Aspects of the economic history of Babylonia in the first millennium BC: economic geography, economic mentalities, agriculture, the use of money and the problem of economic growth
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|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Münster
Ugarit-Verlag
2010
|
| Series: | Alter Orient und Altes Testament
377 Veröffentlichungen zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. 4 |
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020674233&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 897 S. graph. Darst. 240 mm x 170 mm |
| ISBN: | 9783868350418 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Aspects of the economic history of Babylonia in the first millennium BC |b economic geography, economic mentalities, agriculture, the use of money and the problem of economic growth |c Michael Jursa |
| 264 | 1 | |a Münster |b Ugarit-Verlag |c 2010 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Alter Orient und Altes Testament |v 377 | |
| 490 | 1 | |a Veröffentlichungen zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. |v 4 | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1819256468436680704 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Survey of contents
1.
Introduction
...................................................................................................................1
2.
Routes of inner-Babylonian communication and exchange of goods
.........................62
3.
Economic strategies and investment patterns according to private archives
.............153
4.
Agriculture: the rural landscape, regional trends and diachronic change
..................316
5.
Silver, silver money and money-based exchange
......................................................469
6.
General conclusions and further questions
................................................................754
7.
Bibliography
.............................................................................................................817
Detailed table of contents
Preface
..............................................................................................................................
v
Detailed table of contents
................................................................................................
vii
Figures
............................................................................................................................xv
Abbreviations and conventions
.....................................................................................xvii
1.
Introduction
.................................................................................................................1
1.1.
First millennium Babylonia: historical framework and sources
...........................1
1.2.
Assyriology and economic history
.....................................................................13
1.3.
The Neo-Babylonian economy, the state of the question, problems and
models
.................................................................................................................26
1.3.1.
Ecological zones and the corresponding sectors of the economy
..............26
1.3.1.1.
Agriculture and land tenure
..............................................................26
1.3.1.2.
Animal husbandry
............................................................................28
1.3.1.3.
The economic use of the marshes
.....................................................28
1.3.1.4.
The city
.............................................................................................29
1.3.2.
Modes of exchange
....................................................................................30
1.3.3.
Overall assessments of the Babylonian economy in the first millennium
. 31
1.3.4.
Determinants of economic structure and performance
..............................33
1.3.4.1.
Climate
.............................................................................................33
1.3.4.2.
Demography
.....................................................................................36
1.3.4.2.1.
Theory
.....................................................................................36
1.3.4.2.2.
The evidence
............................................................................37
1.3.4.2.3.
The resulting problems, research agenda and models
..............41
1.3.4.3.
Technology and the productivity of agriculture
................................48
1.3.4.4.
Social organisation and political structure
........................................53
2.
Routes of inner-Babylonian communication and exchange of goods
....................62
2.1.
Introduction
........................................................................................................62
2.2.
Movements of goods and people in the institutional archives
............................64
2.2.1.
The Euphrates route
...................................................................................64
2.2.1.1.
Babylon
............................................................................................64
2.2.1.1.1.
Babylon as the seat of government
..........................................64
2.2.1.1.2.
Babylon as a religious centre
...................................................68
2.2.1.1.3.
Babylon as a centre of commerce, production and con¬
sumption
............................................................................................73
2.2.1.2.
Opis
..................................................................................................80
2.2.1.3.
Sippar
...............................................................................................84
2.2.1.4.
Borsippa
...........................................................................................87
viii
Detailed
table
of contents
2.2.1.5.
Dilbat
................................................................................................89
2.2.1.6.
Marad...............................................................................................
9°
2.2.1.7.
The far south: the Sealand and Ur
....................................................91
2.2.1.7.1.
The Sealand
.............................................................................91
2.2.1.7.2.
Ur
.............................................................................................95
2.2.1.8.
Conclusion
........................................................................................98
2.2.2.
Regional economic networks and satellite cities
....................................99
2.2.2.1.
The tribal regions around
Uruk
....................................................100
2.2.2.1.1.
Puqudu
...................................................................................100
2.2.2.1.2.
