Analysis, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle:
Saved in:
| Other Authors: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
2007
|
| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Series: | Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry
50 |
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018335758&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XXXVI, 564 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780444530523 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Contributors to Volume 50.................................. vii
Volumes in the Series...................................... xi
Editor s preface.......................................... xxv
Series editor s preface...................................... xxix
Glossary of acronyms and abbreviations........................ xxxi
Chapter 1 Pharmaceuticals in the environment: sources and
their management
Christian G. Daughton
1.1 Introduction..................................... 1
1.1.1 Scope: the universe of Pharmaceuticals........... 2
1.1.2 Background regarding the acronym PPCPs ....... 7
1.1.3 An historical perspective regarding the published
literature and PPCPs......................... 9
1.2 Sources and pathways for pharmaceuticals to
the environment.................................. 10
1.2.1 Importance of understanding sources and
origins......................................... 10
1.2.2 Sources/origins.............................. 12
1.2.2.1 Sources: general considerations.......... 17
1.2.2.2 The role of source in the perception
of risk............................. 21
1.2.2.3 Specific sources....................... 22
1.2.2.4 Data needs.......................... 35
1.3 Means for minimizing these sources (e.g., pollution prevention) 35
1.3.1 Drug disposal............................... 36
1.3.1.1 Example of the hazards associated with
storage of drugs at the home............ 45
1.3.2 Drug reuse and recycling...................... 47
1.4 Summary....................................... 49
Notice.......................................... 49
References...................................... 49
xv
Contents
Chapter 2. Analysis of pharmaceuticals as environmental
contaminants
Chapter 2.1. Analysis of antibiotics in aqueous samples
M. Silvia Diaz-Cruz and Damia Barcelo
2.1.1 Introduction.................................... 61
2.1.1.1 Antibiotic classification..................... 63
2.1.1.2 Physical-chemical properties................. 63
2.1.1.3 Occurrence in aqueous samples............... 65
2.1.2 Sample preparation.............................. 68
2.1.2.1 Sample preservation....................... 69
2.1.2.2 Enrichment and purification procedures........ 69
2.1.3 Quantitative analytical methods..................... 71
2.1.3.1 Gas chromatography methods................ 72
2.1.3.2 Liquid chromatography methods.............. 73
2.1.3.2.1 Analytical columns................ 73
2.1.3.2.2 Mobile phases.................... 73
2.1.3.2.3 Analyzers....................... 78
2.1.3.2.4 Matrix effects.................... 82
2.1.4 Conclusions.................................... 89
Acknowledgements............................... 90
References..................................... 90
Chapter 2.2. Analysis of antibiotics in solid samples
Sung-Chul Kim and Kenneth Carlson
2.2.1 Introduction.................................... 95
2.2.2 Classification of antibiotics......................... 97
2.2.3 Physicochemical properties of antibiotics.............. 97
2.2.3.1 Tetracyclines (TCs)........................ 98
2.2.3.2 Sulfonamides (SAs)........................ 100
2.2.3.3 Macrolides (MLs).......................... 101
2.2.3.4 Ionophores (IPs).......................... 101
2.2.4 Antibiotic extraction in solid matrices................ 101
2.2.4.1 Liquid-solid extraction (LSE) method.......... 107
2.2.4.2 Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method..... 108
2.2.5 Sample cleanup and concentration................... 109
2.2.6 Sample separation and detection.................... Ill
2.2.7 Application of LC/MS for quantifying antibiotics in the
environment.................................... 115
2.2.8 Fate and transport of antibiotics in solid matrices....... 120
xvi
Contents
2.2.9 Conclusion..................................... 123
References..................................... 124
Chapter 2.3. Analysis of neutral and acidic pharmaceuticals by liquid
chromatography mass spectrometry
Xiu-Sheng Miao and Chris D. Metcalfe
2.3.1 Introduction.................................... 133
2.3.2 Analytical techniques............................. 138
2.3.2.1 Sample collection and storage................ 138
2.3.2.2 Sample preparation........................ 139
2.3.2.2.1 Aqueous samples................. 139
2.3.2.2.2 Particulate samples................ 142
2.3.2.2.3 Biota samples.................... 143
2.3.2.3 LC-MS and LC-MS/MS analysis............... 144
2.3.2.3.1 Liquid chromatography separation .... 145
2.3.2.3.2 Mass spectrometry................ 147
