the expanding capital cities
of 14th century monarchies
-
successive foundations and development of these com¬
munes influenced other settlements of the same art. A separate category comprises
communes which, though displaying significant similarities, for various reasons were
not associated. In addition to towns of various lords discussed earlier these include
three other types of settlements.
Bridgeheads in the form of separate communes are known only from a handful of
cases. These were small towns, economically dependent on the main commune on the
other side of the river, but at the same time an instrument of the ruler s policy directed
against it. We can point to urban layouts typical for settlements that evolved over time
(Cologne
1230
and
Regensburg
1496)
or those that were founded (Basel ca
1250
and
Kassel
before
1283)
as well as untypical solutions (Dresden
1403).
The site left after the town was transferred elsewhere
-
usually at a very early
stage of its development, often following its destruction during a war
-
could then be
used again to found a new commune. The site was chosen not because there were still
remains of the old settlement or its rights, but because the location was favourable,
tested and close to the new city centre. However, such a solution was rarely used
(Poznań,
Parnau,
Gdańsk,
Budapest), only when, for a variety of reasons, it was dif¬
ficult to incorporate the area directly into the main commune.
In the mid-14th century there were cases when an already existing commune
was divided into two parts. In Haigerloch in Wirtemberg such a situation lasted
fairly shortly (ca
1360 -
before
1379),
while in several Silesian towns
(Góra, Bytom,
Ścinawa,
from
1360)
the division applied only to jurisdiction, leaving the most im¬
portant municipal institutions unified. On the other hand, in
Głogów
(1360-1481)
two
fully separate communes emerged, a fact that affected the development of the town
in that period. We can see that the two parts of
Głogów
developed at different speeds,
they maintained their specialisations (western or royal part
-
trade, eastern or ducal
part
-
crafts) and wanted to have their own churches; however, there is no trace of
migration between them.
The dynamics of New Town foundations in Central Europe underwent periods
of particular intensity and periods of stagnation, which affected the entire area or just
various regions. Until
1240
New Towns were founded almost exclusively in central
Germany. The first five cases (mentioned above) were capital cities and independent
undertakings of the rulers, mostly secular, of particular countries. All were completely
successful. However, the second wave of foundations
(16
cases between
1215
and
1240)
was different. It covered a fairly compact area, and successive cases were to
some extent replies to previous foundations by the closest political rivals or allies; this
also applied to medium-sized or even small settlements. Many foundations ultimately
failed. The foundations were started primarily by local lords who often had limited
rights
-
foundations were thus a way to extend these rights by means of
faits accom¬
plis.
In these endeavours leading roles were played by clerical princes. After a period
of stagnation, urban foundations appeared in substantial numbers (probably
11)
in
central Germany only in
1278-1290.
These communes were established not near the
borders or in points of conflict, but in central locations; the moment and circumstances
of their foundation were not part of confrontation but rather an element of internal
strengthening of power of the various rulers. The dominant foundations were those of
satellite towns with no chances of competing with the Old Town. Again church institu¬
tions were replaced by secular rulers. The last wave of New Town foundations in the
region came in
1335-1360
and, again, the central element was territorial rivalry. The
new settlements were almost exclusively very small communes. The dynamics of New
Town foundations in other parts of Central Europe was different. The accumulation of
a greater number of cases in various periods was a result of mutual influences, first of
all local (Mecklenburg,
Vorpommern
and Brandenburg
1235-1250,
Prague
-
Wrocław
-
Toruń
1252-1264,
Silesia
1291-1295).
Significantly, however, they took place
dur-
ing a period of stagnation in central Germany. What was common for the entire Central
Europe was the wave of foundations after
1330.
The spatial distribution of the foundations
-
nearly half of around
80
double and
multiple towns were to be found in central Germany, over one quarter in its north-eastern
part, in Prussia and in Poland
-
was a consequence of the role that towns played in the
politics of the local rulers. Foundation of New Town communes was primarily an instru¬
ment of the monarchs policy. It enabled them to strengthen the potential of a settlement
in a manner that would not, at the same time, increase the power of the main commune
too much; the rulers could also emphasise their rights more strongly, raise their prestige,
make the development of the settlement more effective and, first of all, speed it up in
the first years of the new commune s existence. Though the process did have certain
consequences
-
such as at least temporary slowing down of the development of the Old
Town, the necessity of bringing here people and resources from other parts of the realm,
devoting a precious location to the purpose, finding a good locator and paying him,
constructing and furnishing a new church as well as a risk of future conflicts between
communes
-
it was often a better solution than an expansion of the existing commune.
Foundation usually started from the construction of a chapel, which was then followed
by the establishment of the settlement s borders. Granting of the rights, only some of
which were included in the founding privilege, could take place only after a few years.
In this initial stage of town foundation the investment was sometimes abandoned.
