Forme de habitat ale neoliticului final şi perioadei de tranziţie la Dunărea de Jos:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Rumänisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Târgovişte
Ed. Cetatea de Scaun
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Colecţia Arheologie
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020659473&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020659473&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Habitation structures during late Chalcolithicand Transition Period at the Lower Danube |
| Umfang: | 156 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789738966352 |
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| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Wohnplatz |0 (DE-588)4464165-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Siedlung |0 (DE-588)4054858-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Geschichte |A z |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020659473&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819248337274011648 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CUPRINS
Cuvânt înainte
/ 7
l.Introducere/Ç
1.1
.Tematică, scurt istoric, tendinţe actuale
/ 9
1.2.
Delimitare culturală, spaţială şi cronologică
/13
1.3.
Caracteristicile generale de mediu şi resursele
/ 14
2.
Studiu de caz: Cernavodă-Dea/w/ Sofia
şi împrejurimile acesteia
/17
3.
Structuri de locuire în eneoliticul târziu
/35
3.1.
Structuri de locuire în culturile
eneolitice
târzii locale
/35
3.2.
Structuri de locuire în culturile
eneolitice
târzii
alogene: Cultura Cernavodă
1/58
4.Structuri de locuire în perioada de tranziţie
/ 85
4.1
.Fenomenul Cernavodă III
-
Boleráz
la Dunărea de Jos
/ 85
4.2.Cultura Cernavodă
II
/ 97
S.Concluzii/
103
Abstract/
107
List of
illustration
/121
Abrevieri/
125
Bibliografie/
129
Habitation Structures
During
Late
Chalcolithicand
Transition Period
at the Lower Danube
Abstract
This book focuses on the dwellings from the final Chalcolithic and
Transition Periods at the Lower Danube. The purpose is to intercept the changes
that appear at the end of the Chalcolithic and the features of the living space during
the next period. In order to achieve this we analyzed a small number of
representative settlements, belonging to the
Cernavodă
I, III and II civilizations.
Taking advantage of our previous geodesic training, we tried to combine
the archaeological information with that from the field of terrestrial measurements
(topography, cartography and photogrammetry). On the basis of information taken
from previous archaeological research
(Cernavodă, Hârşova, Râmnicelu),
as well
as from reopening old excavations
(Tăuşanca, Radovanu-Gorgana întâia,
Căscioarele-Os/rove/, Mironeşti-Mj/w/ Roşu
and others), we created
3D
models of
the settlements areas. This is indispensable for establishing some pertinent
proposals for reconstruction.
We recognize some shortcomings in our enterprise which we hope to
eliminate in the future, both in our analyses of the topography of the Thracian
settlements and in the methodology we used, are initially at an experimental level.
The realization of more geodetic,
photogram
metric and geophysical studies
focused on micro-regions and their ultimate correlation with the archaeological
information will lead to the creation of more examples and case studies that will
test our present working hypothesis.
1.
Introduction
1.1.
Theme, short history, presents day tendencies
The first sciences that cooperated with the archaeology from the beginning
were those that concerned terrestrial measurements (Morintz A/Schuster
2004, 7-8;
Florescu
2007, 8).
The investigation of some archaeological features required
precise positioning in a broader landscape. In order to achieve this, the elaboration
of plans and topographic maps at various scales was necessary.
The technical evolution from recent decades led to the introduction of new
methods and techniques for collect, storage, and working on the data. Their use in
archaeological research has the aims of accelerating and perfecting the methods for
data registering and even offering new perspectives (Eiteljorg
2007).
We are
focusing here on the
3D
models, the applications of the photogrammetry, the
geophysical studies, and their integration together with the archaeological
information in a GIS system.
The most important advantage of the
3D
model for an archaeological site is
that this can become the basis for a graphical data base of the excavation. It can be
permanently filled in with new information. The
3D
models open the way to the
concepts of virtual archaeology (Reilly
1990;
Forte
1997)
and metamuseum
(Kesavadas
et al
2006).
The applications of photogrammetry
(Zăvoianu
2000)
in archaeology have
given very good results (Gerster
2005).
The principles of the archaeological aerial
photography (Wilson
1982;
Riley
1987;
Piccarreta
1987)
consist in the
identification of the buried vestiges on the basis of the various colors of the soil
{soilmarks) or of the vegetation {cropmarks). The photos can be taken from the
ground, from the balloon
(Walker/De Vore
1995,
Piccarreta/Ceraudo
2000, 73-79,
fig.
82-90),
airplane
(Walker/De Vore
1995, 23-84)
or satellite (Bousman
2006;
Ur
2006).
The identification of the archaeological features through the use of
geophysical (Aitken
1974;
Scollar
1990;
Gaffeny/Gater
2003)
and
geoarchaeological methods (Rapp/Gifford
1985;
Brown
1997)
is an increasingly
used technique. The results, usually spectacular, allow the precise determination of
the areas to be excavated.
GIS
(Geographical Information System) is a relatively new concept in the
scientific world. Its complex character caused it to be named in various ways
(Dueker
1979, 106;
Burrough
1986, 6;
Clarke
1999, 17).
