"Mes, Lietuva": Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVI a. ; (viešasis ir privatus gyvenimas)
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Litauisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vilnius
Kronta
2003
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318320&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318320&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: "Mes, Lietuva" ('We, Lithuania') : the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th century |
| Umfang: | 303 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9955595086 |
Internformat
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: "Mes, Lietuva" ('We, Lithuania') : the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th century | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 650 | 0 | |a Aristocracy (Social class) / History / Lithuania | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819253860338761728 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Turinys
lyadas
7
Teoriníaí problemos
metmenys
21
XVI
a. Líetuvos Didžiojí Kunigaíkštysté:
viduramžiaí ar ankstyvieji
N
aujiejí laíkai?
2 6
Feodalizmas Líetuvos Didžiojoje
Kunigaikštystéje
XVI
a.: norma ar fenomenas?
Istorikai apíe visuomenés
sarangos Ypatumus
3 8
Luomas ar luomaí, arba
Tai, ką
istorikai vadina
Lietuvos Didžíosios Kunigaikštystés
bąjorija
50
Viduramžiu. riteríai,
o gal
ankstyvuju.
N
аијцјц
Іаікц
Lietuvos
Dldžiosíos Kunigaikštystés
gentry!
71
Šaltíniai: diktatas ar
interpretadlos
laisvé,
arba Kas
yra
šaltinio
tiesa
9 5
Bajoríškojo pasaulío
profittai
115
„Tévynè
yra
tstorţjos
sukurta
tautos
buveiné
119
„Nuolankiai ir
nusižemines prašau,
kadjusiimalonybé, kaip žadéjote, maloningu
mano ponu, geradariu
bei
mecenatu
butuméte
136
„Žiurék Lietuvos kuo pirmiausia!
Savo
tévynei tamauk
165
„Respublika
тиѕц
negali
buti savó
равіипйпіц
pasMaskvoskunigaikštinesiuntusi
196
„Ten
jau
reikia,
kad
mokéui savó
protu
vadovautis
220
Epilogas
241
Nuorodosírpaaškinimaí
243
Šalttníai
ir literatura
277
Summary:
„Mes, Lietuva CWe,
Lithuania )
291
Asmenvardžíitrodyklé
297
Jurate
Kiaupienè
Summary:
,Mes,
Líetuva
( We, Lithuania )
The Nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
in the
Іб*
Century
(public and private life)
The Study inquires into important issues of the history of the nobi¬
lity of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in die
16*
century, and deals with a variety of histo¬
riography issues. The book comprises The Introduction and two parts: Theoretical Outline of
the Problem
,
and The Profiles of the Nobility World , each, in turn, comprising five chapters.
The book is completed with an Epilogue .
The Introduction (page
7)
discusses the state of affairs in historiography and lays down the
reasons behind the choice of die subject of investigation. The attention is drawn to certain new
aspects of the history of social life of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th
century. The Introduction sets out and discusses the issues of interest, and reveals the opportunity
to provide a nobility research within an European context.
Notably, the Study seeks to stay away from flat statements or conclusions so as to provide the
reader with an opportunity to study die references self-sustainedly, and enable him or her to
291
„Nes, Lietava
Uetuvos
Dtdżloslos
Kunlgalkàtystés
bajorija
XVI
a.
translate
the information so that he or she shapes his or her own vision of the public and
/
or
private life of the nobility of die Grand Duchy of Lithuania in die 16th century.
The first pan { Theoretical Outline of the Problem , page
21)
deals with the five issues of
historiography which are made a subject of discussion. This part of die book shows how difficult
it is to break down certain stereotypes and
/
or interpretation patterns that have taken root in die
historical literature. Notably, a significant obstacle restricting the opportunities to write history
works in a contemporary Lithuanian language of the science of history is the lack of subject-
specific history studies that might enable exhaustive research of social life of the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania be undertaken. The process is also hindered because of many concepts still being a
subject of debate with their use
fiu:
from being established.
Chapter The
1
ď
Century s Grand Duchy of Lithuania: The Middle Ages or the Early New Ages?
