Verfügbarkeit: Experimental pollination ... | Technische Universität München

Experimental pollination ...: an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteiligte Personen:	Clements, Frederic E. 1874-1945 (VerfasserIn), Long, Frances Louise (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Washington Carnegie Inst. 1923
Schriftenreihe:	Publication / Carnegie Institution 336
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020094402&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Umfang:	VII, 274 S. Ill.

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	EXPERIMENTAL EQLMNAiTION AN! OUT LN IE OF THE i ! M ECOLOGY OF! FLOWERS AM) i 1! INSECTS B Y • I • FREDERIC E CLEMENTS AND FRANCES L LONG • J i i !• ; !i ) i\|jjCarneg e/lB Depostin PUBLISHED BY THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OP WASHINGTON WASHINGTON, 1923, il ii li: :iI M CONTENTS POL- INTRODUCTION AND METHODS Introduction Objectives Methods General principles Normal pollination Experimental pollination Organization of experiments Change of position or place Concealing or disguising flowers Mutilation Artificial and painted flowers Addition of parts or substances Competition Manipulation of insects Life-history methods and records Life-history record of a represen tative species \| i I NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTAL! LINATION Aconitum columbianum j Normal pollination J Structure Behavior Experiments Change of position Horizontal racemes Racemes inverted Mutilations Cotton plugs i J Stamens removed I Jt Hood split IJiJ; Hood removed¥ Hood and nectaries removed Lower sepals removed ) I \| Side petals removed! iJr it Competitive relations \|! » Jl Artificial and painted flowers Normal colors A Artificial flowers J J [ Painted flowers Jjj Addition of honey and iodor Honey \|,J I, J! 1 Perfumes J jlj A; Summary jJ:A Delphinium scopulorum :l I Normal pollination Habit and structure Behavior Experiments Change of position J Inverted racemes Horizontal racemes Mutilation Cotton plugs Petals removed Spur removed Landing-platform removed Artificial and painted flowers Crepe-paper corollas I Crepe-paper corollas with spurs Painted flowers PAGE 2 i NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTAL POL LINATION (Continued) Delphinium scopulorum (Continued) Addition of odor Perfume Summary Rubus deliciosus Normal pollination Habit and structure Behavior Variation in visits Experiments Mutilation Petals split or shortened Stamens covered Artificial and painted flowers Crepe-paper corollas Painted corollas Addition of honey or odor Honey Summary Rubus strigosus Normal pollination , Habit\| and structure Behayior^ Experiments Mutilation i Floral envelopes or stamens removed PAGE • i Rosa acicuiatis : ;( Normal pollination J, Habit and structure j \| Behavior Ij, Experiments Mutilation Corolla; short!ened Stamens jmasked Artificial and painted flowers Crepe-paper jcorollas Addition of; honey and odor Honey ij j ; \| Honey arid talcum powder ) li i (I u jl Camphor, I! ! I Summarjr\| Geranium }caespUosum Normal ;pollination j J Habit and structure i i Behavior1 Calendars J1 Experiments j i Change of position 11 Flowers vertical or inverted i Mutilation1: \| Cotton overinectaries Excision , \| Artificial and painted flowers Crepe-paperjcorollas Addition of honey and odor HoiieyJ Summary Chamaenerium angustifolium Normal\|pollination Habit and structure h I?4 41 41 ? 4 iv CONTENTS 2 NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTAL , POL LINATION {Continued) ji Chamaenerium angustifolium (Coht )1 Behavior L J A j j Experiments \|\|A i Change of position , Racemes inverted Mutilation Floral envelopes removed J • • Upper petals and; the! in{ eluded sepal removed1! Stamens and style removed J ArtificialandpaintedflowersJ Crepe-paper corollas i^ j! / PaintedcorollasAJiJ11 Addition of honey and odor Honey Odor Perfumes PAGE Fla rc ring extracts Summar^ i! !! Pachylophus caespitosus Normal pollination Habit and structure Behavior ! ![ ; Experiments I Artificial flowers ; Crepe-paper flowers • Petals obscured Mentzelia multiflora Normal pollination Habit and structure Experiments Crepe-paper flowers and com petition Crepe-paper corollas Summary Frasera speciosa Normal pollination Habit and structure Behavior Experiments Mutilation Types Artificial and painted flowers Crepe-paper corollas Painted corollas ; False corollas Addition of nectar and odor Nectar Summary Mertensia pratensis • Normal pollination Behavior Experiments Mutilation Changes of corolla Castilleia miniata Normal pollination Habit and structure Behavior Experiments - Mutilation Upper lip removed, spike in verted Painted flowers Painted bracts -64 PAGE NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTAL POL LINATION (Continued) Pentstemon glaber 65 Normal pollination 65 Habit and structure 65 Behavior 65 Calendars 66 Experiments 68 Change of position 68 Racemes inverted 68 Racemes horizontal 70 Mutilation 70 Cotton at the corolla mouth 70 Styles, stamens, and stami- node removed 70 Corolla split 70 Corolla lips