By making a synthesis, a
geographical information system assures the collect, integration, utilization,
analysis and presentation of data and information concerning entities located on the
surface of the Earth (McDonnell/Kemp
1995, 43).
The advantages of
GIS
led to its
adaptation for the specific needs of different fields of research. A specific
methodology was created for archaeology also (Allen/Green/Zubrow
1990;
Wheatley/Gillings
2002;
Coolly/Lake
2006).
The application in archaeological research of the above mentioned
methods present indubitable advantages. Beyond the fact that all of them are non-
invasive methods, they enhance very well the archaeological information. Other
useful information for the study of prehistoric habitat can be obtained by
experimental archaeology, as well as ethnographic comparison. Although the last
one mentioned is often regarded with skepticism (considering the comparison of
two non-contemporary situations dangerous), the utility of this type of enterprise is
obvious for the study of habitable structures. These structures may be the most
preserved elements of material culture, old elements found in the traditional
architecture. Some of the researchers
(Suliţeanu
1988;
Paul 1989a; 1989b;
1995,
108
114-128;
Comşa
1996;
Belcin-Pleşca
2002)
saw, in spite of population changes
along the prehistoric period, a series of elements that were preserved from the
Neolithic up to the present moment
(László
1988;
Lazarovici/Lazarovici
2003;
Lazarovici/Mantu
2005).
The miniature representations of buildings also offer many clues as to the
real constructions. No matter what the significance
-
usually a subjective one
-
which we may give to them
(Hansen 2001a, 37;
2001b,
109;
Gallis
1985)
these
pieces, together with the miniature furniture
(Comşa
1980)
contribute to the
understanding of the construction techniques: ways, materials, tools (Morintz
1959,
17;
Morintz A
2002, 93; 2004, 77).
Another possible resource for the research of the prehistoric habitat could
be a series of stone representations, considered by some specialists as prehistoric
maps or plans (Rogozea
1995, 196-197).
1.2.
Cultural, spatial and chronological limits
The cultures whose inhabiting structures we will analyze are
Cernavodă
I,
III and II. In order to distinguish better the changes that took place compared to the
previous period, the general characteristics of the anterior habitations
(Gumelniţa
and Cucuteni) will be presented succinctly. Then, the accent will be put on the last
stage of evolution of these two civilizations (Cucuteni
В
and
Gumelniţa
A2).
The study of the archaeological remains that, later on, would be attributed
to the
Cernavodă
I, III and II, were initiated at the beginning of the XXth century by
С
Schuchhardt
(1924),
I. Nestor
(1937; 1940; 1950).
The definition of their
content and features was done by S. Morintz and P. Roman (1968a; 1968b,
1969,
1970, 1973).
The study of general characteristics and problems related to the end of
the Chalcolithic and to the period of transition to the Bronze Age was continued
and extended by P. Roman
(1970; 1973; 1974; 1975;
1976a; 1976b;
1978;
1981a;
1981b;
1982; 1992;
2001a; 2001b; 2001c). Some other studies and volumes
dedicated to the
Cernavodă
I
(Haşotti
1997, 119-158;
Parzinger
1998, 123-134;
Manzura
1999, 95-174;
Morintz A 2001a; 2001b),
Cernavodă
III (SympBaden
1973;
Cernavodă
III-Boleráz
2001)
and
Cernavodă
II
(Berciu/Morintz/Roman
1973)
were published up to the present time.
The geographic space for which we intend to analyze the habitation
structures belonging to the
Cernavodă
I, III and II cultures comprises Dobroudja,
Southern Moldavia, Romanian Plain and the hill zone south of the Southern and the
Curvature Carpathians.
In absolute chronology, the phenomena analyzed by us are placed between
the end of the Vth and the beginning of the IIIrd millennium
ВС.
1.3.
The general environmental features and the resources
The Black Sea and the Danube (limited at its lower course) influenced in
large measure human habitation during the period and inside the geographic area
that we studied.
109
Concerning the Black Sea, earlier
(Banu
1964;
Cârciumaru
1982;
Botzan
1984, 334)
and more recent studies (Ryan/Pitman
2000;
Panin
2001, 28-31;
Dimitrov P/Dimitrov D
2004)
tried to determine its evolution in time, with more
regression and progression episodes being identified
(Banu
1964, 247).
A new
hypothesis has been advanced recently (Ryan/Pitman
2000).
According to this
hypothesis, approximately
15,000
years ago, the warming of the climate and the
melting of the icebergs led to a rise of the Black Sea level high enough that its
waters would pass over the straits. Approximately
12,000
ago, the water coming
from the melting of the icebergs was directed to Western Europe through the
Mediterranean Sea. The lack of water supply led, approximately
9,000
years ago,
to a decrease of the Black Sea level under the level of the straits and to its
transformation into a lake. At the same time, the Mediterranean Sea level increased
permanently, and
7,500
years ago reached the straits level when a discharge from
west to east over the straits took place
(Dimitrov P/Dimitrov
D
2004, 26).
It is
estimated that the Black Sea level grew several centimeters per day. The dramatic
changes that took place in the environmental conditions caused the exodus of the
people from the areas invaded by waters (Ryan/Pitman
2000, 1-6).
