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Znárodněné Československo: od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Kuklík, Jan 1967- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	Czech
Published:	Praha Auditorium 2010
Edition:	Vyd. 1.
Series:	Edice 20. století
Subjects:	Geschichte 1989-1992 Geschichte 1918-1989 Verstaatlichung Privatisierung Tschechoslowakei
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021185851&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021185851&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Item Description:	Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Nationalized Czechoslovakia
Physical Description:	444 S. Ill.
ISBN:	9788087284124

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	OBSAH Úvod ................................................................................................. 7 I. Znárodnění, vyvlastnení a konfiskace .............................................. n II. Do roku 1918: Historické kořeny ................................................... ,7 Nedotknutelnost soukromého vlastnictví, nebo socializace ve jménu nového společenského řádu? ........................18 III. 1918-1938: První republika ..........................................................35 Socializační snahy a zásahy do majetkových práv za první republiky .......36 Československá pozemková reforma ................................................39 Socializace a zestátnění československého průmyslu ............................43 Příklady zestátnění průmyslových podniků .......................................53 Státní zásahy do ekonomiky a dopady hospodářské krize ......................56 Socializace a zestátnění mezi válkami ve vybraných evropských státech ....................................................64 Německo a Rakousko ............................................................65 Velká Británie ......................................................................70 Francie ..............................................................................73 Itálie a Španělsko .................................................................76 Třicátá léta v meziválečné Evropě ....................................................78 IV. 1938-1945: Doba nesvobody ........................................................85 Arizace židovského majetku ...........................................................87 Plány na znárodnění v domácím odboji ............................................95 Představy zahraničního odboje o znárodnění ....................................104 V· 1945-1948: Po válce a před Únorem .............................................135 Košický vládní program ...............................................................136 Restituce majetku po druhé světové válce .........................................141 Dekret o národní správě ...............................................................144 Konfiskace nepřátelského majetku .................................................150 Příprava a projednávání znárodňovacích dekretů prezidenta republiky ...................................................................158 Dohoda socialistických stran .........................................................160 Znárodnění československého filmu ...............................................170 Jednání o znárodnění dalších odvětví ekonomiky ..............................174 Spory o rozsah znárodnění ............................................................192 Znárodnění zahraničního kapitálu .................................................200 Návrhy na znárodnění bank a pojišťoven ..........................................202 Příprava na novou ekonomiku ......................................................207 Provádění znárodnění v oblasti průmyslu .........................................209 Národní podniky a znárodnění v dalších oblastech ............................212 Oslavy znárodnění ......................................................................220 Problémy znárodnění v diskuzi Prozatímního Národního shromáždění ...............................237 Trestní ochrana národních podniků ................................................239 Provádění znárodňovacích dekretů .................................................244 Žádosti o zařazení do znárodňovací akce ..........................................246 Konkrétní případy znárodnění .......................................................256 Organizace a statut znárodněných podniků ......................................259 Výsledky znárodňovacího procesu ..................................................265 Hospodářské plánování po znárodnění průmyslu ...............................268 Revize pozemkové reformy ...........................................................271 Přidělování konfiškátu ................................................................276 Spory o další směřování ekonomiky ................................................282 Mezinárodní souvislosti - reparace a náhrady ...................................287 Kompenzace za znárodnění zahraničního kapitálu .............................290 Poválečné znárodňování v dalších státech Evropy ..............................322 Velica Británie .....................................................................326 Francie .............................................................................338 Itálie .................................................................................348 Srovnání československého znárodnění se zahraničím ........................352 Znárodnění ve střední Evropě a vznikajícím sovětském bloku ...............357 Jugoslávie a Polsko ......................................................................358 Maďarsko, Bulharsko a Rumunsko .........................................364 Sovětská okupační zóna v Německu ........................................370 Albánie .............................................................................373 Rakousko ..........................................................................375 Jednání Československa o náhradách za konfiskovaný a znárodněný majetek ...........................................377 Švédsko ............................................................................. 