Verfügbarkeit: PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers

PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers: fundamentals and applications

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Weitere beteiligte Personen:	Zhang, Jiujun (HerausgeberIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	London Springer 2008
Schlagwörter:	Catalysts Electrocatalysis Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Brennstoffzelle Katalyse
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017073593&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Umfang:	XXI, 1137 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781848009356

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents 1 1 РЕМ Fuel Cell Fundamentals .................................................................... Xiao-Zi Yuan and Haijiang Wang 1.1 Overview .....................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................1 1.1.2 Main Cell Components and Materials ...........................................11 1.1.3 РЕМ Fuel Cell Operation ..............................................................17 1.1.4 РЕМ Fuel Cell Applications ..........................................................25 1.2 Thermodynamics .......................................................................................31 1.2.1 Basic Reactions ..............................................................................31 .2.2 Heat of Reaction ............................................................................41 .2.3 Effect of Operation Conditions on Reversible Fuel Cell Potential .........................................................................................42 .2.4 Open Circuit Voltage .....................................................................44 .2.5 Fuel Cell Efficiency .......................................................................48 .2.6 Summary ........................................................................................50 1.3 Reaction Kinetics .......................................................................................53 1.3.1 Electrode Reactions .......................................................................53 1.3.2 Reaction Rate .................................................................................53 1.3.3 Mass Transfer .................................................................................60 1.3.4 Multiple Kinetics ...........................................................................65 1.3.5 Polarization Curve and Voltage Losses .........................................67 1.3.6 Measures to Improve Cell Performance ........................................78 References ..........................................................................................................79 2 Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction ................................................89 Chaojie Song andJiujun Zhang 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................89 2.1.1 Electrochemical O2 Reduction Reactions ......................................89 2.1.2 Kinetics of the O2 Reduction Reaction ..........................................90 2.1.3 Techniques Used in Electrocatalytic O2 Reduction Reactions .....93 2.2 Oxygen Reduction on Graphite and Carbon ...........................................101 2.2.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction Mechanisms ..................................102 Contents 2.2.2 Kinetics of the ORR on Carbon Materials ..................................107 2.2.3 Catalytic Sites on Carbon Materials ............................................108 2.3 Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by Quinone and Derivatives ...................109 2.3.1 АО Process for O2 Reduction to Produce H2O2 ..........................109 2.3.2 ORR Mechanism Electrochemically Catalyzed by Quinone ......110 2.4 Oxygen Reduction on Metal Catalysts ...................................................110 2.4.1 ORR Mechanism on Pt ................................................................110 2.4.2 Mixed Pt Surface and Rest Potential on Pt .................................112 2.4.3 ORRKinetics onPt ......................................................................113 2.4.4 ORR on Pt Alloys ........................................................................114 2.4.5 Catalytic ORR on Other Metals ...................................................116 2.5 ORR on Macrocyclic Transition Metal Complexes ...............................117 2.5.1 ORR Mechanisms Catalyzed by Transition Metal Macrocyclic Complexes ....................................................................................117 2.5.2 Transition Metal Macrocycles as ORR Catalysts .......................117 2.5.3 ORR Kinetics Catalyzed by Transition Metal Macrocyclic Complexes ....................................................................................121 2.6 ORR Catalyzed by Other Catalysts .........................................................122 2.6.1 ORR Catalyzed by Transition Metal Chalcogenides ..................122 2.6.2 ORR Catalyzed by Transition Metal Carbide .............................124 2.7 Superoxide Ion .........................................................................................125 2.7.1 Production of Superoxide Ion by Other Methods .......................125 2.7.2 Properties of Superoxide Ion.......................................................126 2.7.3 Stability of Superoxide Ion..........................................................127 2.7.4 Superoxide Production by Electrocatalysis .................................127 2.8 Conclusions .............................................................................................129 References ........................................................................................................129 Electrocatalytic H2 Oxidation Reaction .......................................................135 Hui Li, Kunchan Lee andJiujun Zhang 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................135 3.2 Electrooxidation of Hydrogen .................................................................136 3.2.1 Mechanism of the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction .......................136 3.2.2 Thermodynamic