The settlements
from the submerged zones were abandoned. This would explain the almost
simultaneous appearance of civilizations such as
Vinca, Hamangia
(Dimitrov
P/Dimitrov
D
2004,
fíg.
17)
and Linear Pottery in wider areas of Europe.
Concerning the configuration of the Danube in prehistory, the hypothesis
of the existence of a branch that would have crossed Carasu Valley was advanced
(Capitami
M. D. Ionescu
1904, 242-244;
Iorga
1930, 11).
This theory was based on
Ovidius
reference according to which the city of
Tomis
was situated at the mouth
of the
Istru
River. The hypothesis was rebutted by
Constantin
C. Giurescu,
using
the argument that Carasu Valley presents a different inclination, from East to West
(Giurescu
1932, 27; 1964, 17-18),
which does not assure a gravitational flow. What
is sure, though, is that Carasu contained a navigable river up to
1862
(Muşat
1932,
1;
Panait/Ştefanescu
1984).
A strip of low land, the Danube s alluvial plain, with a maximum
10
km
width, stretches along the left bank of the river
(Coteţ
1976, 15).
Then it follows a
plains area, the Romanian Plain
(Posea
1976).
Its width grows progressively from
west to east. The median altitude is
100
m, and grows toward the north reaching
300
m
at the contact point with the
Getic
Piedmont and the Sub Carpathians
(Ghinea
1996, 329).
The entire area, which climbs in steps from south to north, is
crossed in an approximately NW-SE direction by many rivers that flow into the
Danube. The most important ones are
Jiu, Olt, Vedea, Argeş, Ialomiţa, Călmăţui,
and Şiret.
In time, their beds changed their routes significantly, especially on the
inferior course (Tufescu
2001, 17).
In the past, the area described above was covered in woods. The aquatic
vegetation from the Danube area continued, with forests in the plain and hill zones.
Their presence is attested both archaeologically (the discovery in the excavated
area of forest soils) and linguistically (the maintenance of toponyms such as
Dâmbovnic, Dâmboviţa, Teleorman
etc.)
ПО
The rich
hydrographie web
corroborated by with the forest environment,
inexhaustible sources of materials, and food resources, created all the premises for
the human habitation in the area: on the sand cordons from the Danube Meadow,
protected from the annual overflows, and on the terraces of its effluent, in protected
areas. At the same time, the forest assured protection, preventing the observation of
settlements from the distance.
2.
Case study:
Cernavodă
-
Dealul
Sofia (Sofia Hill) area
and the surroundings
We opted for the separate presentation of the settlements investigated at
Cernavodă,
on the Sofia Hill and in the surrounding areas for more that one reason.
First, the research at this site contributed greatly to the definition of the
transition period from the Chalcolithic to the Bronze Age. The possibility of
investigating in this area four settlements, different from one another both
chronologically and culturally, correlated then with similar discoveries from other
sites, allowed us to establish the
post-Gumelniţa
cultural evolution:
Cernavodă
I,
III and II (Morintz/Roman 1968a; 1968b;
1969; 1973).
Second, we consider that the unitary and not sequential (based on cultural
manifestation) presentation of all the prehistoric settlements from the
Cernavodă
-
Dealul
Soßa/Sofia Hill
area better serves the subject of our study. This way,
beyond the analysis of each settlement, we will try to find out how and why the
prehistoric communities preferred certain parts of the Sofia Hill and its
surroundings.
The
Cernavodă
area suffered substantial changes starting with the second
half of the XIXth century: the
Cernavodă-Constanţa
railroad
(1860),
the bridge over
the Danube
(1895),
the Danube-Black Sea Channel (date?). We tried to reconstruct
the topographic situation of the area from a moment anterior to the great
construction projects, and for that we used maps and military plans from the end of
the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth century. We also added geographic,
geologic and climatic data mentioned for the end of the XIXth century
(Dănescu
1897, 142-145).
In the fig.
1
it can be noticed how the Danube crossed from south-west to
north-east an area with a very different topographic configuration. The left bank
was low (approximately
10
m
alt.), subjected to the annual overflows, while the
right bank reached heights of up to
100
m
and was crossed by numerous valleys.
Sofia Hill, the highest relief form of the area, is situated north of the
junction of the Danube with the Carasu River. This represents, in fact, the terminal
point of a prolonged ridge oriented north-west
-
south-east. Working on the
topographic plan presented in the
fíg.
1,
we made a
3D
model of the area (fig.
2).
The dominant position of the Sofia Hill is shown, this way, even more clearly. The
visibility towards the west and north-west and the control over the Carasu Valley
make Sofia Hill a strategic place, good for the establishment of a settlement.
The modern human interventions affected greatly the Sofia Hill area (fig.
3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9
and
10).
Combining in the fig.
6
all the information, one can notice
111
that in
1910
(fíg. 6/a)
the terrain had three ravines in the north-western part. In
1917
(fig. 6/b) two of them are no longer there. In
1953
(fig. 6/c) the third one
disappears also, the area immediately south of it looking like a beak directed
towards the Danube. At the same time, the height of the site decreased. In
comparison with
1910
situation, the hill is more flattened in
1917,
and this
tendency is accentuated in
1953.
