Speech and language engineering:
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| Other Authors: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Lausanne
EPFL Press [u.a.]
2007
|
| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Series: | Computer and communication sciences
|
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0727/2007276204-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017444070&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Physical Description: | XXIV, 478 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0824722191 |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCES
SPEECH
AND LANGUAGE
ENGINEERING
Martin Rajman, Editor
With contributions by:
Romaric Besancon, Herve Bourlard, Jean-C6dric Chappelier, Thierry Dutoit,
Andrzej Drygajlo, Hynek Hermansky, Magharet King, Jacques Moeschler, Vincenzo Pallotta,
Martin Rajman, Antoine Rozenknop, Jean-Philippe Thiran, and Eric Wehrli
p
A Swiss academi c publisher distributed by CRC Press
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements v
Preface vii
Author Biographies xi
CHAPTER 1 Components of a Natural Language Grammar 1
1 1 The Sound Components - Phonetics and Phonology 2
111 Phonetics 2
112 Phonology 2
1 2 Morphology and the Lexicon 4
121 Morphology 4
122 Lexicon 5
1 3 The Interpretive Component - Semantics and Pragmatics 6
1 4 Syntax 7
141 Constituent Order 7
142 Hierarchy 7
143 Phrase-Structure Rules 8
1 5 The Notion of Transformation 11
1 6 Summary 12
CHAPTER 2 Linguistic Models for Parsing and Generation 15
2 1 Theoretical Linguistics vs Applied Natural Language
Processing (NLP) 15
2 2 The Role of a Syntactic Parser 16
221 Identification of Lexical Units 16
222 Identification of Phrases 18
223 Determination of Syntactic Relations
Between Phrases 19
224 Levels of Representation 20
225 Normalized Structures 21
2 3 Summary 24
XVI
CHAPTER 3 Introduction to Semantics 27
3 1 The Syntax-Semantics and Semantics-Pragmatics
Interfaces 27
311 Syntax-Semantics Interfaces: Ambiguity and
Anaphora 29
312 Semantics-Pragmatics Interface 30
313 The Domains of Semantics and
Pragmatics 31
3 2 Formal Semantics 31
321 Model-Theoretic Semantics 32
322 Predicate Calculus 33
323 Quantifiers Interpretation 36
3 3 Event Semantics 39
331 Time and Tenses 39
332 Intervals, Speech Point, Reference Point and
Event Point 41
333 Aspectual Classes 41
3 4 Discourse Semantics 44
341 Discourse Relations 44
342 Defeasible Inferences 45
343 Discourse Structure 46
3 5 Conclusions 48
CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Pragmatics 51
4 1 Pragmatics Today 51
411 What is Pragmatics? 51
412 Types of Pragmatic Theories 53
4 2 The Border Between Semantics and
Pragmatics 55
421 The Classical vs Gricean Views 55
422 Conventional and Conversational
Implicatures 55
423 The Pragmatic Exclusive Meaning of or 57
4 3 Inferences 58
431 Logical Inference 58
432 Semantic Inference 59
433 Pragmatic Inferences 61
XV11
4 4 Relevance Theory 63
441 Pragmatics and Human Mind Working 63
442 From Logical form to Propositional form 64
443 Cognition and Relevance 65
4 5 Conclusions 67
CHAPTER 5 Digital Signal Processing 69
5 1 Digital Signals 69
511 Introduction 69
512 Definitions and Classifications of Signals 69
513 Definitions of Some Elementary Signals 71
514 The Fourier Transform 71
5 2 Digital Systems 77
521 Definition 77
522 Impulse Response of a Linear System 77
523 Frequency Response of a System 78
5 3 Discrete Fourier Transform 79
531 Discretization of the Frequency 81
532 Effects of the Discretization of the Frequency 81
533 Correlation by DFT 82
534 Convolution by DFT 83
535 DFT of Infinite-Length Signals 83
5 4 Digital Filter Design 90
541 General Principles 90
542 Classification of Ideal Filters 91
543 Filters with Finite-Length Impulse Response (FIR) 93
544 Filters with Infinite-Length Impulse Response (IIR) 96
545 General Properties 97
5 5 Conclusion 99
CHAPTER 6 Speech Signal Modeling and Analysis 101
6 1 Introduction 101
611 Speech Processing for ASR 101
612 Historical Background 102
6 2 Signal-Based Speech Processing 104
621 Time-Frequency Resolution Compromise 104
622 Phase of the Short-Term Speech Spectrum 105
XV111
6 3 Production-Oriented Techniques 105
631 Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) Analysis 106
632 Cepstral Analysis 107