Bït-Amukanu
and
Bït-Dakuru
...............................................103
2.2.2.2.
Uruk s satellite cities
......................................................................105
2.2.2.2.1.
Larsa
......................................................................................105
2.2.2.2.2.
Udannu
..................................................................................108
2.2.2.2.3.
Eridu
......................................................................................109
2.2.2.3.
Sippar s satellite cities
....................................................................110
2.2.2.3.1.
Akkad
....................................................................................
Ill
2.2.2.3.2.
Baş
(Šapazzu)
........................................................................112
2.2.2.4.
Satellite cities: conclusion
..............................................................113
2.2.3.
Uruk
and Sippar and central Babylonia
...................................................114
2.2.3.1.
Kiš/Hursangkalama
........................................................................114
2.2.3.2.
Cutha
..............................................................................................115
2.2.3.3.
Nippur
.............................................................................................116
2.2.4.
Conclusion
...............................................................................................117
2.3.
Movements ofpeople and goods in private archives
........................................118
2.3.1.
Opis
.........................................................................................................120
2.3.2.
Sippar
......................................................................................................121
2.3.2.1.
Sippareans elsewhere in Babylonia
................................................121
2.3.2.2.
Visitors to Sippar
............................................................................122
2.3.3.
Kiš
...........................................................................................................123
2.3.3.1.
Kišites
elsewhere in Babylonia
.......................................................123
2.3.3.2.
Visitors to
Kiš
.................................................................................123
2.3.4.
Cutha
.......................................................................................................124
2.3.4.1.
Cutheans elsewhere in Babylonia
...................................................125
2.3.4.2.
Visitors to Cutha
.............................................................................126
2.3.5.
Borsippa
..................................................................................................126
2.3.5.1.
Borsippeans elsewhere in Babylonia
..............................................126
2.3.5.2.
Visitors to Borsippa
........................................................................128
2.3.6.
Dilbat
.......................................................................................................129
2.3.6.1.
Dilbateans elsewhere in Babylonia
.................................................129
2.3.6.2.
Visitors to Dilbat
............................................................................129
2.3.7.
Nippur
................................................................................................130
2.3.8.
Uruk
..............................................................................................
Z.....
.. 132
2.3.9.
Larsa
....................................................................................... , 133
2.3.10.
Ur
................................................................................
ZZ ! .!
134
2.3.11.
Babylon
.................................................................................................
I35
2.3.11.1.
Visitors to Babylon
.......................................................................
I35
2.3.11.2.
Citizens of Babylon elsewhere in Babylonia
................................136
2.3.12.
Conclusion
.............................................................................................
13g
2.4.
Appendix: the costs of transporting goods (M. Weszeli)
.................................140
2.4.1.
The actual costs: the texts
........................................................................142
2.4.1.1.
For comparison: costs for overland transport
.......................................146
2.4.2.
Prices in silver
.........................................................................................146
Detailed table of contents
ix
2.4.3.
Other comparable data
.............................................................................146
2.4.4.
Transport of bitumen and fired bricks
.....................................................148
2.4.5.
Conclusion
...............................................................................................150
3.
Economic strategies and investment patterns according to private archives
.....153
3.1.
Introduction (MJ)
.............................................................................................153
3.2.
Survey of the most frequent spheres of business attested in private archives
..155
3.2.1.
Temple prebends, priestly offices
............................................................155
3.2.1.1.
General considerations
...................................................................155
3.2.1.2.
Prebendary professions according to private archives
....................157
3.2.1.3.
The operation of the prebendary system and its documentation
in the private archives
............................................................................161
3.2.1.4.
The economic importance and profitability of prebend ownership
165
3.2.2.
Houses
.....................................................................................................169
3.2.2.1.
General considerations
...................................................................169
3.2.2.2.
Letting of houses
............................................................................170
3.2.2.3.
Renting of houses
...........................................................................171
3.2.3.
Date gardening
........................................................................................171
3.2.3.1.
General considerations
...................................................................171
3.2.3.2.