In the fig.
11
we present the
3D
model of the
Cernavodă
area
-
Dealul
Sofia (Sofia Hill), with the investigated points and the cultural attribution of the
discoveries. The
Gumelniţa
tell is situated in a depression area (Schuchhardt
1924,
fig.
1-3).
Cernavodă
I culture was documented by the settlement from sector a,
situated on the western slopes, towards the Danube, of the Sofia Hill, destroyed
almost completely by the archaeological investigation (Morintz S/Roman 1968a,
47).
The settlement from sector b, situated north of the Sofia Hill
[...]
near the
Gumelniţa
tell was attributed to the
Cernavodă
II culture (Morintz S/Roman
1968a,
106).
The
с
and
d
sectors from the Sofia
НИГ
belong to
Cernavodă
III
culture that occupies a surface of several hectares (Morintz S/Roman 1968a,
92).
The importance of the
Cernavodă
I settlement from Sofia Hill is due also to
the fact that it is the earliest one (Roman 1981a,
27).
The preserved surface (fig.
12, 13, 14
and
15)
of the settlement at the moment of the research didn t exceed
500
m2. Comparing the present day situation with the possibilities offered by the
fortified area, it is assumed that the settlement was much larger (information P.
Roman). The fortification system (fig.
14, 15
and
16)
was remade three times
(Roman 2001b; 2001c).
The investigations made in the
с
and
d
sectors brought to light a durable
Cernavodă
HI settlement, which occupied the entire high area of the Sofia Hill. The
cultural stratum reached a thickness of
2
m
(Berciu/Morintz/Roman
1959, 101),
and it was composed of
5
habitation layers (Morintz/Roman
1968, 92).
The degree
of destruction of the site by the investigation prevented the establishment of the
settlement s size. It was, however, considered of large size, which caused P.
Roman to consider it an important settlement, probably the residence
o f
a tribal
centre (Roman
1981, 32).
Fortifications were not discovered, the settlement being
naturally defended.
The investigations from sector
b
led to the identification of a settlement
attributed, later, to the
Cernavodă
II culture. Different from the other two
settlements described before, this one is not located on the Sofia Hill, but in a
depression area to the north, near the
Gumelniţa
tell. A thick cultural stratum with
two habitation layers was identified (Berciu/Morintz/Roman
1973, 374).
In this
case also the high degree of destruction of the site prevented the determination of
the settlement s size.
Several conclusions concerning the four settlements from the Sofia Hill can
be outlined from the data presented above.
A first sequence relates to the
Gumelniţa
habitation, in which we are
dealing with a tell settlement located on the low terrace of the Danube. I. Nestor s
assertion a simple fishermen s post (Nestor
1937,14),
seems plausible.
112
The founding of the
Cernavodă
I settlement took place in a probably more
stressed moment. Because of this, the bearers of this culture exploited to the
maximum the strategic position of the Sofia Hill. They inhabited and fortified the
western part of the hill.
The maximum amplitude of the habitation on the Sofia Hill was reached
during the
Cernavodă
III period. The settlement belonging to this culture stretched
over the entire plateau. It is also possible that during this period the number of
inhabitants was much larger.
Finally, at the
Cernavodă
II level, the habitation withdrew north of the
Sofia Hill, into a depression area.
There are enough arguments to consider the
Cernavodă
I and III
settlements from the Sofia Hill as centers of local power. The presence of the
fortification system for the first one, the large size of the second one, as well as the
long duration of both of them, cause us to believe that they played an important
role in the politics of the time.
Referring to the Gumelnita and
Cernavodă
II, we think that they did not
aspire to supremacy in the area. Although in both cases the habitations lasted for
a long time, the position they chose suggests more a tendency towards hiding
behind the Sofia Hill.
3.
Habitation structures in Late Chalcolithic
3.1.
Habitation structures in Late Chalcolithic local cultures
This subchapter highlights succinctly the features of the habitations
superimposed by the
Cernavodă
I culture. The accent is put mainly on the final
periods of habitation in the Gumelnita and Cucuteni areas, trying to identify the
causes that generated changes: infiltration of populations or internal reorganization
on the basis of some climatic modifications.
The information concerning Gumelnita habitation structures are numerous.
The typical Gumelnita settlement is characterized by a long life, evidenced by
the thickness of the cultural stratum that reached
5-6
m
(Morintz
1962, 273).
S.
Morintz identified (fig.
17)
three types of settlements: on the main hill, on
difficultly accessible heights and on the river plains
(1962,274).
On the basis of the analysis of more settlements we created
3D
models for
each type, both schematically, with highlighting of the definitive features (fig.
18),
and artistically, by adding scenery (fig.
19).
The three types identified by S. Morintz, with many variants and
adaptations to the concrete conditions of the area (fig.
20-33),
attest a perfect
correlation between the environmental conditions and the main means for obtaining
the food.