2.3.2.3.3 Time of flight mass spectrometry..... 150
2.3.2.4 Matrix effects............................ 150
2.3.2.5 Quantification............................ 153
2.3.3 Conclusions.................................... 153
References..................................... 154
Chapter 2.4. Multi-residue analysis of pharmaceuticals using
LC-tandem MS and LC-hybrid MS
Mira Petrovic, Meritxell Gros, Damia Barcelo
2.4.1 Introduction.................................... 157
2.4.2 Simultaneous extraction of multi-class pharmaceuticals
from aqueous samples............................ 158
2.4.3 Chromatographic separation........................ 163
2.4.4 Mass spectrometric analysis using tandem MS.......... 164
2.4.4.1 Triple quadrupole (QqQ).................... 164
2.4.5 Mass spectrometric analysis using hybrid MS........... 170
2.4.5.1 Quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF)............ 170
2.4.5.2 Quadrupole—linear ion trap (QqLIT).......... 173
2.4.6 Pitfalls in LC-MS analysis of pharmaceuticals in complex
environmental samples............................ 175
2.4.6.1 False positive results....................... 175
2.4.6.2 Matrix effect............................. 177
xvu
Contents
2.4.7 Outlook....................................... 180
Acknowledgements............................... 180
References..................................... 181
Chapter 2.5 Analysis of acidic drugs by gas chromatography
Jose Benito Quintana, Josefina Carpinteiro and Isaac Rodriguez
2.5.1 Introduction.................................... 185
2.5.2 Preliminary treatment............................ 187
2.5.3 Extraction/preconcentration........................ 189
2.5.3.1 Water samples............................ 189
2.5.3.1.1 Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)....... 189
2.5.3.1.2 Solid-phase extraction (SPE)......... 190
2.5.3.1.3 Solid-phase microextraction (SPME)... 195
2.5.3.1.4 Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME). . 198
2.5.3.2 Solid samples............................. 200
2.5.4 Clean-up...................................... 202
2.5.5 Derivatisation.................................. 203
2.5.5.1 Off-line alkylation reactions.................. 206
2.5.5.1.1 Diazomethane.................... 206
2.5.5.1.2 Other methylation reagents......... 206
2.5.5.2 On-line alkylation......................... 208
2.5.5.3 Pentafluorobenzyl-derivatives................ 208
2.5.5.4 Silyl-derivatives........................... 209
2.5.6 GC separation and determination.................... 212
2.5.7 Conclusions.................................... 213
References..................................... 214
Chapter 2.6. Analysis of steroid estrogens in the environment
Marina Kuster, Maria J. Lopez de Alda, Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz,
and Damia Barcelo
2.6.1 Introduction.................................... 219
2.6.1.1 Uses................................... 219
2.6.1.2 Metabolism and excretion rates............... 219
2.6.1.3 Sources in the environment.................. 220
2.6.1.4 Physico-chemical properties.................. 221
2.6.1.5 Environmental occurrence................... 221
2.6.1.6 Effects.................................. 224
2.6.2 Analysis....................................... 225
2.6.2.1 General remarks.......................... 225
2.6.2.2 Standards............................... 227
2.6.2.3 Sample collection, preservation, and handling .... 227
xvui
Contents
2.6.2.3.1 Water samples................... 227
2.6.2.3.2 Solid environmental samples......... 229
2.6.2.4 Extraction and purification.................. 230
2.6.2.4.1 Water samples................... 230
2.6.2.4.2 Solid environmental samples......... 241
2.6.2.5 Evaporation.............................. 243
2.6.2.6 Analytical determination.................... 243
2.6.2.6.1 General remarks.................. 243
2.6.2.6.2 Bioassays....................... 244
2.6.2.6.3 Gas chromatography-(tandem)mass
spectrometry..................... 247
2.6.2.6.4 Liquid chromatography-(tandem)mass
spectrometry..................... 251
2.6.2.6.5 LC-(tandem)MS vs GC-(tandem)MS ... 256
2.6.3 Conclusions.................................... 257
References..................................... 258
Chapter 2.7. Analysis of iodinated X-ray contrast media
Anke Putschew and Martin Jekel
2.7.1 Introduction.................................... 265
2.7.2 Adsorbable organic bound iodine (AOI)............... 267
2.7.3 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
(LC-ESI-MS/MS) and AOI......................... 269
2.7.4 Selective detection of organic bound iodine
(LC-ESI-IISF-MS), LC-ESI-MS/MS and AOI............ 272
References..................................... 277
Chapter 2.8 Application of bioassays/biosensors for the analysis of
Pharmaceuticals in environmental samples
J.-Pablo Salvador, Javier Adrian, Roger Galve, Daniel G. Pinacho,
Mark Kreuzer, Francisco Sanchez-Baeza and M.-Pilar Marco
2.8.1 Introduction.................................... 279