633 Rasta Processing of Speech 107
6 4 Perception-Based Speech Processing Techniques 108
641 Why Human Speech Perception? 108
642 Masking in Human Hearing 109
643 Perceptual Linear Prediction (PLP) 110
6 5 Goal-Oriented Analysis I l l
651 Optimality of Frequency Domain Processing 112
652 Data-Driven Design of Rasta Filters 112
653 Goal-Oriented Processing and Human Auditory
Perception 114
6 6 Away from the Spectral Envelope 115
661 Multistream ASR 115
662 Larger Temporal Spans for the Classification 116
663 Targets of the Classification 117
664 Trap ASR 117
665 Tandem 117
666 Trap-Tandem Combination 119
6 7 Summary 119
CHAPTER 7 Speech Coding Techniques and Standards 125
7 1 Introduction to Speech Coding 125
7 2 Speech Coder Attributes 126
7 3 Classification of Speech Coders 128
7 4 Waveform Coding 128
741 Uniform Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 128
742 Nonuniform Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 129
743 Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) 129
744 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code
Modulation (ADPCM) 129
745 Vector Quantization (VQ) 130
7 5 Parametric Coding 131
751 Linear Prediction Coding (LPC) 131
752 Multiband Excitation (MBE) Vocoder 133
753 Sinusoidal Transform Coding (STC) 133
754 Waveform Interpolation Coding (WIC) 134
XIX
7 6 HybridCoding 134
761 Multipulse Linear Prediction Coding (MP-LPC) 135
762 Regular Pulse Excited Linear Prediction
Coding (RPE-LPC) 135
763 Code Excited Linear Prediction (CELP)
Coding 136
7 7 Wide-Band Speech Coding 140
771 ITU-T Wide-band Speech Coding Standards 140
772 Perceptual Wide-band Speech Coding 141
7 8 Summary 142
CHAPTER 8 Morpho-Lexical Processing and Part-of-Speech Tagging 145
8 1 Electronic Lexica 145
811 Lexicon 145
812 Field Representation 147
813 Surface Form Field Implementations 148
8 2 Out-of-Vocabulary forms and Spelling Error
Correction 154
821 Out-of-Vocabulary Forms 154
8 2 2_Spelling Error Correction 156
823 Weighted Edit Distance 159
8 3 Morphology and Transducers 162
831 Morphology 162
832 Transducers 164
8 4 Part-of-Speech Tagging and Lemmatization 168
841 Introduction 168
842 Rule Based PoS Tagging: The Brill Algorithm 170
843 Probabilistic PoS Tagging with Hidden
Markov Models 172
8 5 Conclusion 174
CHAPTER 9 Syntactic Processing 177
9 1 Basics of NLP Parsing 177
911 Definition/Formal Aspects 177
912 Phrase-Structure Grammars 178
913 Derivation(s) of a Sentence 180
914 Syntactic Tree(s) Associated with a Sentence 181
915 Mapping Between Trees and Derivations 182
916 Syntactic Ambiguities 182
XX
9 2 Standard Algorithms for Context-Free Grammars 183
921 Cocke-Younger-Kasami Algorithm (CYK) 184
922 Earley Parsing 186
923 Bottom-up Chart Parser 189
9 3 Stochastic Parsing 192
931 Stochastic Context-Free Grammars (SCFG) 194
932 Learning 199
9 4 Further Reading 200
9 5 Conclusion 202
CHAPTER 10 Applied Semantics 205
10 1 Introduction to Computational Semantics 205
10 2 Some Computational Approaches to Semantic
Interpretation 207
10 3 Robust Semantic Parsing 209
10 4 Introduction to Vector Space Semantics 210
10 5 Information Retrieval 210
10 6 Vector Space Models 212
10 6 1 The Standard Model 212
10 6 2 Latent Semantic Indexing 213
10 7 The Distributional Semantics Model 214
10 7 1 The Concept of Distributional Semantics 214
10 7 2 Definition of Word Contexts 215
10 7 3 Word Representation 215
10 7 4 Document Representation 218
10 7 5 Similarities 218
10 8 The DSIR System 219
10 8 1 Textual Units 219
10 8 2 Document Representation 220
10 8 3 The Geometric Interpretation 220
10 8 4 Probabilistic Interpretation of the DSIR Model 221
10 8 5 The Dimensions of the Meaning Space 223
10 8 6 Similarity Measures 224
10 9 Evaluation 224
10 9 1 Information Retrieval 224
10 9 2 Word Sense Disambiguation 228
10 10 Introduction to Logical Semantics 231
10 11 Lexical Semantics in Language Engineering 233
XXI
10 12 Semantic Relations 235
10 13 Mathematical Theories of Concept Organization 238
10 14 Lexical Semantics Resources 242
10 14 1 WordNet 242
10 14 2 FrameNet 246
CHAPTER 11 Multilingual Natural Language Processing 257
11 1 Internet and Multilingual Processing 257
11 2 The FIPS Parser 259
11 2 1 Projection 259
11 2 2 Merge 260
11 2 3 Move 260
11 2 4 An Example 261
11 3 An Object-Oriented Approach 261
11 3 1 OO and Linguistic Objects 262