Many settlements were deserted starting with the A2 phase of the
Gumelnita culture. This phenomenon is simultaneous with the appearance of new
settlements especially in the hilly areas. In
Călmăţui
area, for example, the
113
Gumelniţa
habitation
stops at the level of A2 phase, being replaced by the
Cernavodă
I communities
(Pandrea/Sîrbu/Mirea
1997, 33, 35).
An evident gap was
noticed between the two habitation layers. The new habitations were temporary,
attested exclusively by pottery.
Of great importance for the understanding of the formation and penetration
to the west of the
Cernavodă
I communities, are the results of the investigations
done in the north-west of Dobroudja, at Carcaliu, Tulcea County
(Haşotti/Lăzurcă
1989, 47;
Lăzurcă
1984, 23-29; 1991, 13-19).
The foreign elements that gave birth
later to the
Cernavodă
I culture, coexisted for a while with the local
Gumelniţa
elements at this site.
Simultaneously with the penetration of the
Cernavodă
I communities, new
Gumelniţa
settlements were founded in areas more isolated from the western part
of
Muntenia,
such as those from
Geangoeşti, (Ialomiţa
County), Teiu and
Ziduri
(Argeş
County). The fact, noted by P. Roman, that the pottery material identified in
the area of Bucharest presented clear similarities with that from the
Brăila
area,
suggests that it might be a retreated population in the face of the invasion of the
new-comers. The topographic configuration of the area of the new settlements was
not randomly chosen. In case of danger, the inhabitants could quickly retreat to the
high neighboring terraces.
The material culture of the
Gumelniţa
populations chased away toward
the hill area of Central and Western
Muntenia
(Roman
1982, 41)
suffered
significant changes. These were due on one hand to the contacts with the eastern
pastoral populations (Tudor
1984, 188)
and on the other hand to the breaking of
contact with the southern world because of the interposition of the Danube course
on the
Cernavodă
I communities (Roman 1981a,
26).
The passage from the plains
habitation to the hills imposed changes in the main occupations. The ratio of plant
cultivation diminished in favor of animal breeding. This was reflected upon the
habitation practices: the large and durable settlements were replaced by scattered
posts, with less durable, roughly made houses.
The evident cultural retreat from all points of view was archaeologically
documented and named
Brăteşti
aspect (Tudor
1977; 1984).
The settlements
corresponding to this cultural aspect were small villages with a reduced number of
rough surface houses. The degeneration of the
Gumelniţa
architecture , noticed
even at the level of the A2 phase, was accentuated dramatically at this point as it
also happened with all the aspects of the material culture (Roman 1981a,
26).
For the Cucuteni (fig.
34)
culture also, the research done for more than a
century led to the accumulation of a considerable volume of data. The Cucuteni
settlements were classified according to the following criteria: size, intensity of
habitation (fig.
35, 38-44),
the patterning of the houses (fig.
36)
etc. The standard
houses had a log sub-structure. In many cases, the reconstruction of floored houses
(fig.
37)
was realized almost exclusively on the basis of the miniatures, without
satisfactory archaeological evidence (Videiko 2002a; 2002b). The research done in
the Sub Carpathian area of Moldavia showed that the Cucuteni houses from this
zone had no more than one floor
(Cucoş 1989a,
55).
114
A series of changes appear, characterized by a general and profound
technical step back starting with the
А
-B
and then
В
phases of the Cucuteni
culture.
Two main viewpoints were formulated concerning the causes of these
changes. The first theory considered the Gorodsk-Usatovo culture as it integrated
part of the Cucuteni-Tripolye complex and as an expression of complex internal
changes that finally led to collapse (Passek
1949, 157).
The second theory
considered that the changes were due to the penetration from the east of nomad
foreign populations (Gimbutas
1970; 1994; 1997),
with a different life style
(Dumitrescu
et al
1954, 537;
Dumitrescu 1963b,
296),
which gave birth at a later
moment to the
Horodiştea-Erbiceni
culture (Roman 1981a,
37-38).
The dislocation
of these populations that affected profoundly the Cucuteni-Tripolye habitat, was
the consequence of a drying of the climate (Dolukhanov
2002, 14;
Burtănescu
2002, 82),
which led to the increase of animal breeding over plant cultivation.
Starting with phase
В
of the Cucuteni culture the changes mentioned above
were manifested at the level of habitation structures. The houses, conditioned by
the new economic realities, were more rudimentary and of shorter duration
(Cucoş
1989a,
54).
The log sub-structure was not used anymore. The dismantling or
complete lack of the anterior fortification was also noted
(Cucoş
1982, 253).
During the next period,
Horodiştea-Erbiceni
culture, the degradation of the
inhabiting structures was accentuated. The majority of the settlements have thin
layers that contain mostly pottery (Dumitroaia
2000, 51-52).
The few houses
identified were small size huts (Dumitrescu
H
1945;
Dinu
1978;
Alaiba/Grădinaru
1995, 64-66).
The settlement from
Horodiştea
was the only fortified one
discovered so far
(Dinu
1978, 51-52).
3.2.
Habitation structures in Late Chalcolithic halogen cultures:
Cernavodă
I culture
The spreading area of the
Cernavodă
I culture includes Dobrudja, Eastern
Muntenia
and North-Eastern Bulgaria (Morintz/Roman 1968a, fig.