(page
26)
asserts the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in the
16*
century, in it s public life,
enjoyed every right or privilege originating from public rule, nevertheless accompanied by a burden
of duties and responsibility. It is therefore very important that the question the people of which era,
either die Middle Ages or die New Ages, ruled, managed, and protected die limuanian state, shaped
it s ideology and legal framework, nurtured it s culture, communicated with die external world. It
must be remembered diat die epoch makes an impact on die mentality of the society, the concepts of
it s values, and leaves behind a pattern of tokens revealing the meaning behind political or military,
strategic or tactical decisions taken, and the motivations adopted.
The concept of an early New Ages society has been adopted to describe the community of
the nobility of the
16*
Century s Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Alongside, it is emphasised that the
Lithuanian Middle Ages were still unfinished at diat time, widi certain typical Middle Age phe¬
nomena, as a result, extending to the 16th or even the
17Л
century. Nevertheless, those sporadic ties
with the Middle Age tradition failed to choke die spirit of the New Ages taking an ever stronger
root in die private and public life of die
16*
century s noble citizens. The view of this life helps one
understand the links between the 16th century and the already-passed Middle Ages, or the yet-to-
come early New Ages.
Chapter Feudalism in the
/<?*
Century s Grand Duchy of Lithuania: a Standard or an Excep¬
tion? Historians Talk About the Specifics of Public Order {page
38)
highlights a question of theory
/
mediodology diat has been recurring, as a subject of debate, for many decades in historiography:
may one assume Lithuania had feudalism? Alongside, the reasons provoking the researchers to
debate the issue are brought to light.
Notably, the phenomenon of feudalism is difficult to define precisely even in case of die
Western European Middle Ages where feudalism emerged and was shaped by obtaining a set of
features which historians tend to refer to as die classical ones. It is further more difficult to define
when dealing widi a country diat has taken a non-standard route of development.
The above mentioned state of affairs in historiography is said to be a reason reinforcing die
détermination
to omit the concepts of feudalism , feudal , or feudal relations , both in terms of
their origin and essence relating to the Middle Ages and Western Europe, when writing about the
Grand Duchy s of Lithuania nobility of the
16*
century, indeed touched by die spirit of the New
Ages. The social
/
economical concept of feudalism bringing forth the relations between a noble
person, representing a landlord, and a peasant, representing a land-user, is not appropriate for the
research of the Grand Duchy s of Lithuania noble society, it s structure and course of development.
A legal
/
political
sui
generis modification of the concept of feudalism might provide greater
functionality as far as the understanding of the noble society s internal relations is concerned.
292
Chapter Estate or Estates, or What is Referred to by Hhtorians as the Nobility of the Grand Duchy
of Lithuania {page
50)
deals with a somewhat complicated situation in historiography and the con¬
sequences of non-accurate usage of the concept of estate I estate of realm. A provision of me theory of
the contemporary Lithuanian historiography is highlighted whereas the concept of a noble personwas
used in the late
1
4th
с
-
the middle of
1
5th
с
to describe the topmost rank of the society while in die
early
Ιό*
century the concept degraded and started being used when referring to common noble
people. Alongside, the term noble [person] became a common word to refer to all noble people.
So as the Study follows die tradition of the Lithuanian historiography, those belonging to the
16th century s Grand Duchy s of Lithuania estate of noble people, either by origin, or by designa¬
tion, those who held land and those who did not, all of them are referred to by using a common
word
—
die nobility (bajorija). It is not the intention behind the usage of a common term to refer to
all those who belonged to diis estate to eradicate die boundaries of the estate s internal division, or
to pretend no difference existed between rulers and grandees, occupying the topmost step of the
hierarchy ladder, and common servicemen, who owned litde land or no land at all. To differentiate
the strata that existed inside of the estate, the concepts typical to
ůic
Lithuanian historiography have
been adopted, including didikas ( grandee ), middle-class , low^rank or common nobility. A Po¬
lish-origin word
šlékta,
or Latin
nobilis
have only been used when cidng other sources or authors.
Chapter Middle Age Knights, Perhaps the Gentry of the Early New Ages GrandDuchy of Lithu¬
ania? (page
71)
discusses who actually were diose mat are frequently referred to as knights in the
sources of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Were diey a separate social stratum, or knight was just an
attribute word, synonymous to nobility .