Considerations for the Hydrogen Electrode Reaction ........................................................................................138 3.2.3 Kinetics of the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction .............................138 3.2.4 Hydrogen Adsorption Behavior ...................................................143 3.2.5 Kinetic Parameters of the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction ...........147 3.3 Electrocatalysis of Hydrogen Oxidation .................................................149 3.3.1 Platinum and Platinum Group Metals (Pt, Ru, Pd, Ir, Os, and Rh) ........................................................................................149 3.3.2 Carbides ........................................................................................156 3.3.3 Raney Nickel ................................................................................156 3.3.4 Typical Example Analysis - PtRu Alloy as a CO-tolerant Catalyst for the HOR ...................................................................157 3.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................159 References ........................................................................................................159 Contents xi 4 Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol, Ethanol and Formic Acid .........165 Előd Gyenge 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................165 4.1.1 Historical Overview: 1960-1990................................................165 4.1.2 Objectives .....................................................................................171 4.2 Reaction Pathways, Catalyst Selection and Performance: Example Analysis ....................................................................................172 4.2.1 Methanol Electrooxidation ..........................................................172 4.2.2 Formic Acid Electrooxidation .....................................................201 4.2.3 Ethanol Electrooxidation .............................................................219 4.2.4 Non-precious Metal Catalysts for Methanol, Formic Acid, and Ethanol Oxidation .................................................................224 4.3 Advances in Anode Catalyst Layer Engineering: Example Analysis ...................................................................................................230 4.3.1 Engineering of the Catalyst Surface and Morphology .................230 4.3.2 The Catalytic Interface: Catalyst/Support/Ionomer Interaction ....................................................................................236 4.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................269 References ........................................................................................................270 5 Application of First Principles Methods in the Study of Fuel Cell Air-Cathode Electrocatalysis ........................................................................289 Zheng Shi 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................289 5.2 Background ..............................................................................................290 5.2.1 Theoretical Methods ....................................................................290 5.2.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction ........................................................291 5.3 Surface Adsorption ..................................................................................293 5.3.1 Computational Methods ...............................................................294 5.3.2 Adsorption on Transition Metals .................................................295 5.3.3 Adsorption on Bimetallic Alloys .................................................299 5.4 Activation Energy ....................................................................................306 5.4.1 Computational Method ................................................................306 5.4.2 Example Calculations ..................................................................307 5.5 Thermodynamic Properties: Reversible Potential and Reaction Energy ......................................................................................311 5.5.1 Reversible Potential .....................................................................311 5.5.2 Reaction Thermodynamics ..........................................................313 5.6 Study of Non-noble Catalysts .................................................................316 5.7 Summary ................................................................................................324 References ........................................................................................................324 6 Catalyst Contamination in РЕМ Fuel Cells ................................................331 Hui Li, Chaojie Song, Jianlu Zhang andJiujun Zhang 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................331 6.2 Anode Catalyst Layer Contamination .....................................................331 6.2.1 Impacts of Carbon Dioxide ..........................................................332 xii Contents 6.2.2 Impacts of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) ...........................................334 6.2.3 Impacts of Ammonium (NH3) ....................................................337 6.2.4 Modeling of the Contamination of the PEMFC Anode Catalyst .............................................................................337 6.2.5 Mitigation of Anode Contamination ...........................................339 6.3 Cathode Catalyst Layer Contamination ..................................................339 6.3.1 SO, Contamination ......................................................................340 6.3.2 NO* Contamination ......................................................................343 6.3.3 NH3 and H2S Contamination .......................................................346 6.3.