1).
The
preference for high places near rivers (Danube and its tributaries) is noticed.
Most of the
Cernavodă
I habitations included in our study overlaid local
Late Chalcolithic settlements (fig.
44-52).
In the northern part of the spreading area
they overlaid Cucuteni settlements, while in Dobrudja and
Muntenia
they overlaid
Gumelniţa
A2 habitation layers.
It was noted though that the newcomers chose also areas that had not been
previously inhabited. These were high terraces as at
Olteniţa
-
Renie
I and
Tăuşanca
(fig.
53-58).
This way, around the town of
Olteniţa,
the
Cernavodă
I
habitation was composed both of new settlements (as the two mentioned above)
and anterior
Gumelniţa
ones: Chirnogi
-
Florea
Baltag, Căscioarele
-
Ostrovel and
Radovanu
-
Gorgona
întâia
(fíg.
59-61).
The gradual advance westward is confirmed by the settlement from
Mironeşti
-
Malu
Roşu.(f g.
62, 63).
An anterior settlement of
Brăteşti
type was
documented at this site (information P. Roman and
С
Schuster). We can conclude
115
that the
Cernavodă
I habitation is posterior. It occurred after the transformation
process of the
Gumelniţa
A2 phase in the
Brăteşti
aspect. The extending of the
Cernavodă
I culture towards the west is documented by pottery fragments
discovered at
Vădastra
(Morintz/Roman 1968a,
74)
and
Ostrovul Corbului
(information P. Roman).
We identified three types of settlement for the
Cernavodă
I culture by
analyzing the extant information and by making new field research: a) settlements
situated on high terraces, fortified or not; b) insular settlements, on sand cordons;
c) settlements on river valleys or lake banks.
Those from the first category seem to be long-term settlements, centers
or tribal residences . Their location on the high bank of the Danube and of the
Argeş
River, in places with very good visibility, could give them some military ,
strategic advantage. Of the type a settlements, we mention as representatives
those from
Cernavodă
-
Sofia Hill sector
a, Râmnicelu, Chirnogi, Tăuşanca
(fig)
and
Radovanu
-
Gorgana
întâia.
Those from the second and third categories suggest a correlation with
seasonal economic activities. Some of the b type settlements, but mostly those
belonging to type c seem to be temporary camps (due to the thin layer of
habitation and scarce archaeological materials and complexes), usually inhabited
for only one season. Representative settlements for the b type are those from
Grădiştea Ulmilor
and
Căscioarele
-
Ostrovel. From the V type we list the
settlements around the Oltina Lake and from Sultana
-
Valea Orbului
(fig.
64-66).
4.
Habitation structures from the transition period to the
Bronze Age
4.1.
The
Cernavodă
III
-
Boleráz
phenomenon at the Lower Danube
During the
Cernavodă
III habitation a series of serious changes was noted
in comparison to the previous period. First of all, the area of spreading grew
considerably. The
Cernavodă
III-Boleráz
habitat spread along the Danube, from the
Black Sea to Southern Germany (Roman 2001a,
13
and fig.
1).
Secondly, we note a
tendency of expanding the habitat on both banks of the Danube. The settlements
situated on the banks of the
Ialomiţa, Argeş, Olt,
and
Jiu
Rivers grew in number.
Significant changes were noticed in relation to the intensity and duration of
habitation. The number of large and durable settlements decreased in favor of those
suggesting short residence, usually identified exclusively by the pottery material.
The lack or the dismantling of the fortification systems was also noticed.
The expanding of the habitat led, in time, due to contact with other
populations, to the appearance of regional variants such as
Celei
aspect,
documented near the eponymous locality and at
Siliştioara,
both in the area of the
Corabia
city.
116
For the
Cernavodă
III culture two types of habitations could be
distinguished: a) large, durable, unfortified settlements (Morintz/Roman 1968b,
557)
and b) sporadic habitations.
Type a is documented by the settlements from
Cernavodă
-
Sofia Hill,
sectors
с
and d,
Dobroteşti
-
Lacul
lui
Drůcman
[Dracman s
Lake],
Şimnicu
de Jos
-
Staţiunea Experimentală [Experimental
Station]
and Mironeşti
-
Malu
Roşu
(fig.
67).
Type b includes low intensity habitation which either overlaid previous
settlements, or simple stopovers on lakes or river banks (fig.
68).
Exceeding the spatial limits of our study, we mention
Cernavodă
III-
Boleráz
discoveries from Western Romania, from the present-day territory of
Bulgaria (fig.
69),
from the ex-Yugoslavia space (fig.
70-72),
Hungary, Czech
Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Germany and Switzerland (SympBaden,
Cernavodă
III-Boleráz).
4.2.
Cernavodă
Π
culture
The information on the habitation structures of the
Cernavodă
II culture is
very scarce, preventing identification of clear types of settlements and houses. This
habitat is much smaller compared to the previously analyzed cultures, limited to
Dobroudja and Eastern
Muntenia.
It is possible that the southern limit of the habitat
went much further into South-Eastern Bulgaria (information P. Roman).