2.8.2 Bioassays...................................... 284
2.8.3 Biochemical assays............................... 291
2.8.3.1 Biochemical assays based on receptors.......... 292
2.8.3.2 Antibodies............................... 300
2.8.4 Biosensors..................................... 303
2.8.4.1 Transducing principle...................... 304
2.8.4.1.1 Electrochemical sensors............ 305
2.8.4.1.2 Optical transducers................ 308
xix
Contents
2.8.4.1.3 Piezoelectric transducers........... 313
2.8.4.1.4 Thermometric transducers.......... 314
2.8.4.2 Biorecognition principle..................... 314
2.8.4.2.1 Enzymes........................ 315
2.8.4.2.2 Protein receptors................. 315
2.8.4.2.3 Antibodies...................... 316
2.8.4.2.4 Nucleic acids..................... 317
2.8.4.2.5 Whole cells...................... 317
2.8.4.2.6 Biomimetic receptors.............. 323
Acknowledgements............................... 324
References..................................... 324
Chapter 3. Fate and occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle
Chapter 3.1. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the aqueous
environment
Kevin V. Thomas and Katherine Langford
3.1.1 Introduction.................................... 337
3.1.2 Surface water................................... 338
3.1.2.1 Marine................................. 338
3.1.2.2 Freshwater.............................. 345
3.1.3 Groundwater................................... 348
3.1.4 Wastewater.................................... 349
3.1.5 Drinking water.................................. 354
3.1.6 Summary...................................... 356
References..................................... 356
Chapter 3.2. Transformation of pharmaceuticals in the environment:
Photolysis and other abiotic processes
William A. Arnold and Kristopher McNeill
3.2.1 Introduction.................................... 361
3.2.2 Photolysis in the environment...................... 365
3.2.3 Photostability and phototoxicity of pharmaceutical
compounds..................................... 370
3.2.4 Direct and indirect photolysis of pharmaceutical compounds
in aquatic systems............................... 371
3.2.4.1 Direct photolysis.......................... 371
3.2.4.2 Indirect photolysis......................... 375
3.2.5 Role of pH..................................... 378
3.2.6 Importance of product identification.................. 380
xx
Contents
3.2.7 Other abiotic transformations...................... 381
3.2.8 Field studies.................................... 382
Acknowledgements............................... 382
References..................................... 383
Chapter 3.3 Ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals
Oliver A.H. Jones, Nikolaos Voulvoulis and John N. Lester
3.3.1 Introduction.................................... 387
3.3.2 Acute effects.................................... 392
3.3.3 Chronic effects.................................. 401
3.3.4 Mixture effects.................................. 403
3.3.5 Impacts of Pharmaceuticals in the environment......... 406
3.3.6 Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals...... 410
3.3.7 Discussion..................................... 413
3.3.8 Conclusions.................................... 416
References..................................... 417
Chapter 4 Removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and drinking
water treatments
Chapter 4.1 Removal of pharmaceutical residues during wastewater
treatment
Jorg E. Drewes
4.1.1 Introduction.................................... 427
4.1.1.1 Acidic, neutral and basic pharmaceutical residues . 429
4.1.1.2 Antibiotics............................... 429
4.1.1.3 X-ray contrast agents...................... 430
4.1.1.4 Steroid hormones......................... 431
4.1.2 Removal during primary treatment.................. 431
4.1.3 Removal during secondary treatment................. 432
4.1.3.1 Acidic, neutral and basic pharmaceutical residues . 432
4.1.3.2 Antibiotics............................... 434
4.1.3.3 X-ray contrast agents...................... 437
4.1.3.4 Steroid hormones......................... 439
4.1.4 Removal during tertiary treatment................... 442
4.1.5 Removal during disinfection........................ 442
4.1.6 Removal during membrane treatment................ 443
4.1.6.1 Microfiltration/ultraiiltration................. 443
4.1.6.2 Nanofiltration/reverse osmosis................ 443
xxi
Contents
4.1.7 Conclusions.................................... 445
References..................................... 446
Chapter 4.2. Removal of pharmaceuticals by advanced treatment
technologies
Maria Dolores Hernando Guil, Mira Petrovic, Jelena Radjenovic,
Antonio Rodriguez Fernandez-Alba, Amadeo Rodriguez Fernandez-
Alba and Damia Barcelo
4.2.1 Introduction.................................... 451
4.2.2 Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology............... 453
4.2.2.1 General aspects of MBR.................... 453
