Archaeological pitchstone in northern Britain: characterization and interpretation of an important prehistoric source
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Archaeopress
2009
|
| Series: | British archaeological reports / British series
476 |
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017156351&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Physical Description: | VII, 108 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781407303864 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Archaeological pitchstone in northern Britain |b characterization and interpretation of an important prehistoric source |c Torben Bjarke Ballin |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b Archaeopress |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a VII, 108 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a British archaeological reports / British series |v 476 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Vor- und Frühgeschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Funde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archaeological geology |z Scotland | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Commerce, Prehistoric |z Scotland | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Excavations (Archaeology) |z Scotland | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Glass, Prehistoric |z Scotland | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Stone implements |z Scotland | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Tools, Prehistoric |z Scotland | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Volcanic ash, tuff, etc. |z Scotland | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Schottland | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Scotland |x Antiquities | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Großbritannien |z Nord |0 (DE-588)4445964-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Großbritannien |z Nord |0 (DE-588)4445964-6 |D g |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1819277825555824640 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
List of Color Plates
iii
List of Figures
iv
List of Tables
v
Acknowledgements
vi
1.
Introduction
1
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Aims and objectives
1
1.3
Working hypotheses
1
1.4
Project history
3
2.
Archaeological Volcanic Glass
-
a Brief Research History
5
2.1
Scottish Pitchstone Research
5
2.1.1
Introduction
5
2.1.2
Pitchstone from Sites on Arran
5
2.1.3
Pitchstone from Sites beyond Arran
6
2.2
Obsidian Research and its Relevance to the Study of Scottish Pitchstone
6
3.
Pitchstone Types
9
3.1
Geological Pitchstone
9
3.2
Forms of Pitchstone Look-Alikes and Altered Pitchstone
9
3.2.1
Pitchstone Look-Alikes
9
3.2.2
Altered pitchstone
11
4.
The Evidence
-
Basic Characterization of Archaeological Pitchstone in Northern Britain
13
4. 1
Introduction to the Database
13
4.1.1
Handling and General Structure
13
4.1.2
Overview
13
4.1.3
Degree of Detail
13
4.1.4
Completeness
15
4.1.5
References
15
4.2
Scottish Archaeological Pitchstone
-
General Characterization of the Archaeological Evidence
17
4.2.1
Introduction
17
4.2.2
Present location of the finds
17
4.2.3
Assemblage size
18
4.2.4
Raw material composition
19
4.2.5
General typological composition (main artefact categories)
21
4.2.6
Composition of the individual main categories
22
5.
The Date of Pitchstone Use in Northern Britain
27
5.1
Introduction
27
5.2
Arran
27
5.3
The situation beyond Arran
28
5.3.1
Diagnostic types
28
5.3.2
Diagnostic technological attributes
29
5.3.3
Raw material preferences
31
5.3.4
Contextual evidence
31
5.3.5
Association/disassociation
with other diagnostic find groups
36
5.3.6
The dating of worked pitchstone recovered in areas beyond Arran-
abrief
summary
38
6.
Pitchstone Technology
41
6.1
Introduction
41
6.2
Pitchstone Procurement
-
the Technological Aspects
41
6.3
Pitchstone Flaking Properties
41
6.3.1
Tabular Character
42
6.3.2
Nodule Size
42
6.3.3
The Presence/Absence of Crystalline Inclusions
42
6.3.4
Hardness/Brittleness
43
6.3.5
Curvature
43
6.4
Operational
Schemas 44
6.4.1
The Early Neolithic Approach
44
6.4.2
The Late Neolithic Approach
45
7.
The Social Context of Pitchstone Use
-
Neolithic Territories and Exchange Networks
49
7.1
Introduction
49
7.2
General Source Criticism
-
Recovery, Distribution, Interpretation
50
7.2.1
The industrial era
50
7.2.2
Population Density/Distribution in Modern Scotland
50
7.2.3
Modern Local Development
51
7.2.4
The
Tam
Ward effect
51
7.2.5
Archaeological Preferences
52
7.2.6
Lack of Awareness in Pitchstone Poor Areas/Erroneous Lithic Characterization
52
7.2.7
Conclusion
52
7.3
Distribution Analysis
-
Some Key Approaches
53
7.3.1
Thiessen Polygons
53
7.3.2
Regression Analysis
53
7.3.3
Style and Function
56
7.4
Basic Theoretical Framework
57
7.4.1
Archaeology and Ethnography
57
7.4.2
Tribal Society and its Kinship Structure
58
7.4.3
Tribal·Territories
59
7.4.4
Exchange and Exchange Systems
60
7.5
Discussion
-
the Distribution of Archaeological Pitchstone
62
7.5.1
The Distribution
62
7.5.2
Territories
64
7.5.3
The exchange network
69
8.