It is assumed that the word knight had several meanings in the society where old Middle
Ages concepts dwelled next to dieir fresh meanings. On one hand, any noble person might be
called a knight. On the other hand, certain ties may be identified between the English gentry and
the
16*
century s Grand Duchy s of Lithuania knights as there were many low-rank land-owners
among them who earned their incomes not only from land, but also other sources, such as service.
Presumably, these noble knights represented the elite of the nobility in local circuits (pavietas)
and rendered their service to die state that might not afford a bureaucratic apparatus. Notably,
diese
noble persons agglomerated into a separate stratum of common interests and identity.
Chapter The Sources: Dictatorship or Freedom of Interpretation, or What is the Truth of a
Source (page
95),
discusses a range of theoretical issues on the basis of a choice of disputable
subjects of the
16*
century s Grand Duchy s of Lithuania political history, including such issues as
how many truths there may be in a source, and what is meant by a historian s interpretation .
A number of different simultaneously existing truths, left behind by the Lublin Union era,
and recorded in historical sources, is revealed. These truths witness that the politicians of the 16th
century s Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland had been failing to arrive at any
mutually acceptable decisions for quite a long period of time as they talked in different political
languages. They actually pursued a dialogue where each party had a different vision of the prospec¬
tive relation of the two countries, and, as a result, protected but it s own truth.
Each historical source, as far as it is authentic, is emphasized to tell a truth, at least represen¬
ting die views, or the vision, of those who generated the source. Thus sources having emerged in
different environments bear different facets of the Truth. For a historian, to comprehend the
existence of multiple truths revealed rhrough a number of different sources, means to be able to
convey the multi-dimensional nature of the epoch, and to generate a highly thorough and infor¬
mative view of die events having taken place several hundred years ago, by analysing the sources
293
„Mes, Uetuva
Uetuvos
Dldžlostos Kunlgatkštystés
bajorija
XVI
a.
and comparing them against each other. The greater is the number of different sources available to
a historian, the higher is the possibility that his
/
her interpretation would approach the Truth
closely, however contradicting these sources may seem to be.
The second part The Profiles of the Nobility World, (page
115)
comprises five interpretation stories
on the public and private life of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th century.
Chapter Motherland is a Nation s Home Created by History
(page
119)
seeks to provide the
readers with an understanding on how the people who dwelled several hundred years ago percei¬
ved their spiritual and physical environment we call Motherland today. The aim was to introduce
the words the nobility of the 16th century s Grand Duchy of Lithuania used to refer to their
historical multinational homeland.
Notably, the terms used in historical sources, that are not always easy to decrypt, readily
reveal to a historian a concept of homeland described as Lithuania (Grand Duchy of Lithuania),
meaning a state with it s own land, history, and heroes
-
maybe well-deserving the rulers to rule
both countries
-
Lithuania and Poland, serving as a proof of self-consciousness of the nobility of
the
16*
century s Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Chapter I Humbly Ask Your Grace to be, as Promised, my Lord, my Benefactor, my
Mecenate
(page
136),
reveals, on the basis of a variety of sources, the multitude of the meanings of the client
concept, and describes a system of client relations that existed in the 16th century s Grand Duchy
of Lithuania. It is emphasised that the relations between grandees (patrons) and common noble
people (clients) were of multifaceted nature, consequendy, making it a mistake to see the system
from a single point of view, focusing on what was good, or what was wrong only.
On one hand, those who cherished the Polish-type nobility s democracy are said to be right,
as they argue that the system of grandees patronage did restrict the initiative of the middle and
low-rank nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and prevented them from becoming a signi¬
ficant political force of the 16th century, with it s own leaders, an established action plan indepen¬
dent of die will of grandees, and a freedom to implement it. It is also asserted that alongside with
sponsorship relations political dictatorship by grandees (patrons) did exist, which was especially
apparent in the government (seimelis- a litde parliament ) of local circuits (pavietas). Moreover, a
wide-spread system of protections promoted servility, injured self-sufficiency of the nobility and
added to a number of other negative personal or collective features.
On the other hand, a strong political clientship tradition is asserted to have helped prevent
internal fractionisation of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy s political society, and the confrontation
between common noblepeople and the grandees, the absence of which was of utmost importance
during the making of the Lublin Union with Poland
(1569).