3&2 Velká Británie ..................................................................... 383 Jednání o uloupeném československém zlatu ....................................385 Itálie .................................................................................391 Rakousko .......................................................................... 392 VII. Po roce 1989: Restituce a privatizace ...........................................397 Restituce znárodněného majetku po roce 1989..................................398 Resumé ............................................................................................421 Užité zkratky ....................................................................................427 Právní předpisy týkající se znárodnění majetku v Československu .............428 Bibliografìe a prameny ........................................................................43° Rejstřík ............................................................................................434 RESUME Nationalized Czechoslovakia The book deals with the changes in the concept of private ownership as well as with various expropriations, land reforms, confiscations and restitutions during the whole history of Czechoslovakia, i.e. between 1918 and 1992. It starts with the investigation on the roots of the nationalization and the so called „socialization concept based on the ideology of Marx, Engles and European social democratic and socialist parties throughout the 19th century. The Czech social democratic party as a part of Austrian one was heavily influenced especially by German social democratic programs and later also by the Bolshevik revolution in Russia. 421 Socialization of industry was also supported by other left wing parties, especially Czech National Socialist, who combined socialist and nationalistic ideas. When Czechoslovakia was established after WWI. in 1918, the Social Democrats, National Socialists and other left wing political parties together with the Trade Unions demanded radical land reform and large scale socialization of industry, especially heavy industry and coal mines. Land reform was backed also by the Agrarian party, so it was agreed in the Government and Parliament and gradually carried out. It represented relatively moderate land reform based on strengthen¬ ing of small and medium sized private owners and the expropriation was in the most cases for adequate compensation. The land reform had however strong anti German, anti Church and anti feudal focus and some politicians, historians and lawyers from the conservative part of the political system saw possible danger for the future developments. The socialization of industry was discussed for two years after the WWI. and with the fading of the post war revolutionary wave, it was abandoned with the notable exception of the establishment of the workers councils with limited powers . The establishment of the Czechoslovak Communist party in 1921 meant that also the Soviet style of nationalization without compen¬ sation, socialist ownership (state and cooperative) and central planning were brought into the Czechoslovak political debate. The Czechoslovak development in 1918-1920 period was compared with Austria and Germany, because they were all based on similar ideological and political con¬ cepts. Because the Czechoslovak nationalization in 1945 was connected with the establishment of strong state sector, the book also examined the development of the state-owned enterprises in France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Swe¬ den, Netherlands and Poland in the late 19th century and throughout the interwar period. It was compared with the situation in Czechoslovakia, where one could find relatively strong state sector in mining, production of electricity, transport or forestry. The state-owned companies and their activities in the interwar Czecho¬ slovakia however represented not socialist buťstate capitalist way of economic thinking. It is possible to conclude, that the state ownership in European history was not connected only with the socialist or communist views and the strong state sector could be found also in the democratic as well as the right wing totalitarian regimes. The reasons for its creation were however very different. The concept of private ownership was in the interwar Czechoslovakia based on the Austrian Civil Code from 1811. Its principles were derived from the Roman and Natural law, regarded the ownership to be a basic civic right protected both by private and constitutional law. On the other hand it stipulated that it was possible to expropriate on the bases of the Act of Parliament and in the interest of general public. Also the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 protected the private owner¬ ship but stipulated that it was possible to expropriate even without the adequate compensation if it is laid down by the provisions of the Act of Parliament. The Constitution