11 3 2 Project 263
11 3 3 Merge 263
11 3 4 The grammar 263
11 35A simple example of cross-linguistic variation 264
11 4 Processing Mixed-Language Documents 264
11 5 Summary 265
CHAPTER 12 Automatic Speech and Speaker Recognition 267
12 1 Introduction 267
12 2 Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Overview 267
12 2 1 Automatic Speech Recognition 267
12 2 2 ASR Statistical Formalism 270
12 3 Statistical Sequence Recognition 272
12 3 1 Statistical Pattern Recognition 272
12 3 2 Statistical Sequence Modeling 288
12 4 HMM-Based Speech Recognition 301
12 4 1 Sub-Word Units 301
12 4 2 Acoustic Model (HMM) Training 303
12 4 3 Language Modeling 312
12 4 4 Automatic speech recognition 314
12 4 5 Decoding 316
12 5 Speaker Verification 319
12 5 1 Acoustic Parameters 320
12 5 2 Similarity Measures 320
XX11
12 5 3 Text-Dependent Speaker Verification 324
12 5 4 Text-Independent Speaker Verification 325
12 5 5 Text-Prompted Speaker Verification 326
12 5 6 Identification, Verification and the Decision
Threshold 327
12 6 Summary 328
CHAPTER 13 Speech Synthesizers and Automatic
Text-to-Speech Conversion 337
13 1 Introduction 337
13 1 1 Against the toothpaste metaphor 337
13 1 2 Do it Yourself 338
13 1 3 Synthesizing Genglish 340
13 2 Morpho-Syntactic Analysis 343
13 2 1 Genglish Pre-processing 344
13 2 2 Morphological analysis of Genglish 344
13 2 3 Contextual analysis of Genglish 348
13 2 4 Syntactic-Prosodic Grouping of Genglish 354
13 3 Phonetization 356
13 3 1 Corpus-Based Genglish Phonetization 357
13 3 2 Decision Trees 357
13 3 3 Phonetic Decision Trees for Genglish 360
13 4 Prosody Generation 364
13 4 1 Prosodic Information 364
13 4 2 Prosody as a By-Product of Unit Selection
in a Large Speech Corpus 365
13 5 Concatenative Synthesis 366
13 5 1 Diphone-Based Synthesis 366
13 5 2 Automatic Unit Selection Synthesis 367
13 5 3 Unit Selection Synthesis of Genglish 369
13 6 Genglish Text-to-Speech Synthesis and Beyond 372
13 7 Do it Yourself 374
CHAPTER 14 Translation and Technology: An Overview 379
14 1 Ten Years Ago 379
14 2 Technologies Being Developed Ten Years Ago 382
14 2 1 Dictation Systems 383
14 2 2 Translation Memory Systems 384
XX111
14 2 3 Concordances 386
14 2 4 The World Wide Web 387
14 3 Technologies Being Developed Today 388
14 4 Conclusion 391
CHAPTER 15 Applied Models for Man-Machine Dialogue 393
15 1 Introduction 393
15 1 1 Communicative Acts 395
15 1 2 Dialogue Acts 397
15 1 3 Dialogue Control Layers 400
15 1 4 Dialogue Systems 401
15 2 Computational Dialogue Models 401
15 2 1 Structural Models 402
15 2 2 Frame-Based Models 403
15 2 3 Plan-Based Models 404
15 3 Dialogue Management 407
15 3 1 Turn Taking and Initiative 408
15 3 2 Speech Act Recognition 409
15 3 3 Dialogue Flow Control 409
15 4 Information State Approach to Dialogue Management 410
15 5 Spoken Dialogue System Architectures 412
15 6 User Modeling In Dialogue Management 415
15 6 1 Mental States 415
15 6 2 User Modeling in ViewGen and ViewFinder 415
15 6 3 Assimilating Mental Attitudes from
Communication 422
15 6 4 Content Representation of Dialogue Acts 423
15 6 5 Attitude Reports in Dialogue with ViewFinder 424
15 6 6 Plan Recognition in View Finder 425
15 7 Summary 427
CHAPTER 16 Man-Machine Voice Communication 433
16 1 Introduction 433
16 2 Human Factors and Voice Enabled Interactive Systems 434
16 3 Generic Spoken Language Technologies Integration 437
16 3 1 Natural Speech Input and Output 438
16 3 2 From Voice Input to Speech Recognition
and Language Understanding 440
XXIV
16 3 3 From Language Generation and Speech
Synthesis to Voice Output 442
16 3 4 Dialogue and Inter-Activity Management 443
16 4 Voice Enabled Interface Design 443
16 4 1 Specifying the Application 444
16 4 2 Rapid Prototyping 445
16 4 3 Evaluation 446
16 5 Speech Integration into Multi-Modal Systems 448
16 6 Standard and Advanced Applications 450
16 6 1 Interactive Voice Servers 450
16 6 2 Dictation 451
16 6 3 Voice Control in the Vehicle 452
16 6 4 Human-Robot Voice Communication 452
16 7 Voice Enabled Interface for Human-Robot
Interaction - A Speech Engineering Example 453
16 7 1 Design Philosophy (Specifying the Application) 453
16 7 2 Experimental Platform (Rapid Prototyping) 457
16 7 3 Evaluation 459
16 8 Summary 459
Glossary 463
Index 473
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