4.2.2.2 Removal of Pharmaceuticals by MBR.......... 454
4.2.2.2.1 Acidic, neutral and basic
Pharmaceuticals.................. 455
4.2.2.2.2 Steroid hormones................. 460
4.2.2.2.3 X-ray contrast agents.............. 460
4.2.3 Advanced oxidation processes (AOP.................. 461
4.2.3.1 Photocatalysis............................ 461
4.2.3.1.1 Steroid hormones................. 463
4.2.3.1.2 Antiepileptics.................... 464
4.2.3.1.3 Anti-inflammatories and lipid regulating
drugs.......................... 464
4.3.2.1.4 X-ray contrast agents.............. 465
4.2.3.2 Ozonation............................... 465
4.2.3.2.1 Antibiotics...................... 466
4.2.3.2.2 Anti-inflammatories, lipid regulating
drugs, beta-blockers and antiepileptics . 467
4.2.3.2.3 Steroid hormones................. 468
4.2.3.2.4 X-ray contrast agents.............. 468
4.2.4 Conclusions.................................... 470
Acknowledgements............................... 471
References..................................... 471
Chapter 4.3. Removal of pharmaceuticals during drinking water
production
Thomas Heberer
4.3.1 Introduction.................................... 475
4.3.2 Groundwater................................... 476
4.3.2.1 Contamination of groundwater............... 476
4.3.2.2 Behavior of drug residues in the groundwater body 477
xxn
Contents
4.3.2.3 Removal of drug residues by soil aquifer treatment
(SAT).................................. 480
4.3.2.4 Removal of drug residues from contaminated
surface waters by bank filtration.............. 485
4.3.2.5 Removal of drug residues from contaminated
surface waters by groundwater replenishment
(GWR).................................. 492
4.3.3 Removal in waterworks........................... 496
4.3.3.1 Flocculation.............................. 496
4.3.3.2 Aeration and rapid sand filtration............. 496
4.3.3.3 Ozonation............................... 500
4.3.3.4 Treatment with chlorine dioxide.............. 504
4.3.3.5 GAC filtration............................ 505
4.3.3.6 Membrane filtration....................... 505
4.3.3 Overall conclusions.............................. 508
References..................................... 510
Chapter 5. Conclusions and future research needs
Damia Barcelo and Mira Petrovic
5.1 General remarks................................ 515
5.2 Legislation..................................... 516
5.3 Chemical analysis............................... 517
5.4 Occurrence, fate and behaviour and modelling.......... 519
5.5 Removal from WWTP............................ 521
5.6 Toxicity....................................... 524
References..................................... 526
Appendix........................................... 529
Subject Index........................................ 559
xxin
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| id | DE-604.BV024119036 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:53:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780444530523 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018335758 |
| oclc_num | 254183531 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-83 |
| physical | XXXVI, 564 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry |
| series2 | Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry |
| spellingShingle | Analysis, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd Umweltanalytik (DE-588)4282985-9 gnd Wasseranalyse (DE-588)4079058-7 gnd Arzneimittel (DE-588)4003115-9 gnd Trinkwasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4186187-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4189299-9 (DE-588)4282985-9 (DE-588)4079058-7 (DE-588)4003115-9 (DE-588)4186187-5 |
| title | Analysis, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle |
| title_auth | Analysis, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle |
| title_exact_search | Analysis, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle |
| title_full | Analysis, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle ed. by M. Petrović ... |
| title_fullStr | Analysis, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle ed. by M. Petrović ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle ed. by M. Petrović ... |
| title_short | Analysis, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle |
| title_sort | analysis fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in the water cycle |
| topic | Wasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4189299-9 gnd Umweltanalytik (DE-588)4282985-9 gnd Wasseranalyse (DE-588)4079058-7 gnd Arzneimittel (DE-588)4003115-9 gnd Trinkwasserverschmutzung (DE-588)4186187-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wasserverschmutzung Umweltanalytik Wasseranalyse Arzneimittel Trinkwasserverschmutzung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018335758&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000900805 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT petrovicmira analysisfateandremovalofpharmaceuticalsinthewatercycle |