Ownership of date gardens
.............................................................172
3.2.3.3.
Management, extension and improvement of gardens
....................179
3.2.3.4.
On the renting of date gardens
........................................................182
3.2.4.
Arable farming
........................................................................................184
3.2.4.1.
General remarks
.............................................................................184
3.2.4.2.
Private ownership of fields
.............................................................185
3.2.4.3.
Rented fields in private archives
.....................................................187
3.2.5.
Agricultural management
........................................................................193
3.2.5.1.
General remarks
.............................................................................193
3.2.5.2.
Rent farmers on institutional land
...................................................194
3.2.5.3.
Rent farmers on the land of officials and Persian nobles
................197
3.2.5.4.
Entrepreneurs in the land-for-service sector
................................198
3.2.5.5.
Entrepreneurial management of private land
..................................203
3.2.5.6.
Summary
........................................................................................204
3.2.6.
Business partnership agreements
(harrănu)
............................................206
3.2.6.1.
General remarks
.............................................................................206
3.2.6.2.
The business purposes of the
harrãnu
companies
..........................208
3.2.6.2.1.
Trade
......................................................................................208
3.2.6.2.2.
Agriculture
.............................................................................209
3.2.6.2.3.
Crafts, craft production and the trade in manufactured or
processed goods
...............................................................................212
3.2.6.2.4.
The size and financial potential of Neo-Babylonian
business companies
.........................................................................213
3.2.7.
Domestic and interregional trade
.............................................................214
3.2.7.1.
Sources
...........................................................................................214
3.2.7.2.
Staples: the modus
operandi
in the
Nur-Sìn file
.............................216
3.2.7.3.
Other archives documenting trade in staples
..................................218
3.2.7.4.
Textiles
...........................................................................................220
3.2.7.5.
Beer
................................................................................................221
3.2.7.6.
Long-distance trade
........................................................................224
3.2.7.7.
Slave trade
......................................................................................225
3.2.8.
Craftsmen as archive owners
...................................................................228
3.2.8.1.
Introduction
....................................................................................228
ic
Detailed
table
of
contents
3.2.8.2.
The archives
...................................................................................229
3.2.9.
Slaves
......................................................................................................232
3.2.9.1.
General observations
......................................................................232
3.2.9.2.
Privately owned slaves in agriculture
.............................................234
3.2.9.3.
Privately owned slaves as craftsmen
..............................................235
3.2.9.4.
Privately owned slaves as managers and entrepreneurs
..................237
3.2.10.
Money-lending
......................................................................................240
3.2.10.1.
General observations
....................................................................240
3.2.10.2.
Banking
........................................................................................245
3.2.11.
Taxes
.....................................................................................................246
3.2.11.1.
General observations
....................................................................246
3.2.11.2.
The land-for-service system
.........................................................247
3.2.11.3.
Dues and services owed for the transportation of goods
..............251
3.2.11.4.
Tax farming and general farming of rights
................................252
3.2.12.
Animals
.................................................................................................256
3.2.12.1.
General considerations
.................................................................256
3.2.12.2.
Sheep (and goats) in private archives
...........................................257
3.2.12.3.
Cattle in private archives
..............................................................259
3.2.12.4.
Donkeys in private archives
.........................................................259
3.2.13.
Bricks
....................................................................................................261
3.2.13.1.
General considerations
.................................................................261
3.2.13.2.
Acquisition of bricks
....................................................................261
3.2.13.3.
Brick-making
................................................................................262
3.2.14.
Officials and professionals as archive owners
....................................264
3.3.
Summary: typology of archives and business profiles
...................................265
3.3.1.
Introduction
.............................................................................................265
3.3.2.
Storage of wealth
..................................................................................267
3.3.3.
Secondary economic activities
..............................................................275
3.3.3.1.
Agriculture by contract
...................................................................275
3.3.3.2.
Trade
...............................................................................................278
3.3.3.3.
Ownership of slaves
.......................................................................279
3.3.3.4.
Crafts and other professions
...........................................................280
3.3.3.5.