opened the way not only for the land reform but also for future socialization (nationalization) of industry. The core of the book could be seen in chapters related to the Czechoslovak nationalization, confiscations of the so-called enemy property and land reform 422 after the end of the WWII. At first the main ideological, economic and political roots of nationalization are examined. The proposals for nationalization of key industries and economic planning were also in Czechoslovakia connected with the outcomes of the Great Depression in the 30th Already before the beginning of WWII, the Czechoslovak Social Democrats and the left wing intellectuals regarded the nationalization of industry, state intervention and economic planning as a suitable mean to prevent the economic crises. The liberal free market economy (as well as liberal democracy as such) was attacked also from the nationalistic right wing positions and Christian democrats came with their policy based on the Popes decrees on the society of estates. After Munich 1938 and March 15th 1939 Czechoslovakia ceased to exist as an independent country. The Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia was occupied by the Germans and pro-German Slovak puppet state were created. During WWII, the national resistance movement both at home and abroad demanded far reaching political, social and economic reforms of the re-established Czechoslovakia. The nationalization connected with economic planning was seen as an obvious result of the victory in the war. The nationalization had very stron^ national , anti Ger¬ man content, because most of the Czech industry was in the German hands during the war. The Germans also applied their racial theory on the Jewish population and before they planned to exterminate them in the concentration camps, almost all their property was confiscated in various ways. There was also an important notion to punish the most of the Czech capitalist for their collaboration with Germans within the Czechoslovak resistance move¬ ment. The nationalization was advocated not only by the left wing but also by the most of other politicians and economists, who took part in the resistance move¬ ment at home or abroad. This lead to the establishment of the so called National front, in which the Communist party was seen as a leading political force, espe¬ cially when the Agrarian party was not allowed to renew its activities. The nationalization was planned as an integral part of other important social and economic reforms. It was connected with the imposition of the so-called national administration (freezing of property) and confiscation of enemy prop¬ erty, that is to say, property of persons of German and Hungarian origin. The Ger¬ man and Hungarian minorities in Czechoslovakia were accused of collaboration with Nazi Germany and as the enemy citizens expelled from the country. Their property together with the property of German Reich, Nazi organizations and Czech collaborators were confiscated without compensation and it was used to cover the Czechoslovak war loses. Far reaching nationalization of coal mines, leading industry and banks was advocated at first mainly by the Social Democrats and Trade Unions. When the Communists saw how popular this policy was among the people, they joined their forces with the Social Democrats and proposed the nationalization of all coal mines and electric power stations and all industrial plants with more then 500 employees even before the Provisional National Assembly was established. The Czech National Socialist Party together with President Beneš were also in favor of nationalization, but they advocated the step by step strategy and they paid more attention to the interests of foreign investors, especially from Allied countries. The non-Communist democratic parties in the National Front did not manage to mitigate the radical proposals of the Communists and Social Democrats for the nationalization of not only mines and industries but also the food industry, banks, and private insurance companies. There was virtually no opposition to the nationalization from the Christian Democrats and some critical voices were heard only from the Slovak Democratic Party. The nationalization was connected with economic planning and reconstruc¬ tion. Nationalized plants were put together and bigger units called the state owned national enterprises were established. They were subjected to the Two years plan of reconstruction in terms of allocation of capital and output, but enjoyed some economic liberty. The national enterprises were also partly controlled by the Trade Unions and their representatives, especially in terms of labor and social condi¬ tions. At the end between 65-70 per cent of all industry was in the state hands in 1946-1948. Some areas, such as coal mines, banks, insurance companies, production of electricity, arms or film industries were nationalized completely, i.e. Czechoslovak state was given a monopoly. There were not only economic reasons for nationalization, because for example the production and distribution of films was seen as an important mean of propaganda. The previous owners were prom¬ ised compensation, but the Czechoslovak Government was ready to negotiate only with former foreign investors. The book is also trying to compare the Czechoslovak nationalization between 1946-1948 with other European states to see, if the Czechoslovak nationalization was closer to the British, French or Italian ones or if it was more comparable with the states of emerging Soviet block. There were certain common features especially