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Contamination ...............347 6.3.5 Ozone Contamination ..................................................................348 6.3.6 The Contamination Effects of Multi-contaminants ...................348 6.3.7 Modeling of PEMFC Cathode Catalyst Contamination .............349 6.4 Additive Effects of Anode and Cathode Contamination ........................349 6.5 Summary ................................................................................................350 References ........................................................................................................351 7 РЕМ Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers and MEAs .................................................355 Pei Kang Shen 7.1 Fundamentals of Catalyst Layers ............................................................355 7.1.1 Components and Structure ...........................................................356 7.1.2 Functions and Reactions ..............................................................356 7.1.3 Factors Affecting the Performance of CLs .................................359 7.1.4 Catalyst Layers for Liquid Fuel Cells .........................................366 7.1.5 Catalyst Layers for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells ......367 7.2 Principles of Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) ...........................369 7.2.1 Classification of MEA Materials .................................................370 7.2.2 Methods for MEA Fabrication ....................................................371 7.2.3 Technical Consideration ..............................................................372 7.2.4 MEA for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells .......................373 7.3 Conclusions .............................................................................................374 References ........................................................................................................374 8 Catalyst Layer Modeling: Structure, Properties and Performance .........381 Michael H. Eikerling, Kourosh Málek and Qianpu Wang 8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................381 8.2 Understanding Structure and Operation of Catalyst Layers ...................383 8.2.1 Challenges for the Structural Design ...........................................383 8.2.2 Porous Electrode Theory: Historical Perspective .......................384 8.2.3 Misapprehensions and Controversial Issues ...............................387 8.2.4 Effectiveness of Catalyst Utilization ...........................................388 8.2.5 Evaluating the Performance of CLs ............................................391 8.3 State of the Art in Theory and Modeling: Multiple Scales ....................395 8.4 Structural Formation of Catalyst Layers and Effective Properties ........398 8.4.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations ...............................................398 8.4.2 Atomistic MD Simulations of CLs ..............................................400 8.4.3 Meso-scale Model of CL Microstructure Formation ..................403 Contents xiii 8.4.4 Structure-related Effective Properties of CLs .............................407 8.5 Performance Modeling and Optimization Studies ..................................412 8.5.1 General Framework of Performance Modeling ..........................412 8.5.2 Transport and Reaction in Catalyst Layers .................................415 8.5.3 Spherical Agglomerates ...............................................................418 8.5.4 Main Results of the Macrohomogeneous Approach ...................425 8.5.5 Water Management in CCLs .......................................................428 8.6 Comparison and Evaluation of Catalyst Layer Designs .........................433 8.6.1 Conventional Catalyst Layers ......................................................434 8.6.2 Ultra-thin Two-phase Catalyst Layers ........................................434 8.7 Summary and Outlook .............................................................................438 References ........................................................................................................439 9 Catalyst Synthesis Techniques ......................................................................447 Christina Bock, Helga Halvor sen and Barry MacDougall 9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................447 9.2 Catalysis Synthesis Methods ...................................................................447 9.2.1 Low-temperature Chemical Precipitation ...................................448 9.2.2 Colloidal .......................................................................................448 9.2.3 Sol-gel ........................................................................................449 9.2.4 Impregnation ................................................................................450 9.2.5 Microemulsions ............................................................................451 9.2.6 Electrochemical ............................................................................453 9.2.7 Spray Pyrolysis ............................................................................454 9.2.8 Vapor Deposition .........................................................................455 9.2.9 High-energy Ball Milling ............................................................457 9.3 Particle Size and Shape Control ..............................................................458 9.3.1 Mechanism for Size Control Using Colloidal Synthesis Methods .......................................................................460 9.3.2 Size Control Using Electrochemical Methods ............................463 9.3.3 Assistance of Templates and Template Preparation ...................463 9.3.4 Shape Control ...............................................................................467 9.4 Bi-metallic Catalysts ...............................................................................468 9.4.1 Synthesis of Alloy versus Two-phase Catalysts .........................468 9.4.2 Sub-monolayer Deposition of Ad-metals ....................................472 9.5 Non-noble Metal Catalyst Synthesis .......................................................474 9.5.1 Macrocyclic Complexes ..............................................................474 9.5.2 Methanol Tolerance and the Economics of these Catalysts ........476 9.5.