In the case of the
Cernavodă
II culture also, the most detailed information
comes from the Sofia Hill area, sector b. From the list of investigated settlements
we mention those from
Glina
(Nestor
1932;
Petrescu-Dâmboviţa
1944),
Căţelu
Nou
(fig.
73, 74) (Leahu 1963; 1965),
as well as the one from
Mironeşti
-
Malu
Roşu
[Red Bank] (fig.
75, 76).
The
Cernavodă
II population advanced towards the south, crossing the
Danube, differently from the
Cernavodă
I and especially III populations, which
extended their habitation, also advancing towards the west along the river. A
number of settlements were investigated in Eastern Bulgaria (Roman 1976a,
167
and fig.
13;
1981a,
40),
an area of semi-arid steppe, excepting the Black Sea shore
(Todorova
2003, 257).
A settlement with
Cernavodă
И
materials was identified
south of the Danube, east of
Olteniţa,
between Turtucaia (Tutrakan) and Silistra.
Typical pottery fragments (Roman 1981a,
40)
come from more settlements situated
on the banks of Varna Lake:
Strašimirovo
I and II,
Kolárov
and
Ezerovo (Tončeva
1973,
fig.
1; 1981,
fig.
1).
The identification of some wetland habitations in the
area of Varna Lake (Roman 1981a,
40)
highlights the large degree of adaptability
to the environmental conditions.
5.
Conclusions
It is difficult to propose a schema concerning the phenomena that took
place at the
Gumelniţa
A2 and Cucuteni
В
level based on the information that we
have at the present moment. The data, many of them discontinuous and usually
117
unclear, prevent us from formulating anything else but working hypotheses which,
in the future, might be confirmed by new investigations.
Towards the end of the
Gumelniţa
and Cucuteni cultures, eastern
populations
(Cernavodă
I) pass east and south of the Carpathians. If for the
Cucuteni habitat we can speak of a contemporaneous and, implicitly, a cohabitation
period between local and foreign elements, this did not obtain for the
Gumelniţa
habitat.
The fact that the
Gumelniţa
settlements from the area of
Brăila
town had
been abandoned at a previous time, as well as the fact that similar materials were
discovered in areas situated south and west, suggest a possible exodus before the
arrival of the newcomers. An argument in favour of this hypothesis is represented
by the settlements from
Geangoeşti (Ialomiţa
County), Teiu and
Ziduri (Argeş
County).
The
Gumelniţa
population survived for a while by retreat into more secure
areas, especially in the forested hill zones from the north and north-west of
Muntenia.
The breaking of the connection with the land south of the Danube, due
to the interposition of the
Cernavodă
tribes along the banks, led to an autarchic
evolution that gave birth to the
Brăteşti
aspect, today still relatively little known
and clearly different in all its components.
On the other hand, the
Cernavodă
I population occupied the space
previously inhabited by the
Gumelniţa
population especially the high terraces of
the Danube River.
The large, lasting and usually fortified settlements suggest two hypotheses.
According to the first one, we are dealing with a sedentary population, dislocated
in its turn within a wider process in which the effect becomes the cause for another
effect. The second hypothesis states that the newcomers became sedentary due to a
process of acculturation. Inside this process the population with an inferior stage of
development takes, imitates and adopts new ways of living. We consider that the
first hypothesis is more plausible. An argument in its favor is the situation attested
in the settlement investigated at Carcaliu.
Either way, an important step back occurred. This is evident at the level of
the habitation structures. The habitat of the
Gumelniţa
and Cucuteni culture, that
knew a special flourishing (considered by many specialists as real rivals for the
civilizations of the Orient), was replaced by another fundamentally different one.
Although some of the
Cernavodă
I settlements had large dimensions and were
fitted with fortification systems, they never equaled the previous modalities of
organization and furnishing of the inhabited space.
Cernavodă
III populations (probably related to the
Cernavodă
I ones)
appeared after that. The new changes in the habitation structure consisted both in
the increased number of short-term settlements and in the extension of the habitat
beyond the Danube s corridor in the forested areas situated on the valleys of its
tributaries. Probably this new wave of population was numerically much bigger
and, in any case, more dynamic, extending the inhabited area to the Middle
Danube.
118
The relations between the local, or those becoming local, populations and
those of the
Cernavodă
III culture seem to have been more stressed than the
previous ones with
Cernavodă
I culture. Many
Sălcuţa
tells from western
Munteniei
and
Oltenia
ceased to exist in this context. The small number of
Cernavodă
III sites with specific pottery which overlaid the last habitation layer
suggests the consummation of some conflicts, ending with the victory of the
newcomers. They can be attributed to the attraction exerted on the newcomers by
the local centers of superior civilization. The research at
Drăgăneşti-Olt Corboaica
suggests a plundering raid , followed by a short stay in the immediate vicinity of
the defeated and burned down citadel .
It is not impossible that some of the mentioned factors influenced the
amplitude of the diffusion of the
Cernavodă
III phenomenon. The breaking through
of new human groups, their mingling with the already localized
Cernavodă
I
people, the necessity of a hinterland adapted to the economy based on animal
breeding and demographic growth imposed an increase in the communities
mobility.