between the Czechoslovak and French nationalizations, both from legal and economic points of view, but the Czechoslovak was more far-reaching and it has also stronger confiscation character. Also the usage of the nationalization by the Czechoslovak Communists to strengthen their political and economic position and to create a foundation for their political take over is another difference, which proved to be decisive especially in February 1948, when Czechoslovakia finally went the communist way. After 1948 the Communists carried out the second wave of the nationalization of industry combined with far reaching land reform and confiscations of property of political opponents. The private property was gradually limited only to small holders of land or small private business and all leading branches of industry were nationalized between 1948-1950 almost completely. It is noted in this book, that the nationalization in Czechoslovakia was more rapid and far reaching to compare it with German Democratic Republic, Poland, Hungary or Rumania. No compen¬ sation was paid to the Czechoslovak citizens, so the nationalization finally became a confiscation. In 1945 foreign diplomats in Czechoslovakia first began to concern themselves in greater detail also with Czechoslovak nationalization, which was to affect for¬ eign investments as well. Particularly with the change in the British government and the ascent of Labour after the general elections of 1945, it was clear that Great Britain would not question the right of Czechoslovakia to begin nationalization, but the question of providing adequate compensation in sterling remained open. The similar attitude was presented by France, the United States took more negative approach. British investments in Czechoslovakia were among the most important of those of all West European states. The British side was particularly interested in the big cases such as the Alliance Assurance Company, the Witkowitz Mines and Iron Works (Vítkovické horní a hutní těžířstvo, in Czech), Unilever, and Imperial Chemical Industries. Unilever was a common investment of Anglo-Dutch com¬ pany. American investments were vested mainly in oil production (Vacuum Oil Company), film industry and telecommunications (International Telephone and Telegraph). French investments included Škoda Works, Metal and Steel Works in Třinec, Michelin, Chemical Worsk Explosia and Synthesie as well as the oil processing plant Apollo in Bratislava. The British side estimated the extent of nationalized British investments at £35 million, which was the most of any Western country. In second place were payments for the USA, estimated at £20 million, followed by the Netherlands at £15 million, France at £13 million, and Switzerland at £7 million. On the whole, the British estimated the total sum of compensation owed by Czechoslovakia at the astronomically high sum of £100 million. By contrast, the Czechoslovak side started lower, estimating British claims, for example, at £13 million. Between 1948 and 1982 the Communist Czechoslovakia concluded several agreements to compensate the foreign investors and foreign owners hit by Czecho¬ slovak nationalizations, land reforms or confiscation on condition that such former owners were citizens of Allied or Neutral states during WWII. The agree¬ ments are also calleď lump sum indemnity agreements because Czechoslovakia usually agreed to pay a certain sum in foreign currency for nationalization and confiscations, while foreign Government distributed the sum among its citizens and companies on condition that no other claims would be supported by the party to such an agreement in the future. The money for compensation was usually generated from the surplus of the Czechoslovak export. The Communist regime, which had just taken power, showed great interest in maintaining foreign trade with the West European countries, chiefly with the aim of acquiring the foreign currency necessary for the purchase of scarce raw materials and manufactures. First lump sum agreements were negotiated between 1948-1950 with Switzerland, Great Britain, France, Belgium and Netherlands. Then the agreements with Denmark, Norway and Sweden followed. The most complicated negotiations were with Italy, Canada, Austria and the USA. With Italy they ended in 1966 and the main obstacle was the sum promised as compensation for nationalized Ital- ian insurance companies, especially Generali. The agreement with Canada was reached in 1973 and at the same time Czechoslovakia closed long term negotiations also with Austria, which were complicated mainly by Czechoslovak confiscations of Sudeten German property. With the United States the negotiations ended only in 1982, because the United States Government tied the negotiations on the nation¬ alized American property in Czechoslovakia with the return of the Czechoslovak monetary gold looted by Nazis during the WWII. The Tripartite Commission, established in Paris in January 1946 for the restitution of looted monetary gold, officially awarded the Czechoslovak Republic 64 per cent of its claim to 44 metric tons of monetary gold, which Czechoslovakia had lost during the Second World War. Following a decision of the Tripartite Commission, Czechoslovakia took over 6,074 metric tons of monetary gold in 1948, in the form of St Wenceslas ducats, while another 18,433 metric tons remained blocked, particularly by the USA, until the settlement of mutual financial and property questions. The Tripartite Com¬ mission comprised representatives of the USA, Great Britain, and France; their decisions had to be unanimous. In 