An antagonism-free noble political
society with established leaders from among the grandees was able to better keep a stronghold
against the Polish executionist nobility and resist their annexation-oriented ambitions. Political
clientship reinforced self-consciousness of the estate of realm in general, fostered patriotism among
the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, nurtured the 16th century society s political menta¬
lity, and provided the most gifted ones, who were capable to break away from the personal cra¬
vings of their patrons, with an opportunity to obtain education, improve, and enter the path of
public political life.
The above proves clientship was an intrinsic feature of die noble society of the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania in the 16th century, not purely a theoretical concept devised by contemporary historians.
Another three interpretation stories, Take Heed to Lithuania First of All! Serve Your Home-
bnd (page
165),
The Republic May Not Have Omitted Sending it s Messengers to the Duke ofMos-
294
/
(page
196),
and From Thereon One Must Go Entirely by His Own Mind (page
220)
interwe¬
ave tightly. Through these stories, the reader is virtually immersed in the text of the sources brin¬
ging alive the war-induced vortices of the distant past, that used to harshly shatter the rhythm of
the everyday life, revealing the chemistry of making a diplomatic acquaintance with the contem¬
porary humane bureaucracy, or the powerful ones of Europe, who shaped the fashion of the
international relations in the era of the Early New Ages, and showing the ways and places that were
available for one to obtain the skills.
Notably, the scope of public activity of the state of Lidiuania in me
16*
century expanded at
a considerable pace in a number of directions. Therefore, a shortage of qualified professionally
trained people to manage state affairs was soon experienced. They were wanted in great numbers,
and as soon as possible. People were wanted for war, diplomacy, an overall modernisation of the
domestic life of the state, as well as numerous additional urgent matters.
The surnames of the members of the political society of die
Іб*
century s Grand Duchy of
Lithuania, most frequendy mentioned in diis Study, let one see how few in number were those
involved in the management of the affairs of a state so huge by area, how big the workload shared
by each of them was, and how different the assignments were. The Council of Lords whose mem¬
bers had the most of the real power in their hands, was in charge of decision-making on all practi¬
cal and theoretical issues of foreign and domestic politics. They also acted as judges, used to ini¬
tiate and codify legislative instruments, managed the reforms of courts and administration, con¬
ducted military activity in the field during die military campaigns getting ever more frequent,
travelled as messengers or on long-term diplomatic missions, costing much physical and psycholo¬
gical effort, conducted major reforms of economy. The same people were die patrons and Maece¬
nas of culture, indeed.
Thanks to the understanding and the support of
diese
most powerful and richest members of
the political society , the
1
6th century s Grand Duchy of Lithuania provided a cultural environ¬
ment where such a great number of creative personalities matured and materialised their talents
yielding an intellectual heritage that has been relevant up to the present day to several nations of
the Middle and Eastern Europe. They entered the path as teenagers and had to become statesmen
at the age of as little as twenty to be responsible for die destiny of the country, the well-being of
dieir immediate and remote families. Thus diey were sucked down by life from where they had to
go on entirely by their own minds , as the contemporary puts it.
The goal was to shock and warn by revealing the facts witnessing the gap dividing on one
hand the personalities of the Renaissance era, who sought, discovered, created, were dignified and
self-respectful, and, on the other hand, the people ruled totally by the instinct of fear, who emplo¬
yed the most awful torturing techniques and burnt on bonfires odier human beings, who, except
of being declared witches, were equally die same human beings with a body and a soul, was so
unbelievably small, and so easily
tresspassable in
die Europe of prospering university culture and
printed books, where die heritage of die antiquity was admired, and philosophical and theological
disputes on the world and the man were conducted.
Notably, the young generation of the Lithuanian historians makes many insights into die
issues of interpretation of this controversial period, and are critical of retrospective interpretation
based on facts solely, as this approach is not adequate in die case of a unique cultural, social and
political formation, i.e. the Republic of die Two Nations established by die Lublin Union Act of
1569.
It is clearly an exception from the generic European cultural processes, falling outside of
unambiguous definitions or classification, as much as die entire cultural period does.
295
„Mes, Líetuva*
Uetuvos
Didžloslos Kunlgatkštystés
bajorija
XVI
a.