Future Perspectives
75
Bibliography
77
Appendix
1:
Examined Assemblages: Basic Data Sorted by Region and Site.
87
Appendix
2:
Un-Examined Assemblages: Basic Data Sorted by Region and Site
97
Colour Plates
101
List of Colour Plates
Plate
1.
A tabular piece of aphyric and spherulitic pitchstone from the so-called
Magmatic
Rolls Quarry, immediately south of Brodick (Tomkeieff
1961, 10).
This variety is a sub-type of the pitchstone making up the Great Sill at Dun Fionn, near Corriegills.
101
Plate
2.
A large flake of lightly porphyritic pitchstone from Judd s dyke Tormore
IV (Judd
1893, 557)
on Arran s west-coast.
101
Plate
3.
An irregular block of coarsely porphyritic pitchstone from the outcrop
at Glen Shurig Farm, immediately west of Brodick.
102
Plate
4.
A blade of fine-grained black chert from Dryburgh Mains, Scottish Borders.
102
Plate
5.
A transverse arrowhead (Clark s Type G; Clark 1934b,
35)
in black flint
from Glenluce Sands, Dumfries
&
Galloway.
102
Plate
6.
A small piece of raw jet from Whitby in Yorkshire.
102
Plate
7.
A lump of glassy slag from Loanhead of Daviot, Aberdeenshire.
102
Plate
8.
Refitting microlith and
microburin
in smoky quartz from Corse Law
near Biggar, South Lanarkshire.
102
Plate
9.
A light-green, burnt and micro-crazed flake from Biggar Common,
South Lanarkshire, (left) and a stray, unaltered, black pitchstone flake from Arran (right).
103
Plate
10.
A light-brown, disintegrating piece from Brownsbank Farm, near
Biggar in South Lanarkshire.
103
Plate
11.
A partially burnt (light-brown/black) blade from Weston.
103
Plate
12.
Apartially burnt (light-brown/white) chip from Cloburn.
103
Plate
13.
Burnt tabular pitchstone from
Torrs
Warren, Dumfries
&
Galloway.
103
Plate
14-15.
A burnt tabular piece of obsidian from the
Capulín
Quarry, New
Mexico
(Steffen 2005,74;
illustrations courtecy of
Anastasia
Steffen,
University of New Mexico).
104
Plate
16.
Burnt pitchstone artefacts from Barnhouse, Orkney. The blade to the
left shows clear fire-enhanced banding.
104
Plate
17.
A weathered grey pitchstone flake from Daer Reservoir. It is possible
to see the original black colour where the edges have been nicked.
104
Plate
18.
A selection of blades and microblades from Auchategan, Argyll
&
Bute.
105
Plate
19.
A selection of typical platform-cores from Auchategan, Argyll
&
Bute.
105
Plate
20-21.
A Levallois-like core from Machrie Moor, Arran. Seen from opposed faces.
106
Plate
22-23.
Two small
discoidal
cores of Glen Luce Type, both from Glenluce
Sands. Seen from opposed faces.
106
Plate
24.
Two leaf-shaped arrowheads, one (left) from the settlement site of
Auchareoch, Arran, and the other (right) from the chambered tomb at Blairmore, Arran.
106
Plate
25.
Three chisel-shaped arrowheads (bottom) from Machrie Moor, Arran,
and one (top) from Glenluce Sands, Dumfries
&
Galloway.
107
Plate
26.
Two small end-scrapers, one (left) from Glenluce Sands, Dumfries
&
Galloway, and the other (right) from
Allt
Lebnaskey in
the Monamore area, Arran.
107
Plate
27.
A microblade piercer, possibly from Culbin Sands, Aberdeenshire.
107
Plate
28.
A heavily curved blade from Melbourne, near Biggar in South Lanarkshire.
107
Plates
29-30.
The two opposed faces of a small Levallois-like core. From Barnhouse on Orkney.
108
in
List of Figures
Figure
1.
Location map, showing the countries and counties of northern Britain.
The smaller counties of the Scottish Central Belt are labelled
1-12,
and the four
largest concentrations of archaeological pitchstone are labelled A-D.
2
Figure
2.
Main database form: examined pitchstone artefacts.
14
Figure
3.
Supplementary database form: un-examined pitchstone artefacts.