separated and staminode raised 71 • Upper lip removed at the • 1 throat 71 } Lower lip shortened half 71 1 Lower lip removed 71 Lower lip and part of the ; tube removed 71 Lips removed except lower lobe* 71 Corolla tube shortened half 71 Petals -separated 71 Lower lip split into three petals J 71 Tube end of a corolla slipped over the Istaminode 72 • Comparative relations 72 Artificialand painted flowers 72 Crepe-paper corollas 72 Corolla painted with water- colors 72 Honey and odor 72 Sirup added 72 Pentstemon gracilis 73 Normal pollination 73 Habit and structure 73 Behavior 73 Calendars 74 Experiments 75 Change of position 75 Racemes inverted 75 Racemes horizontal 75 Mutilation 1 75 Landing-platform removed 75 Brush of staminode removed 75 Anthers and recurved por tion of upper lip removed 75 Upper lip partly removed 75 Lobes of upper lip separated 75 Petals split to the base 76 Pentstemon glaucus 76 Normal pollination 76 Normal behavior 76 Experiments 76 Mutilation 76 Upper lobes split to base 76 Lower lip removed 76 Outer lobes of lower lip re moved 76 Staminode removed 76 CONTENTS PAGE NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTAL POL LINATION (Continued) Pentstemon glaucus (Cont ) Middle lobe of the lower lip removed 77 Upper, lip removed 77 Pentstemon secundiflorus 77 Normal pollination 77 Behavior 77 Calendar 77 Experiments 77 Odor 77 Powders and extracts 77 - Cotton wads sprinkled with peppermint 78 Summary 78 Monarda fistulosa 79 Normal pollination 79 Habit and structure 79 Behavior - 79 Experiments] 80 Mutilation and competition 80 Plan 80 Summary 88 R6sum6 89 Variation in number of visits 89 Changes of position 90 Masking with cotton 90 Mutilation , 91 Artificial flowers 92 Painted flowers 92 Honey and odor 93 COMPETITION AND CONSTANCY 94 Significance 94 Competition 94 General plan 94 Rubus strigosus 95 General relations 95 Rubus strigosus and Rubus deliciosus 95 Comparison 95 Experiments 95 Summary 97 Rubus strigosus and Rubus deliciosus 97 Comparison 99 Summary 99 Competition of Rubus with Frasera, Cleome, etc * 99 Comparison : 97 Experiments 99 Summary 99 Rubus strigosus and two or more competitors 99 Comparison 99 Summary 100 Rubus deliciosus 101 Experiments 101 Summary 101 Rosa acicularis 101 Comparison 101 Experiments 102 Summary 102 Competition with normal and - mutilated Aquilegia 105 Geranium - 105 Comparison 105 Experiments 106 Summary 109 PAGE 3 COMPETITION AND CONSTANCY (COTV- V tinued) Chamaenerium angustifolium 110, Comparison 110,! Experiments 110; Summary 110 Pentstemon 110J Comparison 110; Experiments 113; Summary 113, Monarda fistulosa 115: Comparison 115 Experiments 115, Summary • 115 Weight and composition of pollen loads 119 Value and methods 119 Discussion 127 Constancy 128 Definitions 128 Early observations of constancy 129, Bennett s studies of constancy 130 Christy s studies of methodic habits 13C) Mueller s results 130 Bulman s studies 131 Ord s conclusions 131 Plateau and P§rez 131 Constancy in Bombus 132 Lovell s conclusions 132 Kranichfeld s observations 133 Origin of oligotropism 133 R6sum6 134 Experimental results in compe- \|\| tition 134 Effects of competition 134 Constancy as shown by pollen \|[ loads 135 4 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS 136 Introductory 136 Early experiments of Plateau and \|: others 136 Artificial flowers 136 Nectaries 137 Color sense of bees 138 Response to detached petals 139 Color preferences : of nocturnal^ ], moths : ••••• 140 Response to color without anten- \|\| nee i 140 Perception of form I 140 Response of wasps to color 143 Response of wasps to odor 145 Main researches of Plateau 145 Masked flowers 34(5 Removal of corolla 147 Response to different colors 148 Addition of honey to vivid nectar- I; less flowers l 149 Anemophilous flowers 150 Eritomophilous flowers of dull ~ color 1 150 Artificial flowers, second series 150 Artificial flowers of jgreen leaves 151 Conclusions as to artificial flowers 152 General summary/! 152 R61e of vexillary organs 153 VI 4 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS iinued)t \| Main researches of Plateau tinued) j \|jj Choice of colors by insects Errors made by Anthidiums Admiration of syrphids for bright flowers Jljj jlt \| Attraction of colored cloths [and (Con HI (Con- amp;m\| insect CONTENTS :: \|, I PAGE brilliant objects Constancy among bees! j! J Mistakes made by bees jjj! Removal of the antenn® of ble-bees Evidence of the attractive role of odor , \| jj Decorollate poppies and visits • J jj New experiments with artificial flowers •!!! • J Conclusions as to artificial flowers Macroglossa and false flowers^ jj Entomophilous flowers llit tjejjvisT itedbyinsects\|:j\|j, Related studies and critiquesjjj J» - j! Comparative importance of ibdor and color « ; j; jv • Perez s critique of Plateau s work Effect of colors at the hive Critiques of Kienitz-Gerloff Knuth s critique j ;, Reeker s experiments with arti ficial flowers Decorollate poppies Response to color and odor by a hawk-moth * : Vexillary nature of the plume in Muscari Forel s