1981 the Czechoslovak government undertook to make compensation payments amounting to $81.5 million, which, with the settlement of some other intergovernmental debts and after the deduction of some Czechoslovak counterclaims, came to a total of $90 million. In this case, the US administration was able to persuade Congress of the advantageousness of the agreement with Czechoslovakia, and also gave its consent, postponed for decades, to the release of Czechoslovak monetary gold in the Tripartite Commission. In 1982 similar agreement was reached with Great Britain. The final chapter of the book deals with the privatization and restitution of pre¬ viously nationalized or confiscated property after the so called Velvet revolution of 1989. After some discussion the political and economic leaders of new democratic Czechoslovak Government decided to start economic reform with large scale and rapid privatization to create a free market economy based on the private ownership of previously state-owned enterprises. The privatization which started with the so calleď smalľ privatization of small and medium sized enterprises was in 1990 combined with the restitution of property. It was regarded not only as a just solu¬ tion but also as another way of privatization. At first it was decided to return back only the property nationalized or confiscated after the Communist take over, i.e after February 25,1948. There was limited restitution also of the Church property, with the rest to be decided later. Only the Czechoslovak citizens with permanent residency in the country were eligible. It also meant that the restitution of some parts of the Jewish property and of the Sudeten German property was excluded. Between 1990 and 1991 three main laws on restitution were adopted, one on nationalized property, one on the restitution of land and the last one on the general restitution in all other remaining cases. When it was not possible to return the property to the original owners or their heirs, there were paid compensation. The rest of the state property was privatized in another way of the privatization process called the big privatization organized mainly as so called coupon privatization. It was combined with direct sell of the property to foreign investors. The strict rules on restitution were changed especially because of international pressure and because of the role of the Czech Constitutional Court. Therefore the key decisions of the European Court on Human Rights and the Czech Constitu- tional Court are mentioned and individual cases analyzed. At first in 1994 the restitution was opened also for non residents and first major step for the Jewish restitutions was adopted. Finally in 2000 special Act on restitution of Jewish real estate property and arts was adopted. The final chapter also shows how difficult it is to resolve cases of injustices con¬ nected with nationalizations or confiscations, which were committed more than 60 years ago. The actual implementation of the Czechoslovak and Czech restitu¬ tion laws has not always taken into account the nature of historical developments, methods of expropriations but also for example the content of the compensation lump sum agreements. This chapter of Czech history has yet to be written in more details. The main lesson, which we can learn from the past mentioned in this book is to set and promote adequate political, economic, constitutional and legal safe- 426 guards to the private property and property rights and not to allow the mistakes of the past to be repeated.
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geographic	Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd
geographic_facet	Tschechoslowakei
id	DE-604.BV037272912
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-12-20T14:48:08Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9788087284124
language	Czech
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021185851
oclc_num	711855090
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owner	DE-12
owner_facet	DE-12
physical	444 S. Ill.
publishDate	2010
publishDateSearch	2010
publishDateSort	2010
publisher	Auditorium
record_format	marc
series2	Edice 20. století
spellingShingle	Kuklík, Jan 1967- Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě Verstaatlichung (DE-588)4129671-0 gnd Privatisierung (DE-588)4047297-8 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4129671-0 (DE-588)4047297-8 (DE-588)4078435-6
title	Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě
title_auth	Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě
title_exact_search	Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě
title_full	Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě Jan Kuklík
title_fullStr	Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě Jan Kuklík
title_full_unstemmed	Znárodněné Československo od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě Jan Kuklík
title_short	Znárodněné Československo
title_sort	znarodnene ceskoslovensko od znarodneni k privatizaci statni zasahy do vlastnickych a dalsich majetkovych prav v ceskoslovensku a jinde v evrope
title_sub	od znárodnění k privatizaci - státní zásahy do vlastnických a dalších majetkových práv v Československu a jinde v Evropě
topic	Verstaatlichung (DE-588)4129671-0 gnd Privatisierung (DE-588)4047297-8 gnd
topic_facet	Verstaatlichung Privatisierung Tschechoslowakei
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021185851&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021185851&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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