14
Figure
4.
Zone definitions.
16
Figure
5.
Average number of pitchstone artefacts per site per zone
19
Figure
6.
Porphyritic pitchstone as a percentage of all pitchstone, by zone.
20
Figure
7.
The debitage and tool ratios in the various zones (the core ratios are approximately identical).
21
Figure
8.
Main debitage categories as a percentage of all debitage, by zone.
23
Figure
9.
A typical small discoidal core in pitchstone ( Glen Luce Type ).
24
Figure
10.
Main debitage categories as a percentage of all debitage, by zone.
30
Figure
11.
Porphyritic pitchstone as a percentage of all pitchstone, by zone.
31
Figure
12.
Radiocarbon dated archaeological pitchstone from pits.
32
Figure
13.
A tabular core.
42
Figure
14.
An S-shaped opposed-platform core, where the curving apexes
(produced by overshot blades) were used as platforms; from Cornhill Farm in
the Biggar area, South Lanarkshire (drawn by Mrs Sandra Kelly).
43
Figure
15.
A Glen Luce Type discoidal core from the Biggar Gap Project, South
Lanarkshire (drawn by Mrs Sandra Kelly).
43
Figure
16.
The operational schema of the Late Acheulean
/
Mousterian
Levalloisian (Roe
1981,
Fig.
3:9):
I. Basic shaping of nodule; II preparation of
domed dorsal surface; III. preparation of faceted striking platform on core; IV.
the flake and the struck core, with their characteristic features. Drawn by the late M.H.R. Cook.
47
Figure
17.
The Levallois-like reduction sequence: first, a number of crested
blades and ordinary blades are detached from the core s flanks near the two
lateral guide ridges; then, a series of flakes are detached from the relatively flat central flaking front.
47
Figure
18.
Linear and logarithmic fall-off curves for Cambrian flint from the
Kinnekullenpeak in central Sweden (based on information from
Kindgren
1991,
Table
4).
The correlation coefficients of the two curves have been calculated.
54
Figure
19.
Simplified model of directional exchange (after Renfrew
1977,
Fig.
5). 55
Figure
20.
Idealized fall-off curve for the distribution of rhyolite from the
quarries at B0mlo, south-west Norway. Within this specific social territory the
rhyolite proportion of Early Neolithic assemblages varies between
100%
and
40%,
probably due to different assemblage dates, with earlier assemblages
being characterized by close to
100%
rhyolite, and later assemblages somewhat
less. At the border of the south-west Norwegian social territory, the rhyolite
proportion drops drastically to near
0%. 55
Figure
21.
The stylistic message in relation to various target and non-target groups
(Wobst 1977, 325). 57
Figure
22.
Three evolutionary models:
1)
stage-based or ideal-typic model of
general evolution;
2)
continuous model of evolution (social types are arbitrarily
defined as ranges of organizational variability); and
3)
zzz-evolution as types
of social trajectories. According to Fowles
(2002,
Figs
1-3),
the third model
may most accurately describe the fluctuating evolution of human societies.
59
Figure
23.
Reciprocity and kinship residential sectors (after
Sahlins
1972,
Fig.
5.1). 61
Figure
24.
Distribution of all archaeological pitchstone in northern Britain.
63
Figure
25.
Sub-division of central and southern Scotland by Thiessen polygons.
65
Figure
26.
Fall-off curve for the area north of Arran.
65
Figure
27.
Fall-off curve for the remainder of northern Britain.
66
Figure
28.
An example of how the value of goods increases with increasing
distance; the example is from the Queensland Trade Chain (after
Sahlins
1972,
Fig.
6.1;
Sharp
1952). 73
iv
List of Tables
Table
1.
Zone definitions.
17
Table
2.
Holders of archaeological pitchstone, assemblages/entries, and
numbers of pitchstone artefacts.
17
Table
3.
Average number of pitchstone artefacts per site per zone. In this and
the following tables, the zones are sequenced according to their distance from
Arran (the probable source of all archaeological pitchstone).
19
Table
4.
Raw material composition in the various zones.
20
Table
5.
General composition of the pitchstone assemblages in the various zones.
21
Table
6.
Composition of the debitage in the various zones.
23
Table
7.
Composition of the cores in the various zones.
24
Table
8.
Composition of the tools in the various zones.
25
Table
9.
The raw material distribution of the more substantial assemblages from
The Arran Prehistoric Landscape Project (based on information in Finlay
1997). 28
Table
10.
Non-Arran pitchstone-bearing burial monuments.