The large groups, possessors of large settlements, were replaced by smaller
(blood related?) communities which, in their turn, migrated towards the interior of
Muntenia, Oltenia
up to
Banat
and western Transylvania and even farther in search
of pastures for animals. On their way, most probably during the winter seasons,
they created small settlements (camps). These camps are found with difficulty by
archaeological means because they had a small size and lacked fortifications and
solid constructions.
Finally, a new breakthrough, documented archaeologically under the name
of
Cernavodă
II culture, accentuated even more the instability of the habitation.
The exceptions to this are the settlements from
Cernavodă,
near Sofia Hill, and
those south of the Danube, located around the Varna Lake.
Often, some pottery fragments constitute the only testimony to the
presence of this culture. P. Roman noted that these communities, profoundly
different from the
Cernavodă
I and III ones, entered from the north (coming from
the present day Poland most probably), crossed Moldavia, Dobroudja and eastern
Muntenia
and continued toward the south, being documented in the Bulgarian
territory.
As it could be noticed, our study wanted to touch a prehistoric period,
drawing attention to the habitation structures. The lack of a background constituted
a serious handicap. The choice of the period of transition from the Chalcolithic to
the Bronze Age as a case study was a serious provocation because of the small
volume
ofinformation,
practically infinitesimal compared to the anterior period.
The archaeological documentation was completed, whenever possible,
with data and information from other fields of research. Given our prior experience
in the geodesic sciences, the accent was put on cartographic and topographic
studies. These aimed in two directions: to work on the already existing
archaeological documentation and to make new studies. In the first category, we
focused our analyses especially on the
Cernavodă
-
Sofia Hill site (now destroyed
119
almost
completely). The data gathered at the moment of the research (plans,
sketches, descriptions), combined with military geodetic plans, allowed us to
highlight the topographical dynamics of the micro-region. Precious information
given to us by Prof.
Petre
Roman added to the above mentioned sources.
For several other sites, such as those from
Tăuşanca,
Radovanu
-
Gorgana
întâia, Căscioarele
-
Ostrovel and
Mironeşti
-
Malu
Roşu,
geodetic measurements
were taken and then used to elaborate
3D
models. Such an analysis allowed the
identification of the fortification system at
Tăuşanca.
A series of gaps in our study are due to some objective and subjective
causes. The lack of detailed and reliable data for all the sites subjected to analysis
led to incomplete presentations of some archaeological situations. The addition of
new data by personal field research (new geodetic measurements, even reopening
of old excavation sites) was restricted to a limited number of sites. Their extension
remains a project for the near future.
We consider, however, that we managed to use successfully (even if
partially) means that are less employed in Romanian archaeology. Their aim is to
offer a different perspective, destined to give new contours to the image that we
have about prehistoric life.
Of course, the research has just begun. In order to obtain as precise as
possible reconstructions for the mentioned settlements, complex, interdisciplinary
studies are imperiously necessary. We envision satellite, non-invasive surveys,
aerophotogrammetric flights and geophysical investigations. The overlapping of
these plans on the topographic one will increase considerably the possibilities of
ancient habitat reconstruction.
120
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Morintz, Alexandru |
| author_facet | Morintz, Alexandru |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Morintz, Alexandru |
| author_variant | a m am |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036742025 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)705931840 (DE-599)BVBBV036742025 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Untere Donau Region (DE-588)4286969-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Untere Donau Region |
| id | DE-604.BV036742025 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T14:41:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789738966352 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020659473 |
| oclc_num | 705931840 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 156 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Ed. Cetatea de Scaun |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Colecţia Arheologie |
| spellingShingle | Morintz, Alexandru Forme de habitat ale neoliticului final şi perioadei de tranziţie la Dunărea de Jos Wohnplatz (DE-588)4464165-5 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4464165-5 (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4075272-0 (DE-588)4286969-9 |
| title | Forme de habitat ale neoliticului final şi perioadei de tranziţie la Dunărea de Jos |
| title_auth | Forme de habitat ale neoliticului final şi perioadei de tranziţie la Dunărea de Jos |
| title_exact_search | Forme de habitat ale neoliticului final şi perioadei de tranziţie la Dunărea de Jos |
| title_full | Forme de habitat ale neoliticului final şi perioadei de tranziţie la Dunărea de Jos Alexandru Morintz |
| title_fullStr | Forme de habitat ale neoliticului final şi perioadei de tranziţie la Dunărea de Jos Alexandru Morintz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Forme de habitat ale neoliticului final şi perioadei de tranziţie la Dunărea de Jos Alexandru Morintz |
| title_short | Forme de habitat ale neoliticului final şi perioadei de tranziţie la Dunărea de Jos |
| title_sort | forme de habitat ale neoliticului final si perioadei de tranzitie la dunarea de jos |
| topic | Wohnplatz (DE-588)4464165-5 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wohnplatz Siedlung Neolithikum Untere Donau Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020659473&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020659473&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT morintzalexandru formedehabitataleneoliticuluifinalsiperioadeidetranzitieladunareadejos |