Animal husbandry
..........................................................................281
3.3.4.
Economic types : rentiers vs. entrepreneurs
...........................................282
3.3.4.1.
Rentiers
...........................................................................................282
3.3.4.2.
Entrepreneurs
..................................................................................286
3.3.5.
Concluding remarks
................................................................................294
3.3.6.
Appendix
1:
household incomes
..............................................................296
3.3.7.
Appendix
2:
synopsis of archives and business activities
.......................305
4.
Agriculture: the rural landscape, regional trends and diachronic
change
.....................................................................................................................316
4.1.
Introduction
......................................................................................................316
4.2.
Sippar
...............................................................................................................322
4.2.1.
Introduction
.............................................................................................322
4.2.2.
Ebabbar s estates
.....................................................................................323
4.2.2.1.
Agriculture in the vicinity of Sippar
...............................................324
4.2.2.2.
The King s Canal
(Nar-šarri)
..........................................................326
4.2.2.3.
The
mašennu
canal
.........................................................................334
4.2.2.4.
The Pallukkat canal
........................................................................341
4.2.2.5.
The Canal-of-Abundance
(När-kuzbi)
............................................344
4.2.2.6.
The Sumandar canal
.......................................................................345
Detailed table of contents
xi
4.2.2.7.
Ebabbar s estates south of Babylon
................................................346
4.2.2.8.
Trans-tigridian holdings of Ebabbar
...............................................347
4.2.2.9.
Ebabbar s land on the
HãbQr
..........................................................348
4.2.3.
The Sipparean rural landscape: the size and shape of the plots
...............348
4.2.4.
The development of Sipparean agriculture
........................................355
4.3.
Borsippa
...........................................................................................................360
4.3.1.
Introduction
.............................................................................................360
4.3.2.
The Borsippean rural landscape
..............................................................363
4.3.2.1.
The average size and yield of Borsippean date gardens
.................363
4.3.2.2.
Date gardens in the Tattannu archive
.............................................375
4.3.2.2.1.
Introduction
...........................................................................375
4.3.2.2.2.
The Tattannus rural possessions
...........................................376
4.3.2.3.
Conclusion
......................................................................................384
4.4.
Babylon
............................................................................................................385
4.4.1.
Introduction
.............................................................................................385
4.4.2.
The rural landscape around Babylon
.......................................................386
4.4.2.1.
The field plans
................................................................................386
4.4.2.2.
Land in the Egibi archive
................................................................388
4.4.2.3.
Land in the
Sîn-ilï
archive
..............................................................389
4.4.2.4.
The evidence of the
Nur-Sîn
file
....................................................391
4.4.2.5.
Land in archives of (minor) clergy from Babylon
..........................393
4.4.2.6.
Land in non-prebendary sixth-century archives from Babylon
......395
4.4.2.7.
Land in the Kasr archive and other late text groups from
Babylon
.................................................................................................396
4.4.3.
Conclusion
...............................................................................................398
4.5.
Dilbat
................................................................................................................399
4.5.1.
Introduction
.............................................................................................399
4.5.2.
Aspects of the rural landscape
.................................................................400
4.5.3.
Land prices in Dilbat
...............................................................................403
4.6.
Nippur
..............................................................................................................405
4.6.1.
Introduction: the
Murašu
archive
............................................................405
4.6.2.
The evidence from the Nippur letter archive
...........................................414
4.6.3.
Sixth-century Nippur
...............................................................................414
4.6.4.
Nippur agriculture in the fifth-century texts apart from the
Murašu
archive
.........................................................................................................416
4.6.5.
Conclusion
...............................................................................................417
4.7.
Uruk
(Bojana Janković)
....................................................................................418
4.7.1.
Introduction
.............................................................................................418
4.7.2.
Estates of Eanna
......................................................................................419
4.7.3.
Plot sizes and productivity
.......................................................................429
4.7.4.
Private land
..............................................................................................433
4.7.5.
Conclusion
...............................................................................................435
4.8.
Conclusion (MJ)
...............................................................................................437
4.8.1.