34
Table
11.
Sites from Sheridan s
(2007)
list of Scottish locations with Early
Neolithic Carinated Pottery which also yielded archaeological pitchstone.
37
Table
12.
Main artefacts from Overhowden and Airhouse (numbers based on
Sharp
1912
and Callander
1928). 38
Table
13.
The Biggar pitchstone collection. Debitage and preparation flakes.
44
Table
14.
The Biggar pitchstone collection. Cores.
45
Table
15.
Late Neolithic pitchstone assemblages. Basic technological trends.
46
Table
16.
Characterisation of exchange networks
(Plog
1977,
with later additions).
49
Table
17.
Factors affecting the overall distribution of prehistoric pitchstone artefacts.
50
Table
18.
The social and economic organization of band societies, tribal
societies, chiefdoms, and states (Service
1962);
adaptation of definitions given
in Renfrew
&
Barm
(1996,167). 58
Table
19.
Summary characteristics of the various pitchstone zones.
64
Table
20.
Significant pitchstone assemblages in Argyll
&
Bute.
67
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ballin, Torben Bjarke |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1157036988 |
| author_facet | Ballin, Torben Bjarke |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ballin, Torben Bjarke |
| author_variant | t b b tb tbb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV035352237 |
| callnumber-first | G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation |
| callnumber-label | GN806 |
| callnumber-raw | GN806.S4 |
| callnumber-search | GN806.S4 |
| callnumber-sort | GN 3806 S4 |
| callnumber-subject | GN - Anthropology |
| classification_rvk | NF 1525 NF 1530 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)311780464 (DE-599)BVBBV035352237 |
| dewey-full | 936.101 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 936 - Europe north & west of Italy to ca. 499 |
| dewey-raw | 936.101 |
| dewey-search | 936.101 |
| dewey-sort | 3936.101 |
| dewey-tens | 930 - History of ancient world to ca. 499 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Vor- und Frühgeschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Vor- und Frühgeschichte |
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| geographic | Schottland Scotland Antiquities Großbritannien Nord (DE-588)4445964-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Schottland Scotland Antiquities Großbritannien Nord |
| id | DE-604.BV035352237 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:29:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781407303864 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017156351 |
| oclc_num | 311780464 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-188 |
| physical | VII, 108 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Archaeopress |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | British archaeological reports / British series |
| spellingShingle | Ballin, Torben Bjarke Archaeological pitchstone in northern Britain characterization and interpretation of an important prehistoric source Funde Archaeological geology Scotland Commerce, Prehistoric Scotland Excavations (Archaeology) Scotland Glass, Prehistoric Scotland Stone implements Scotland Tools, Prehistoric Scotland Volcanic ash, tuff, etc. Scotland Pechstein (DE-588)4546413-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4546413-3 (DE-588)4445964-6 |
| title | Archaeological pitchstone in northern Britain characterization and interpretation of an important prehistoric source |
| title_auth | Archaeological pitchstone in northern Britain characterization and interpretation of an important prehistoric source |
| title_exact_search | Archaeological pitchstone in northern Britain characterization and interpretation of an important prehistoric source |
| title_full | Archaeological pitchstone in northern Britain characterization and interpretation of an important prehistoric source Torben Bjarke Ballin |
| title_fullStr | Archaeological pitchstone in northern Britain characterization and interpretation of an important prehistoric source Torben Bjarke Ballin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Archaeological pitchstone in northern Britain characterization and interpretation of an important prehistoric source Torben Bjarke Ballin |
| title_short | Archaeological pitchstone in northern Britain |
| title_sort | archaeological pitchstone in northern britain characterization and interpretation of an important prehistoric source |
| title_sub | characterization and interpretation of an important prehistoric source |
| topic | Funde Archaeological geology Scotland Commerce, Prehistoric Scotland Excavations (Archaeology) Scotland Glass, Prehistoric Scotland Stone implements Scotland Tools, Prehistoric Scotland Volcanic ash, tuff, etc. Scotland Pechstein (DE-588)4546413-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Archaeological geology Scotland Commerce, Prehistoric Scotland Excavations (Archaeology) Scotland Glass, Prehistoric Scotland Stone implements Scotland Tools, Prehistoric Scotland Volcanic ash, tuff, etc. Scotland Pechstein Schottland Scotland Antiquities Großbritannien Nord |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017156351&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000897461 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ballintorbenbjarke archaeologicalpitchstoneinnorthernbritaincharacterizationandinterpretationofanimportantprehistoricsource |