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides ..................................................477 9.5.4 Conclusions ..................................................................................478 References ........................................................................................................479 10 Physical Characterization of Electrocatalysts .............................................487 Shijun Liao, Baitao Li and Yingwei Li 10.1 Introduction .............................................................................................487 10.2 Analysis of Composition and Phase of Catalyst .....................................488 10.2.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Electron Diffraction (ED) ...........488 xiv Contents 10.2.2 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Emission (XRE), and Proton-induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) ......................................497 10.3 Measurement of Physical Surface Area and Electrochemical Active Surface Area ............................................................................................498 10.3.1 BET Method and Physical Surface Area .....................................498 10.3.2 Electrochemical Hydrogen Adsorption/Desorption ....................499 10.3.3 Typical Examples Analysis .........................................................501 10.4 Morphology of Catalysts and Their Active Components .......................505 10.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)........................................505 10.4.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy .............................................506 10.4.3 Typical Examples .........................................................................507 10.5 The Structure and Crystallography of Surface and Small Active Component Particles ................................................................................512 10.5.1 Principles of Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) ........................................................................................512 10.5.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) ...................................513 10.5.3 UV-induced Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UVPS) .....................519 10.5.4 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and its Application ......522 10.6 Analysis of the Stability of Catalysts by the Thermal Analysis Method ...................................................................................................525 10.6.1 Principles ......................................................................................525 10.6.2 Application ...................................................................................526 10.6.3 Typical Examples of Analysis .....................................................527 10.7 Other Structural Techniques for Characterizing the Bulk and Surface ofElectrocatalysts ...................................................................................532 10.7.1 FTIR and UV-VIS ........................................................................532 10.7.2 TPD/TPR ......................................................................................534 10.8 Conclusion ..............................................................................................536 References ........................................................................................................536 11 Electrochemical Methods for Catalyst Activity Evaluation ......................547 Zhigang Qi 11.1 Electrochemical Cells ..............................................................................547 11.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................547 11.1.2 Conventional З-ЕіесШміе Cells ...................................................548 11.1.3 Half-cells ......................................................................................551 11.1.4 Single Cells ..................................................................................553 11.2 Brief Principles of Electrochemical Instrumentation .............................556 11.3 Cyclic Voltammetry ................................................................................556 11.3.1 Basic Principles ............................................................................556 11.3.2 Potential Step Experiment ...........................................................558 11.3.3 Instrumentation: Potentiostat .......................................................559 11.3.4 Applications .................................................................................560 11.4 Rotating Disk and Rotating Ring-disk Electrode Techniques ................567 11.4.1 Theories and Principles ................................................................567 11.4.2 Instrumentation .............................................................................570 11.4.3 Fuel Cell-related Applications .....................................................570 Contents xv 11.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy .............................................573 11.5.1 Theories and Principles ................................................................573 11.5.2 Instrumentation .............................................................................578 11.5.3 Application in Fuel Cells .............................................................578 11.6 Current Interruption and Current Pulse Techniques ................................585 11.6.1 Principles and Instrumentation ....................................................585 11.6.2 Application in Fuel Cells .............................................................587 11.7 Steady-state I-V Polarization ...................................................................588 11.7.1 Principles and Instrumentation ....................................................588 11.7.2 Fuel Cell Hardware ......................................................................589 11.7.3 Fuel Cell Performance ..................................................................590 11.8 Durability Evaluation ...............................................................................592 11.8.1 Introduction ..................................................................................592 