The communes that made up an urban centre usually created one transport sys¬
tem and one defence system, strictly linked to the regulation of waterways. The forti¬
fication system varied and was usually dominated by the stronger commune. The Old
Town was usually wealthier and was more involved in trade, especially long-distance
trade. The New Town in most cases focused on crafts, sometimes on providing ser¬
vices for the local market and on agriculture. Though the main commune usually sur¬
passed the new in terms of crafts too, the New Town was often the dominant force in
particular sectors, such as weaving or animal slaughter. In some urban centres scholars
have confirmed the penetration of the Old Town capital into the rent and property mar¬
ket of the weaker neighbour. Both communes frequently had separate guilds, though
there were numerous exception to this rule. Migration between the communes of one
urban centre was very weak. The New Town had a totally separate municipal structures
and formally was not in any way subordinated to the Old, though in many situations it
had to give in to its influence. The main commune could exert various types of pres¬
sure
-
typically closing the gates or harassing New Town craftsmen
-
or even resort to
direct violence. In five cases the Old Town brought about a total demise of the New.
Almost all New Towns had at least their own chapel and
90%
of them
-
separate
parish. There was also a clear tendency for each commune to possess a hospital
catering only for its needs. There is relatively ample evidence of the cult of the towns
patron saints and of other manifestations of
religione
civique;
in moments of danger
New Town burghers usually displayed a strong attachment to their commune. On the
other hand, the Old Town often looked at its younger neighbour with disdain
Already in the Middle Ages over one quarter of New Town communes were
merged with the Old Town. The first stage of bringing two communes closer together
was the establishment of a common merchant guild
(Quedlinburg,
Warburg,
Korbach,
probably Berlin and Lemgo). The establishment of an association of communes meant
the creation of another municipal authority, superior to member communes. This could
be a short transition stage on the way to a union (eg Rostock) or a permanent solution
which, however, also led to gradual integration (eg Brunswick,
Herford, Osnabrück);
there were also cases of disbandment of association Councils (eg Berlin,
Salzwedel).
A union of towns, on the other hand, meant the creation of one single commune re¬
placing all the existing ones. From that moment on there was only one city authority,
one citizenship, common revenues and expenses. The existing New Town received
guarantees that it would keep its privileges and some seats in the new Council,
which made the union different from incorporation consisting in the elimination of the
weaker commune, which often meant a mandatory destruction of all its documents and
seals. Unions were sometimes broken by a decision of a ruler; but if they survived one
generation, they would remain permanent. After the merger there were still traces of
the old divisions in the form of separate fiscal laws, separate courts or special court
sittings, or defence walls between boroughs.
Though there was no single model of the foundation and development of the New
Town in the whole Europe or even in its central part, there is no doubt as to the exis¬
tence of the phenomenon of double and multiple towns, a phenomenon which played
an important part in the urbanisation process and in the history of various settlements.
Translated by Anna Kijak
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Słoń, Marek ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1140125907 |
| author_facet | Słoń, Marek ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Słoń, Marek ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | m s ms |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV037382640 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)730012157 (DE-599)BVBBV037382640 |
| era | Geschichte 900-1250 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 900-1250 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01933nam a2200421 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV037382640</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20181221 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">110505s2010 xx b||| |||| 00||| pol d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9788322930960</subfield><subfield code="9">978-83-229-3096-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)730012157</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV037382640</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">pol</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-B220</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">8</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Słoń, Marek</subfield><subfield code="d">ca. 20./21. Jh.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1140125907</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Miasta podwójne i wielokrotne w średniowiecznej Europie</subfield><subfield code="c">Marek Słoń</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Wrocław</subfield><subfield code="b">Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego</subfield><subfield code="c">2010</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">741, [1] s., [1] k. tabl. złoż. luzem</subfield><subfield code="b">il. (w tym kolor.). - Kt.</subfield><subfield code="c">21 cm.</subfield><subfield code="e">1 Kt.-Beil.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej : Seria Humanistyczna</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Double and multiple towns in medieval Europe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 900-1250</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Stadt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4056723-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Europa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4015701-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Europa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4015701-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Stadt</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4056723-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 900-1250</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HEBIS Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022535729&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022535729&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">900</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0902</subfield><subfield code="g">438</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022535729</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV037382640 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T15:15:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788322930960 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-022535729 |
| oclc_num | 730012157 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| physical | 741, [1] s., [1] k. tabl. złoż. luzem il. (w tym kolor.). - Kt. 21 cm. 1 Kt.-Beil. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej : Seria Humanistyczna |
| spellingShingle | Słoń, Marek ca. 20./21. Jh Miasta podwójne i wielokrotne w średniowiecznej Europie Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056723-0 (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | Miasta podwójne i wielokrotne w średniowiecznej Europie |
| title_auth | Miasta podwójne i wielokrotne w średniowiecznej Europie |
| title_exact_search | Miasta podwójne i wielokrotne w średniowiecznej Europie |
| title_full | Miasta podwójne i wielokrotne w średniowiecznej Europie Marek Słoń |
| title_fullStr | Miasta podwójne i wielokrotne w średniowiecznej Europie Marek Słoń |
| title_full_unstemmed | Miasta podwójne i wielokrotne w średniowiecznej Europie Marek Słoń |
| title_short | Miasta podwójne i wielokrotne w średniowiecznej Europie |
| title_sort | miasta podwojne i wielokrotne w sredniowiecznej europie |
| topic | Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stadt Europa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022535729&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=022535729&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT słonmarek miastapodwojneiwielokrotnewsredniowiecznejeuropie |