experiments with covered dahlias and with artefacts Response of Syritta Andreae s experiments with arti ficial flowers Andreae s conclusions Andreae s criticisms of Plateau s work Plateau s criticisms of Andreae s work Wery s experiments with decorol late and artificial flowers Plateau s criticisms of ; Wery s experiments • Experiments of Weismann and Errera : Orientation of the honey-bee at flowers of the same species Discrimination between similar species of flowers Orientation of the bee within the • flower Chance observations of visits to imitations_ Knoll s critique of Plateau s study of Macroglossa- , Recent investigations The color sense of the honey-bee Can bees distinguish colors? R 159 II 176 189- PRINCIPLES ANDI; CONCLUSIONS (Con- ] I; jtinued)r\| \| ;j j \| Recent investigations (Continued) i jThe pollination of green flowers Conspiciious!fiowers rarely visited j by insects I ; \| Response of honey-bees to colored j artefact^ jj ;\| Pattern ijvision in the honey-bee Experiments with cotton blos- \| somaJl ;: ij : J Color ,sense: and memory in the \| honeyj-bee jFrisch s researches—sense of color t and form in the honey-bee The supposed color sense of the \| honeyj-bee jj Seasonal changes in response to honey • I[: j The sense of smell in the honey bee and the colors of of : Bombylius flowers ! Vision and flower behavior Macroglossa stellatarum Response of bees to spectral bands Evaluation of Plateau s researches Forel s estimate 1 Contradictory nature of Plateau s later conclusions Conclusions as to Plateau s views Senses of insects Sight The mosaic theory Criticisms of Plateau s views as to vision - Sensibility to color Perception of form and move ment by insects Discrimination of form Vision in honey-bees Vision in ants The role of ultra-violet in at traction The homing faculty in bees and wasps Fabre s experiment with bees and wasps Lubbock s and Forel s critique of Fabre s conclusions Homing faculty of bees Sense of direction in ground- wasps Disturbance of memory in wasps Observations on the homing of Benibex and Pampilus Memory of place in Osmia The field and nest flights of the bumble-bee The homiiig of the mud-dauber wasp Experiments on the orientation of bees in homing Homing ability in Polistes Smell PAGE I! !l97 •200 • 213 CONTENTS vii PAGE 4 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS (Con tinued) Smell (Continued) Sense of smell in insects de prived of antennae 225 Forel s criticisms of Graber s results: 226 Hauser s experiments 227- Olfactory pores 228 Experiments with antennae removed, mutilated, or coated 228 Experiments with wings, legs, and stings mutilated 229 Mclndoo s experiments with deantennate insects 229 Present status as to the seat of the olfactory sense 230 Intelligence 232- Relation between the senses and mental faculties of in sects 232 Memory and general intelli gence of wasps 233 Memory of place in bees 233 Memory of time and asso ciation of impressions 235 Memory of time and memory association in honey-bees 236 Intelligence of honey-bees 236 The psychic powers of insects 237 A PAGE 4 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS (Con- I tinued) General r6sum6 1 238 Treatment 1 238 Attraction 1 238 Color \| 238 Mutilation 238 Artificial flowers 239 Painted flowers 240 Inclosing flowers in glass 241 Green flowers and showy nec- tarless flowers 241 Color preference „ 241 Odor 244 Masking or covering flowers to conceal color 244 Odor of honey 244 Effect of added odors 245 Relative value of color and \| odor 245 Form 245 Distinction and role 245 Attraction at a distance and near Jj at hand 246 Learning and habit 247 Memory and intelligence 247 5 Pollinators and Flowers Visited 249 6 Flowers and their Visitors 256 Bibliography 268 Index 273 Description of Plates 276
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spellingShingle	Clements, Frederic E. 1874-1945 Long, Frances Louise Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects
title	Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects
title_auth	Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects
title_exact_search	Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects
title_full	Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects by Frederic E. Clements and Frances L. Long
title_fullStr	Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects by Frederic E. Clements and Frances L. Long
title_full_unstemmed	Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects by Frederic E. Clements and Frances L. Long
title_short	Experimental pollination ...
title_sort	experimental pollination an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects
title_sub	an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020094402&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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work_keys_str_mv	AT clementsfrederice experimentalpollinationanoutlineoftheecologyofflowersandinsects AT longfranceslouise experimentalpollinationanoutlineoftheecologyofflowersandinsects

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