Synopsis of the regional surveys
.............................................................437
4.8.2.
Prices and agrarian change
......................................................................443
4.8.2.1.
Barley prices
...................................................................................443
4.8.2.2.
Prices of products of intensive agriculture: sesame and dates
........451
4.8.2.3.
Prices of date gardens
.....................................................................457
4.8.2.4.
Synopsis and interpretation of the price data for agrarian
goods
.....................................................................................................462
xii
Detailed table of contents
5.
Silver, silver money and money-based exchange
..................................................469
5.1.
Introduction
......................................................................................................469
5.2.
Silver qualities
..................................................................................................474
5.3.
Interest rates
.....................................................................................................490
5.4.
Cash and kind in the institutional economy
......................................................500
5.4.1.
Introduction
.............................................................................................500
5.4.2.
Silver in the Nippur letter archive
...........................................................500
5.4.3.
Transactions in a temple archive from the eighth century
.......................506
5.4.4.
Sixth-century temple archives: typological breakdown of
transactions
........................................................................................................509
5.4.4.1.
Introduction
....................................................................................509
5.4.4.2.
The Ebabbar archive in the years
12-14
Nbn
..................................510
5.4.4.2.1.
Income
...................................................................................510
5.4.4.2.2.
Receipts for internal transactions:
35..................................514
5.4.4.2.3.
Expenditures
..........................................................................514
5.4.4.3.
The Eanna archive in the years
14-23
Nbk and
2-11
Nbn
(Kristin
Kleber).....................................................................................540
5.4.4.3.1.
Income
...................................................................................541
5.4.4.3.2.
Internal deliveries: finished products delivered by
Eanna s craftsmen and processed foodstuffs
...................................543
5.4.4.3.3.
Expenditures
..........................................................................549
5.4.4.4.
Summary of the typological analysis of Eanna and Ebabbar
texts (MJ)
...............................................................................................563
5.4.4.4.1.
Income
...................................................................................564
5.4.4.4.2.
Expenditure
............................................................................567
5.4.4.4.3.
A hypothetical balance sheet for Ebabbar for
14
Nbn
...........572
5.4.5.
Ebabbar s trade in dates
..........................................................................576
5.4.5.1.
Chronological and seasonal patterns
..............................................576
5.4.5.2.
The organisation of the sales
..........................................................578
5.4.5.3.
The scale and frequency of the transactions
...................................579
5.4.5.4.
The buyers
......................................................................................580
5.4.5.5.
Prices
..............................................................................................584
5.4.5.6.
Conclusion
......................................................................................591
5.4.5.7.
Appendix: date prices
.....................................................................592
5.4.6.
Eanna s trade in wool (Kristin
Kleber)....................................................595
5.4.6.1.
Income of wool
...............................................................................595
5.4.6.2.
Expenditures of wool other than sales
............................................595
5.4.6.3.
The sale of wool
.............................................................................596
5.4.6.3.1.
The sample
.............................................................................596
5.4.6.4.
The organisation of the sale of wool and its administrative
documentation
.......................................................................................597
5.4.6.5.
The price of wool
............................................................................603
5.4.6,5.1.
Summary of the price trends in
Uruk
.....................................605
5.4.6.6.
The scale and frequency of the transactions
...................................605
5.4.6.7.
Small-scale transactions: retail sales
..............................................607
5.4.6.8.
Commercial transactions: wholesales
.............................................607
5.4.6.8.1.
The lower commercial scale
..................................................608
5.4.6.8.2.
The intermediate commercial scale
.......................................
6Ò8
5.4.6.8.3.
The institutional scale
........................................................608
5.4.6.9.
The buyers
......................................................................................608
5.4.6.9.1.
Retail sales
.............................................................................609
5.4.6.9.2.
The commercial scale (lower and intermediate)
....................609
Detailed
table
of
contents
xiii
5.4.6.9.3.
The institutional-scale transactions
........................................612
5.4.6.10.
Wool as a means of payment
........................................................614
5.4.6.11.
Summary
......................................................................................615
5.4.6.12.