11.8.2 Techniques ....................................................................................593 11.9 Summary ...................................................................................................602 List of Symbols .................................................................................................602 References ........................................................................................................604 12 Combinatorial Methods for РЕМ Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts ....................609 Hansan Liu andJiujun Zhang 12.1 Introduction .............................................................................................609 12.1.1 Combinatory Material Chemistry ................................................609 12.1.2 Electrocatalysis in РЕМ Fuel Cells .............................................611 12.2 Combinatorial Methods for Fuel Cell Electrocatalysis ..........................612 12.2.1 Catalyst Library Preparation ........................................................612 12.2.2 Catalyst Activity Down-selection ................................................617 12.3 Combinatorial Discoveries of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts ........................622 12.3.1 Low/Non-platinum Content Catalysts for РЕМ Fuel Cell Cathodes .......................................................................................623 12.3.2 CO-tolerant Catalysts for РЕМ Fuel Cell Anodes ......................625 12.3.3 Platinum Alloy Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Anodes ........................................................................................625 12.3.4 Methanol-tolerant Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Cathodes .......................................................................................627 12.4 Conclusions ..............................................................................................628 References ........................................................................................................629 13 Platinum-based Alloy Catalysts for РЕМ Fuel Cells ..................................631 Hansan Liu, Dingguo Xia andJiujun Zhang 13.1 Introduction .............................................................................................631 13.2 Pt-based Alloy Catalysts for РЕМ Fuel Cell Cathodes ..........................632 13.2.1 The Alloying Effect on Cathode Catalyst Activity .....................632 13.2.2 Mechanism of the Alloying Effect on Cathode Catalysts ...........635 13.2.3 Stability of Pt-based Alloy Cathode Catalysts ............................640 13.3 Pt-based Alloy Catalysts for DMFC Anodes ..........................................643 13.3.1 The Alloying Effect on Anode Catalyst Activity ........................643 13.3.2 Mechanism of the Alloying Effect on Anode Catalysts ..............646 xvi Contents 13.3.3 The Stability of Pt-based Alloy Anode Catalysts ........................649 13.4 Concluding Remarks ...............................................................................650 References ........................................................................................................651 14 Nanotubes, Nanofibers and Nanowires as Supports for Catalysts ...........655 Xueliang Sun and Madhu Sudan Saha 14.1 Introduction .............................................................................................655 14.1.1 The Importance of Combining Nanotechnology and Clean Energy ..........................................................................................655 14.1.2 One-dimensional Nanomaterials Based New Catalyst Supports .......................................................................................656 14.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes, Nanofibers, and Nanowires ........................................................................................657 14.2.1 Structure and Synthesis Methods for Carbon Nanotubes ............657 14.2.2 Structure and Synthesis Methods for Carbon Nanofibers ...........661 14.2.3 Structure and Synthesis Methods for Nanowires ........................661 14.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Pt Catalysts Supported on Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofibers and Metal Oxide Nanowires ... 665 14.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................665 14.3.2 Methods for Depositing Pt Catalysts on Carbon Nanotubes (Pt/CNTs) .....................................................................................666 14.3.3 Methods for Depositing Pt Catalysts on Carbon Nanofibers (Pt/CNFs) .....................................................................................682 14.3.4 Methods for Depositing Pt Catalysts on Metal Oxide Nanowires (Pt/NWs) ....................................................................684 14.3.5 Methods of Functionalizing of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers-based Fuel Cell Electrodes .......................................687 14.4 Activity Validation of the Synthesized Catalysts in a Fuel Cell Operation .................................................................................................693 14.4.1 Fabrication of Membrane Electrode Assembly for Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers-based Catalysts ................................693 14.4.2 Performance of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers Membrane Electrode Assembly .....................................................................697 14.5 Stability of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers-based Fuel Cell Electrodes ................................................................................................700 14.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective ........................................................702 References ........................................................................................................704 15 Non-noble Electrocatalysts for the РЕМ Fuel Cell Oxygen Reduction Reaction .........................................................................................715 Kunchan Lee, Lei Zhang andJiujun Zhang 15.