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Understanding polymer processing: processes and governing equations

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteilige Person:	Osswald, Tim A. 1958- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Munich [u.a.] Hanser 2011
Schlagwörter:	Kunststoffverarbeitung
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020557780&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020557780&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Umfang:	XIV, 286 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9783446424043 9781569904725 1569904723

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Preface ................................................................ VII Contents.............................................................. ¡χ Parti Polymeric Materials 1 1 Introduction ....................................................... З 1.1 Historical Background ......................................... З 1.2 General Properties ............................................. 6 1.3 Macromolecular Structure of Polymers ........................... 11 1.4 Molecular Weight .............................................. 12 1.5 Arrangement of Polymer Molecules .............................. 14 1.5.1 Thermoplastic Polymers ................................ 14 1.5.2 Amorphous Thermoplastics ............................. 15 1.5.3 Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics ......................... 16 1.5.4 Thermosets and Crosslinked Elastomers ................... 18 1.6 Copolymers and Polymer Blends ................................ 19 1.7 Polymer Additives ............................................. 20 1.7.1 Plasticizers ............................................ 20 1.7.2 Flame Retardants ....................................... 20 1.7.3 Stabilizers ............................................. 21 1.7.4 Antistatic Agents ....................................... 21 1.7.5 Fillers ................................................. 21 1.7.6 Blowing Agents ........................................ 22 1.8 Plastics Recycling .............................................. 22 1.9 The Plastics and Rubber Industries .............................. 25 1.10 Polymer Processes ............................................. 26 References ......................................................... 27 ___________________________________________________________ Contents 2 Mechanical Behavior of Polymers .................................... 29 2.1 Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers ............................... 29 2.1.1 Stress Relaxation ....................................... 29 2.1.2 Time-Temperature Superposition ......................... 30 2.2 The Short-Term Tensile Test .................................... 32 2.2.1 Elastomers ............................................ 33 2.2.2 Thermoplastic Polymers ................................ 35 2.3 Long-Term Tests .............................................. 37 2.3.1 Isochronous and Isometric Creep Plots .................... 38 2.3.2 Creep Rupture ......................................... 38 2.4 Dynamic Mechanical Tests ..................................... 39 2.5 Mechanical Behavior of Filled and Reinforced Polymers ............ 42 2.6 Impact Strength ............................................... 45 2.7 Fatigue ....................................................... 47 2.8 Weathering ................................................... 48 References ......................................................... 53 3 Melt Rheology ...................................................... 55 3.1 Introduction to Rheology ...................................... 55 3.1.1 Shear Thinning Behavior of Polymers ..................... 57 3.1.2 Normal Stresses in Shear Flow ........................... 58 3.1.3 Deborah Number ...................................... 59 3.1.4 Rheology of Curing Thermosets .......................... 61 3.1.5 Suspension Rheology ................................... 62 3.1.6 Viscoelastic Flow Models ................................ 63 3.2 Rheometry ................................................... 64 3.2.1 The Melt Flow Indexer .................................. 65 3.2.2 The Capillary Viscometer ................................ 66 3.2.3 The Cone-and-Plate Rheometer .......................... 68 References ................................... ....... 69 Contents________________________________________________________________^__^_ χι Part II Polymer Processes 71 4 Extrusion.......................................................... 73 4.1 Pumping ..................................................... 73 4.2 The Plasticating Extruder ....................................... 75 4.2.1 The Solids Conveying Zone .............................. 78 4.2.2 The Melting Zone ...................................... 82 4.2.3 The Metering Zone ..................................... 84 4.3 Extrusion Dies ................................................ 85 4.3.1 Sheeting Dies .......................................... 86 4.3.2 Tubular Dies ........................................... 88 References ......................................................... 89 5 Mixing ............................................................ 91 5.1 Distributive Mixing ............................................ 91 5.2 Dispersive Mixing ............................................. 94 5.2.1 Break-Up of Paniculate Agglomerates ..................... 94 5.2.2 Break-Up of Fluid Droplets .............................. 96 5.3 Mixing Devices ............................................... 100 5.3.1 Banbury Mixer ......................................... 101 5.3.2 Mixing in Single Screw Extruders ......................... 102 5.3.3 Static Mixers ........................................... 104 5.3.4 Cokneader ............................................ 106 5.3.5 Twin Screw Extruders ................................... 106 References ......................................................... 108 6 Injection Molding .................................................. Ill 6.1 The Injection Molding Cycle .................................... 112 6.2 The Injection Molding Machine ................................. 116 6.2.1 The Plasticating and Injection Unit ....................... 116 6.2.2 The Clamping Unit ..................................... 117 6.2.3 The Mold Cavity ...................................... 118 6.3 Special Injection Molding Processes ............................. 121 6.3.1 Multi-Component Injection Molding ..................... 121 6.3.2 Co-Injection Molding ................................... 122 ХИ ________________________________________________________________________________ Contents 6.3.3 Gas-Assisted Injection Molding (GAIM) .................. 125 6.3.4 Injection-Compression Molding .......................... 127 6.3.5 Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) ....................... 128 6.3.6 Liquid Silicone Rubber Injection Molding ................. 130 6.4 Computer Simulation in Injection Molding ....................... 131 6.4.1 Mold Filling Simulation ................................. 132 6.4.2 Orientation Predictions ................................. 134 6.4.3 Shrinkage and Warpage Predictions ....................... 134 References ......................................................... 