The Epilogue {page
241)
reminds that the book s characters, the nobility of the Grand Du¬
chy of Lithuania, representing die contemporaries and the witnesses of the making of Europe, who
disseminated the shapes of on-going modernisation of everyday life diroughout die multifaceted
changing environment of the Eastern and Middle Europe, have not left behind any written ac¬
count of their work or commandments. So everyone of us, eidier willingly or unawarely, creates
his or her own vision of the past and enters into a relationship with the past by either accepting it
or wanting it to have been different. We pick from die past something we deem important today.
Our relationship with the past is ever changing. Thus the interpretation of the past comes always
in the light of the epoch the historian lives in. Everyone of us has a different understanding of die
didactic meaning of history too.
Notably, the Study is but one of the great many possible interpretations of the past. The most
important words in it, constituting the unwritten testament of the nobility of die Grand Duchy of
Lithuania of the
16*
century, might sound the way they were pronounced at the intense debates
with the politicians of the Kingdom of Poland in
1569,
where die destiny of the state of Lithuania
had to be decided upon: Your Graces Modier may have baptized us, but our Modier has given us
a birth, thus she is our beloved Motherland .
Translated into English by
Dalius
Kaminskas
296
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kiaupienė, Jūratė 1947- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)141505834 |
| author_facet | Kiaupienė, Jūratė 1947- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kiaupienė, Jūratė 1947- |
| author_variant | j k jk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV036446064 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK505 |
| callnumber-raw | DK505.42 |
| callnumber-search | DK505.42 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3505.42 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)249925240 (DE-599)GBV388563168 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Lithuania (Grand Duchy) / Social conditions Lithuania / History / To 1569 Lithuania / History / 1569-1795 Lithuania (Grand Duchy) Social conditions Lithuania History 1569-1795 Lithuania History To 1569 Großfürstentum Litauen (DE-588)4499060-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Lithuania (Grand Duchy) / Social conditions Lithuania / History / To 1569 Lithuania / History / 1569-1795 Lithuania (Grand Duchy) Social conditions Lithuania History 1569-1795 Lithuania History To 1569 Großfürstentum Litauen |
| id | DE-604.BV036446064 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T14:33:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9955595086 |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020318320 |
| oclc_num | 249925240 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 303 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2003 |
| publishDateSearch | 2003 |
| publishDateSort | 2003 |
| publisher | Kronta |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Kiaupienė, Jūratė 1947- "Mes, Lietuva" Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVI a. ; (viešasis ir privatus gyvenimas) Nobility / Lithuania Aristocracy (Social class) / History / Lithuania Geschichte Aristocracy (Social class) Lithuania History Nobility Lithuania Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000464-8 (DE-588)4499060-1 |
| title | "Mes, Lietuva" Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVI a. ; (viešasis ir privatus gyvenimas) |
| title_auth | "Mes, Lietuva" Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVI a. ; (viešasis ir privatus gyvenimas) |
| title_exact_search | "Mes, Lietuva" Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVI a. ; (viešasis ir privatus gyvenimas) |
| title_full | "Mes, Lietuva" Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVI a. ; (viešasis ir privatus gyvenimas) Jūratė Kiaupienė |
| title_fullStr | "Mes, Lietuva" Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVI a. ; (viešasis ir privatus gyvenimas) Jūratė Kiaupienė |
| title_full_unstemmed | "Mes, Lietuva" Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVI a. ; (viešasis ir privatus gyvenimas) Jūratė Kiaupienė |
| title_short | "Mes, Lietuva" |
| title_sort | mes lietuva lietuvos didziosios kunigaikstystes bajorija xvi a viesasis ir privatus gyvenimas |
| title_sub | Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVI a. ; (viešasis ir privatus gyvenimas) |
| topic | Nobility / Lithuania Aristocracy (Social class) / History / Lithuania Geschichte Aristocracy (Social class) Lithuania History Nobility Lithuania Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nobility / Lithuania Aristocracy (Social class) / History / Lithuania Geschichte Aristocracy (Social class) Lithuania History Nobility Lithuania Adel Lithuania (Grand Duchy) / Social conditions Lithuania / History / To 1569 Lithuania / History / 1569-1795 Lithuania (Grand Duchy) Social conditions Lithuania History 1569-1795 Lithuania History To 1569 Großfürstentum Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318320&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020318320&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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