Appendix: wool prices in the later part of the sixth century
(MJ)
.......................................................................................................616
5.5.
Silver in the non-institutional sector of the economy
.......................................624
5.5.1.
Introduction
.............................................................................................624
5.5.2.
Typical contexts of money usage
............................................................625
5.5.3.
Silver: exclusively high-range money?
...................................................629
5.5.3.1.
Introduction
....................................................................................629
5.5.3.2.
Borsippean lists of silver payments from private archives
(Johannes Hackl)
...................................................................................633
5.5.3.2.1.
Formal Aspects
......................................................................633
5.5.3.2.2.
Archival context
....................................................................637
5.5.3.2.3.
Items purchased
.....................................................................637
5.5.3.2.4.
The quantitative range of the silver payments
.......................639
5.5.4.
Street markets, markets in the gate areas, shops (MJ)
.............................641
5.5.5.
Taxation and money
................................................................................645
5.5.5.1.
Introduction
....................................................................................645
5.5.5.2.
Indirect taxation: harbour taxes and related matters
.......................646
5.5.5.3.
Taxes in an urban context: service obligations and compensa¬
tory payments
........................................................................................647
5.5.5.3.1.
Introduction
...........................................................................647
5.5.5.3.2.
Service obligations, taxes and hired labour: case studies
......648
5.5.5.3.3.
Tax payments in kind in the private sector of the
economy
..........................................................................................654
5.5.5.3.4.
A seasonal pattern for tax payments in cash
..........................656
5.5.5.4.
Conclusion: taxation, labour obligations and the circulation of
money
....................................................................................................657
5.6.
Money and labour
............................................................................................660
5.6.1.
Introduction
.............................................................................................660
5.6.2.
Hired mass labour in the institutional economy
......................................661
5.6.3.
The cost of labour: rations vs. wages
....................................................669
5.6.3.1.
The remuneration of temple personnel in kind
-
and in silver
.......669
5.6.3.2.
Salaries (paid in kind), not rations
...............................................672
5.6.3.3.
The cost of hired labour in comparison with institutional
salaries
...................................................................................................673
5.6.4.
Money and labour in the city: on independent craftsmen and
hirelings
.......................................................................................................681
5.6.4.1.
Introduction
....................................................................................681
5.6.4.2.
Wages and wage earners in the temple archives
.............................683
5.6.4.3.
A dossier of wage-earning smiths in the Eanna archive
(Elizabeth E. Payne)
..............................................................................688
5.6.4.4.
Free hired labour in an urban context: private archives (MJ)
.........694
5.6.4.5.
Apprenticeship contracts (Johannes Hackl)
....................................700
5.6.4.5.1.
Introduction
...........................................................................700
5.6.4.5.2.
Textual evidence and archival context
...................................700
5.6.4.5.3.
Formal Aspects
......................................................................703
5.6.4.5.4.
Crafts and apprenticeships
.....................................................705
5.6.4.5.5. Gewalthaber ........................................................................709
5.6.4.5.6.
Apprentice
.............................................................................710
5.6.4.5.7.
Master
....................................................................................710
xiv
Detailed table of contents
5.6.4.5.8.
Remuneration and alimentation
.............................................711
5.6.4.5.9.
Insufficient training and contractual penalties
.......................712
5.6.5.
Conclusion (MJ)
......................................................................................726
5.7.
Money in agriculture
........................................................................................728
5.7.1.
Introduction
.............................................................................................728
5.7.2.
Agricultural rents and money
..................................................................731
5.8.
On price trends and money circulation
.............................................................734
5.8.1.
Introduction
.............................................................................................734
5.8.2.
The development of sheep prices
............................................................735
5.8.3.
The development of slave prices
.............................................................741
5.8.4.
Inflation in the second half of the sixth century
......................................745
6.
General conclusions and further questions
...........................................................754
6.1.
Summary of principal findings
.........................................................................754
6.1.1.
Economic geography
...............................................................................754
6.1.2.
Agriculture
..............................................................................................756
6.1.3.