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................715 15.2. Transition Metal Macrocycles for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction ......716 15.2.1. The Central Transition Metal Effect ...........................................717 15.2.2. The Ligand Effect ........................................................................719 15.2.3. The Heat-treatment Effect ...........................................................720 15.2.4. The Effect of the Synthesis Method ...........................................721 Contents xvii 15.3 Non-noble Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides for the ORR ..........725 15.3.1 Carbides ........................................................................................725 15.3.2 Nitrides .........................................................................................728 15.3.3 Oxynitrides ...................................................................................730 15.3.4 Carbonitrides ................................................................................733 15.4 Transition Metal Chalcogenides for the ORR ........................................734 15.5 Metal Oxides for the ORR ......................................................................742 15.6 Conclusions .............................................................................................748 References ........................................................................................................748 16 CO-tolerant Catalysts ....................................................................................759 SiyuYe 16.1 Introduction .............................................................................................759 16.2 Mechanisms of CO Tolerance .................................................................764 16.2.1 Electrochemistry of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen ...............766 16.2.2 Characteristics of PEMFC CO Poisoning ...................................770 16.2.3 Bifunctional Mechanism of CO Tolerance ..................................771 16.2.4 Direct Mechanism of CO Tolerance (Ligand or Electronic Effect) .........................................................................................773 16.2.5 Surface Science Study and Modeling of CO-tolerance Mechanism ...................................................................................774 16.3 Development of CO-tolerant Catalysts ...................................................781 16.3.1 PtRu Binary System .....................................................................783 16.3.2 PtMo Binary System ....................................................................787 16.3.3 PtSn Binary System ......................................................................790 16.3.4 PtM (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Ta, Rh, Pd) Binary Systems .....................791 16.3.5 PtRuM (M = Mo, Sn, W, Cr, Zr, Nb, Ag, Au, Rh, Os, and Ta) Ternary Systems ...........................................................................794 16.3.6 The Pt, PtRu-MO* (M = Mo, W, and V) System ........................796 16.3.7 Ru-modifíed Pt Catalysts and Pt-modified Ru Catalysts ............799 16.3.8 PtRu on Functionalized Carbon and Carbon Nanotube Systems ........................................................................................802 16.3.9 PtAu Binary System .....................................................................804 16.3.10 Pt-free Systems ...........................................................................804 16.4 Preparation of CO-tolerant Catalysts...................................................... 805 16.5 Conclusions .............................................................................................809 References ........................................................................................................811 17 Reversal-tolerant Catalyst Layers ................................................................835 SiyuYe 17.1 Introduction .............................................................................................835 17.2 Cell Voltage Reversal ..............................................................................838 17.2.1 Air Starvation ...............................................................................838 17.2.2 Fuel Starvation .............................................................................839 17.2.3 Electrocatalyst Degradation in РЕМ Fuel Cells Caused by Cell Voltage Reversal During Fuel Starvation ...................................842 17.3 Development of Reversal-tolerant Catalyst Layers ................................845 xviii Contents 17.3.1 Reversal Tolerance Cathode Catalyst Layer ...............................846 17.3.2 Reversal Tolerance Anode Catalyst Layer ..................................847 17.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................856 References ........................................................................................................856 18 High-temperature РЕМ Fuel Cell Catalysts and Catalyst Layers ...........861 Chaojie Song, Rob Hui andJiujun Zhang 18.1 Opportunities and Challenges for High-temperature РЕМ Fuel Cells... 861 18.1.1 Advantages of High-temperature РЕМ Fuel Cells .....................861 18.1.2 Routes to Increase the Operating Temperature ...........................867 18.1.3 Challenges of Catalysts/Catalyst Layers .....................................867 18.2 Catalysts for High-temperature РЕМ Fuel Cells ....................................868 18.2.1 Current Research Activities .........................................................868 18.2.2 Degradation of Catalysts at High Temperatures .........................869 18.2.3 Catalyst Support Strategy to Improve High-temperature Catalysts/Catalyst Layers .............................................................876 18.2.4 High-temperature Catalyst Layers - Components and Structure .......................................................................................877 18.2.5 Strategies for HT Catalyst/Catalyst Layer Performance Improvement and Mitigation .......................................................878 18.2.6 Suggestions for Future Work .......................................................878 18.2.7 Typical Example Analysis ...........................................................878 18.3 Summary ...................................................................................................884 References ........................................................................................................884 19 Conventional Catalyst Ink, Catalyst Layer and MEA Preparation .........889 Huamin Zhang, Xiaoli Wang, Jianlu Zhang andJiujun Zhang 19.1 Introduction .............................................................................................889 19.2 Principles of Gas Diffusion Electrodes and MEA Structure ..................889 19.3 Catalyst Layer ..........................................................................................893 19.3.1 Preparation of Catalyst Ink ..........................................................893 19.3.2 Preparation of the Catalyst Layer ................................................895 19.4 Preparation of the MEA ...........................................................................911 19.5 Summary and Outlook ..............................................................................911 References ........................................................................................................912 20 Spray-based and CVĐ Processes for Synthesis of Fuel Cell Catalysts and Thin Catalyst Layers ..............................................................................917 Radenka Marie 20.1 Introduction .............................................................................................917 20.2 Spray Pyrolysis Approach .......................................................................919 20.2.1 Current Research Activities .........................................................919 20.2.2 Spray Conversion and Aerosol Routes for Powder Manufacturing ..............................................................................919 20.2.3 Pt Nanoparticle Preparation via Spray Route ..............................921 20.2.4 Morphology of Catalyst Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis ..............922 20.2.5 Electrochemical Performance ......................................................925 Contents xix 20.2.6 Electrocatalytic Activity and Stability of Pt-based Catalysts ......926 20.2.7 Typical Example Analysis ...........................................................928 20.3 Deposition of Catalyst Layer by CVD .....................................................929 20.3.1 Current Research Activities .........................................................930 20.3.2 Film Formation from Vapor Phase by CVD ...............................931 20.3.3 Morphological and Microstructural Stability ..............................933 20.3.4 Electrochemical Performance and Catalytic Activity .................935 20.3.5 Typical Examples Analysis.. ........................................................939 20.4 Flame-based Processing ...........................................................................941 20.4.1 Current Research Activities .........................................................942 20.4.2 Atomization Process .....................................................................943 20.4.3 Particle Formation in the Flame ...................................................944 20.4.4 Particle Size Control ....................................................................946 20.4.5 Electrochemical Performance and Catalytic Activity of the Flame Deposited Catalyst ............................................................950 20.4.6 Typical Examples Analysis ..........................................................954 20.5 Summary ...................................................................................................958 References ........................................................................................................958 21 Catalyst Layer/MEA Performance Evaluation ...........................................965 Jianlu Zhang andJiujun Zhang 21.1 Introduction .............................................................................................965 21.2 Theoretical Analysis ................................................................................966 21.2.1 Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) of the PEMFC ..............................966 21.2.2 Exchange Current Density, i0 .......................................................968 21.2.3 Tafel Slope, b ...............................................................................968 21.2.4 Polarization Curve Analysis .........................................................971 21.3 Physical Chemistry Evaluation of Catalyst Layer ..................................973 21.3.1 Pore Structure Analysis of Catalyst Layer ..................................973 21.3.2 Protonic and Electronic Conductivity in the Catalyst Layer .......974 21.3.3 Wettability of the Catalyst Layer .................................................975 21.4 Catalyst Layer Evaluation in a Half-cell .................................................978 21.4.1 Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) Test ...........................................978 21.4.2 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) Test ....................................................981 21.4.3 Polarization Curves in a Half-cell ................................................984 21.5 MEA Evaluation by the Single-cell Test ................................................986 21.5.1 Test Station ...................................................................................986 21.5.2 Polarization Curve ........................................................................988 21.5.3 Resistance Test - AC Impedance Test ........................................988 21.5.4 Permeability/Crossover Test ........................................................992 21.6 Lifetime/Durability Testing of the MEA ................................................994 21.6.1 Mechanisms of MEA Degradation ..............................................994 21.6.2 Durability Testing ........................................................................996 21.7 Conclusions .............................................................................................997 References ........................................................................................................997 xx Contents 22 Catalyst Layer Composition Optimization ................................................1003 Wei Xing 22.1 Catalyst Layer Materials Selection and Evaluation ..............................1003 22.1.1 Catalyst selection ........................................................................1003 22.1.2 Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) and Microporous Layer (MPL) Materials Selection .....................................................................1011 22.2 Fabrication Optimization Processes for the Catalyst Layer ofMEAs ................................................................................................1016 22.2.1 GDL Substrate Preparation ........................................................1016 22.2.2 Microporous Layer (MPL) Preparation and Optimization ........1017 22.2.3 Catalyst Ink Composition and Preparation ................................1019 22.2.4 Carbon-supported Catalyst Layer Fabrication ...........................1023 22.2.5 Pt Catalyst Layer Fabrication .....................................................1027 22.2.6 MEA Fabrication and Optimization ..........................................1029 22.3 MEA Performance Verification with its Catalyst Layer Fabrication Optimization Process .............................................................................1031 22.3.1 MEA Performance Characterization ..........................................1031 22.3.2 MEA Water Management Characterization ..............................1032 22.3.3 MEA CO and Other Contamination Tolerance .........................1032 22.3.4 MEA Lifetime Enhancement via MEA Fabrication Process Improvement ..............................................................................1033 References ......................................................................................................1033 23 Catalyst Layer Degradation, Diagnosis and Failure Mitigation .............1041 Jing Li 23.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................1041 23.2 Diagnosis of Catalyst Layer Degradation: Fuel Cell Failure Analysis .................................................................................................1044 23.2.1 Diagnostic Tools to Identify Catalyst Degradation During Fuel Cell Operation: Electrochemical Methods ........................1045 23.2.2 Ex situ Tools for Characterization of Catalyst Degradation During Fuel Cell Operation .......................................................1049 23.2.3 Durability and Accelerated Stress Testing ................................1054 23.3 Anode Catalyst Layer Degradation .......................................................1056 23.3.1 Anode Catalyst Layer Degradation Caused by Contamination ............................................................................1056 23.3.2 Anode Catalyst Layer Degradation-Voltage Reversal .............1061 23.3.3 Ru Leaching and Crossover .......................................................1064 23.4 Cathode Catalyst Layer Degradation ....................................................1066 23.4.1 Platinum Dissolution During Fuel Cell Operation ....................1066 23.4.2 Pt Accumulation and Distribution in the Membrane after Fuel Cell Operation ....................................................................1073 23.4.3 Loss of Platinum Surface Area Due to Agglomeration .............1075 23.4.4 Carbon Corrosion of Catalyst Layer ..........................................1080 23.5 Summary .................................................................................................1087 References ......................................................................................................1089 Contents xxi Acronyms and Abbreviations ...........................................................................1095 Contributor Biographies ...................................................................................1103 Author Index .......................................................................................................1117 Subject Index ......................................................................................................1119
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indexdate	2024-12-20T13:27:16Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9781848009356
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017073593
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physical	XXI, 1137 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate	2008
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spellingShingle	PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers fundamentals and applications Catalysts Electrocatalysis Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4008195-3 gnd Katalyse (DE-588)4029921-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4008195-3 (DE-588)4029921-1
title	PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers fundamentals and applications
title_auth	PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers fundamentals and applications
title_exact_search	PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers fundamentals and applications
title_full	PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers fundamentals and applications Hrsg. Jiujun Zhang
title_fullStr	PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers fundamentals and applications Hrsg. Jiujun Zhang
title_full_unstemmed	PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers fundamentals and applications Hrsg. Jiujun Zhang
title_short	PEM fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers
title_sort	pem fuel cell electrocatalysts and catalyst layers fundamentals and applications
title_sub	fundamentals and applications
topic	Catalysts Electrocatalysis Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4008195-3 gnd Katalyse (DE-588)4029921-1 gnd
topic_facet	Catalysts Electrocatalysis Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Brennstoffzelle Katalyse
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017073593&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT zhangjiujun pemfuelcellelectrocatalystsandcatalystlayersfundamentalsandapplications

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