136 7 Other Plastics Processes ............................................. 137 7.1 Fiber Spinning ................................................ 137 7.2 Film Production ............................................... 138 7.2.1 Cast Film Extrusion .................................... 138 7.2.2 Film Blowing .......................................... 139 7.3 Blow Molding ................................................. 141 7.3.1 Extrusion Blow Molding ................................ 141 7.3.2 Injection Blow Molding ................................. 143 7.4 Thermoforming ............................................... 145 7.5 Calendering .................................................. 147 7.6 Coating ...................................................... 148 7.7 Processing Reactive Polymers ................................... 151 7.8 Compression Molding ......................................... 154 7.9 Foaming ..................................................... 157 7.10 Rotational Molding ............................................ 159 7.11 Welding ...................................................... 161 References ......................................................... 162 Part III Modeling 165 8 Transport Phenomena in Polymer Processing ......................... 167 8.1 Dimensional Analysis and Scaling ............................... 167 8.1.1 Dimensional Analysis ................................... 168 8.1.2 Scaling and Similarity ................................... 177 Contents__________________________________________________________________ 8.2 Balance Equations ............................................. 179 8.2.1 The Mass Balance or Continuity Equation ................. 179 8.2.2 The Material or Substantial Derivative ....................180 8.2.3 The Momentum Balance or Equation of Motion ............ 181 8.2.4 The Energy Balance or Equation of Energy ................ 185 8.3 Model Simplification ........................................... 187 8.3.1 Reduction in Dimensionality ............................ 190 8.3.2 Lubrication Approximation ............................. ¡92 8.4 Simple Models in Polymer Processing ........................... 194 8.4.1 Pressure Driven Flow of a Newtonian Fluid through a Slit ... 194 8.4.2 Flow of a Power Law Fluid in a Straight Circular Tube ( Hagen- Poiseuille Equation) ............................. 195 8.4.3 Volumetric Flow Rate of a Power Law Fluid in Axial Annular Flow .................................................. 197 8.4.4 Radial Flow Between two Parallel Discs — Newtonian Model . 198 8.4.5 Cooling or Heating in Polymer Processing .................201 References .........................................................206 9 Modeling Polymer Processes ........................................207 9.1 Single Screw Extrusion — Isothermal Flow Problems ...............207 9.1.1 Newtonian Flow in the Metering Section of a Single Screw Extruder ..............................................208 9.1.2 Cross Channel Flow in a Single Screw Extruder ............211 9.1.3 Newtonian Isothermal Screw and Die Characteristic Curves .214 9.2 Extrusion Dies — Isothermal Flow Problems ......................217 9.2.1 End-Fed Sheeting Die ................................... 217 9.2.2 Coat Hanger Die ....................................... 220 9.2.3 Extrusion Die with Variable Die Land Thicknesses .......... 222 9.2.4 Fiber Spinning ........................................ 223 9.2.5 Wire Coating Die ....................................... 227 9.3 Processes That Involve Membrane Stretching ...................... 229 9.3.1 Film Blowing ..........................................229 9.3.2 Thermoforming ........................................234 9.4 Calendering — Isothermal Flow Problems ........................236 9.4.1 Newtonian Model of Calendering ........................236 9.4.2 Shear Thinning Model of Calendering ....................243 XIV ________________________________________________________________________________ Contents 9.4.3 Calender Fed with a Finite Sheet Thickness ................245 9.5 Injection Molding — Isothermal Flow Problems ...................247 9.5.1 Balancing the Runner System in Multi-Cavity Injection Molds .................................................247 9.5.2 Radial Flow Between Two Parallel Discs ...................249 9.6 Non -Isothermal Flows .........................................251 9.6.1 Non-Isothermal Shear Flow ..............................252 9.6.2 Non-Isothermal Pressure Flow through a Slit ...............254 9.7 Melting and Solidification ......................................256 9.7.1 Melting with Drag Flow Melt Removal .................... 259 9.7.2 Melting Zone in a Plasticating Single Screw Extruder ........ 265 9.8 Curing reactions during processing .............................. 271 9.9 Estimating Injection Pressure and Clamping Force ................. 273 References ......................................................... 279 Subject Index ..........................................................281 Tim A. Osswald Understanding Polymer Processing This book provides the background needed to understand not only the wide field of polymer processing, but also the emerging technologies associated with the plastics industry in the 21st Century. The book combines practical engineering concepts with modeling of realistic polymer processes. It is divided into three sections that provide sufficient knowledge of polymer materials, polymer processing, and modeling for the reader. Understanding Polymer Processing is intended for the person who is entering the plastics manufacturing industry and - as a textbook - for students taking an intro¬ ductory course in polymer processing. This three-part book also serves as a guide to the practicing engineer when choosing a process, determining important parameters and factors during the early stages of process design, and when optimizing such a pro¬ cess. Practical examples illustrating basic concepts are presented throughout the book. Contents: Part I - Polymeric Materials This section gives a general introduction to polymers, including mechanical behavior of polymers and melt rheology Part II - Polymer Processing The major polymer processes are introduced in this section, including extrusion, mixing, injection molding, thermoforming. blow molding, film blowing, and many others Part III - Modeling This last section delivers the tools to allow the engineer to solve back-of-the- envelop polymer processing models. It includes dimensional analysis and scaling. transport phenomena in polymer processing, and modeling polymer processes www.hanserpublications.com Hanser Publications ISBN 978-1-56990-472-5 www.hanser.de Carl Hanser Verlag ISBN 978-3-446-42404-3
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title	Understanding polymer processing processes and governing equations
title_auth	Understanding polymer processing processes and governing equations
title_exact_search	Understanding polymer processing processes and governing equations
title_full	Understanding polymer processing processes and governing equations Tim A. Osswald
title_fullStr	Understanding polymer processing processes and governing equations Tim A. Osswald
title_full_unstemmed	Understanding polymer processing processes and governing equations Tim A. Osswald
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