On the private sector of the economy
......................................................762
6.1.4.
On the institutional economy
...................................................................768
6.1.5.
Modes of exchange and the role of silver money
....................................772
6.1.5.1.
Silver money
...................................................................................773
6.1.5.2.
The range of monetised exchange
..................................................775
6.1.5.3.
Money, prices and markets
.............................................................780
6.2.
Models
..............................................................................................................783
6.2.1.
The commercialisation model and the traditional model
.........................783
6.2.2.
Economic growth
-
the Hopkins model
..................................................800
6.2.3.
Long-term perspectives?
.........................................................................802
6.3.
Consumption and standards of living as an indication of economic
performance
.......................................................................................................804
6.3.1.
Defining the problem
...............................................................................804
6.3.2.
Prosperity levels in Babylonia in the second and first millennia
.............806
6.3.3.
Prosperity in cross-cultural comparison: wheat wages
............................811
7.
Bibliography
............................................................................................................817
Indices
..........................................................................................................................850
Generalindex
..........................................................................................................850
Texts
........................................................................................................................860
Akkadian words
......................................................................................................889
Personal names
........................................................................................................892
Toponyms and hydronyms
......................................................................................895
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Jursa, Michael 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124691161 |
| author_facet | Jursa, Michael 1966- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Jursa, Michael 1966- |
| author_variant | m j mj |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036757083 |
| classification_rvk | BC 7525 NF 8698 NG 2400 NG 4000 NK 8200 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)0963510 (OCoLC)700360413 (DE-599)DNB100768819X |
| discipline | Geschichte Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Babylonien (DE-588)4004102-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Babylonien |
| id | DE-604.BV036757083 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T14:41:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783868350418 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020674233 |
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| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-20 DE-188 DE-11 |
| physical | XVIII, 897 S. graph. Darst. 240 mm x 170 mm |
| psigel | gbd_4_1012 |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Ugarit-Verlag |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Alter Orient und Altes Testament Veröffentlichungen zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. |
| series2 | Alter Orient und Altes Testament Veröffentlichungen zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. |
| spellingShingle | Jursa, Michael 1966- Aspects of the economic history of Babylonia in the first millennium BC economic geography, economic mentalities, agriculture, the use of money and the problem of economic growth Alter Orient und Altes Testament Veröffentlichungen zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Wirtschaftsweise (DE-588)4252713-2 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4252713-2 (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4004102-5 |
| title | Aspects of the economic history of Babylonia in the first millennium BC economic geography, economic mentalities, agriculture, the use of money and the problem of economic growth |
| title_auth | Aspects of the economic history of Babylonia in the first millennium BC economic geography, economic mentalities, agriculture, the use of money and the problem of economic growth |
| title_exact_search | Aspects of the economic history of Babylonia in the first millennium BC economic geography, economic mentalities, agriculture, the use of money and the problem of economic growth |
| title_full | Aspects of the economic history of Babylonia in the first millennium BC economic geography, economic mentalities, agriculture, the use of money and the problem of economic growth Michael Jursa |
| title_fullStr | Aspects of the economic history of Babylonia in the first millennium BC economic geography, economic mentalities, agriculture, the use of money and the problem of economic growth Michael Jursa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aspects of the economic history of Babylonia in the first millennium BC economic geography, economic mentalities, agriculture, the use of money and the problem of economic growth Michael Jursa |
| title_short | Aspects of the economic history of Babylonia in the first millennium BC |
| title_sort | aspects of the economic history of babylonia in the first millennium bc economic geography economic mentalities agriculture the use of money and the problem of economic growth |
| title_sub | economic geography, economic mentalities, agriculture, the use of money and the problem of economic growth |
| topic | Wirtschaftsweise (DE-588)4252713-2 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsweise Wirtschaft Babylonien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020674233&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000006552 (DE-604)BV019779338 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jursamichael aspectsoftheeconomichistoryofbabyloniainthefirstmillenniumbceconomicgeographyeconomicmentalitiesagriculturetheuseofmoneyandtheproblemofeconomicgrowth |