Verfügbarkeit: Plant Indicators | Technische Universität München

Plant Indicators: the relation of plant communities to process and practice

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteilige Person:	Clements, Frederic E. 1874-1945 (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Washington Carnegie Institution 1920
Schriftenreihe:	Carnegie Institution of Washington publication 290
Schlagwörter:	Plant ecology Vegetationsentwicklung
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016547734&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Umfang:	XVI, 388 S.

Internformat

MARC


LEADER	00000nam a2200000 cb4500
001	BV023364345
003	DE-604
005	00000000000000.0
007	t\|
008	080626s1920 xx \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d
035			\|a (OCoLC)2325561
035			\|a (DE-599)BVBBV023364345
040			\|a DE-604 \|b ger
041	0		\|a eng
049			\|a DE-19 \|a DE-11
050		0	\|a QK901
082	0		\|a 581.555
100	1		\|a Clements, Frederic E. \|d 1874-1945 \|e Verfasser \|0 (DE-588)117691372 \|4 aut
245	1	0	\|a Plant Indicators \|b the relation of plant communities to process and practice
264		1	\|a Washington \|b Carnegie Institution \|c 1920
300			\|a XVI, 388 S.
336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|b n \|2 rdamedia
338			\|b nc \|2 rdacarrier
490	1		\|a Carnegie Institution of Washington publication \|v 290
650		4	\|a Plant ecology
650	0	7	\|a Vegetationsentwicklung \|0 (DE-588)4187459-6 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
689	0	0	\|a Vegetationsentwicklung \|0 (DE-588)4187459-6 \|D s
689	0		\|5 DE-604
830		0	\|a Carnegie Institution of Washington publication \|v 290 \|w (DE-604)BV035415500 \|9 290
856	4	2	\|m HEBIS Datenaustausch \|q application/pdf \|u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016547734&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA \|3 Inhaltsverzeichnis
940	1		\|q HUB-ZB011200712
943	1		\|a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016547734

Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1819292991448154112
adam_text	PLANT INDICATORS II!;! tf • : THE RELATION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES TO PROCESS AND PRACTICE [ • - J i • 1 • BY I FREDERIC E; CLEMENTS • i - : Carnegie - Deposition im IGNATIUS 00LLE9 PUBLISHED BY• •fn ii • * • • »£ -* ¥ * VALKENBiii RG fL ) SHED BY_TI,E -eARNEGIE;INsnTDTI0N OF WASBJNGTON WASHINGTON, 1920 CONTENTS PAGE I CONCEPT AND HISTORY The practical aspect : 3 The scientific aspect 3 HISTORICAL Agricultural Indicators Hilgard, 1860 f 5 Chamberlin, 1877 5 Merriam, 1898 6 Hilgard, 1906 i; 8 Clements, 1910 - 9 Shantz, 1911 10 Kearney, Briggs, Shantz; McLane, and Piemeisel, 1914 ^ 11 Shantz and Piemeisel, ,1917 12 Shantz and Aldous, 1917 13 Weaver, 1919 ; 13 Forest Indicators Cajander, 1909 : 14 Clements, 1910 14 Pearson, 1913-1914 15 Zon, 1915 I 16 Hole and Singh, 1916 16 Korstian, 1917 17 Grazing Indicators Smith, 1899 19 Bentley, 1902 20 Griffiths, 1901, 1904, 1907, 1910, 1915 21 Sampson, 1908, 1909, 1913, 1914 22 Jardine, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1913 23 Wooton, 1915, 1916 23 Jardine and Hurtt, 1917 24 Jardine and Anderson, 1919 24 Sarvis, 1919 25 Chrcsard and Water Requirement Studies; Significance -26 The chresard 1 26 Gain, 1895 26 Kihlmann, 1890 27 Briggs and Shantz, 1912 27 The water requirement 28 CONCEPT General 28 • Animals as indicators 29 Plant and community 29 , Sequences 30 , Direct and indirect sequences 31 - Direction of indication VT* 32 Scope 32 ; Materials 33 Basing studies 34 PAGE II BASES AND CRITERIA BASES AND METHODS OF DETERMINATION Fundamental relations 35 The Physical Basis Direct and indirect factors 36 Controlling and limiting factors * 36 Climatic and edaphic factors 37 Climates and habitats 38 Variation of climate and habitat 39 Inversion of factors 40 Measurement of habitats 42 The Physiological Basis Kinds of response 43 Effect of habit 43 Individuality in response 44 Effect; of extreme conditions 44 Phytometers 45 The Associational Basis Nature of association 47 Dominants 47 Equivalence of dominants 48 Absence of dominants 49 Subdominants 50 Secondary species 51 Plant and animal association 51 The Successional Basis Scope ! 51 Sequence of indicators : * 52 Major successions as indicators 53 The Experimental Basis Nature 53 Essentials 54 J INDICATOR CRITERIA Nature and kinds of criteria 55 Species and genera 55 Life-Forms History 57 Pound and Clements, 1898-1900 57 Raunkiaer, 1905 ; • 58 Warming, 1908 59 Drude, 1913 ; 60 Comparison of the systems 62 Vegetation-forms 62 Indicator significance of vegetation-forms 63 Habitat-Forms • Concept and history 64 Warming s system 64 Modifications of Warming s system 65 Indicator value 66 Ecad* 67 VI CONTENTS II BABES-AND CRITERIA—Continued INDICATOR CRITERIA—continued Growth-Forms Nature 68 Kinds 69 Indicator relations 69 Standard plants for growth correlations 70 Competition-forms ; 71 Communities as Indicators Value 72 Kinds of communities 72 Community structures 73 Alternes 73 Layers 74 Aspects 75 III KINDS OF INDICATORS Basis of distinction 76 FACTOR INDICATORS Basis and kinds 76 Quantitative sequences ; 77 Climatic and edaphic indicators;;; 77 Water indicators 78 Light indicators 79 Temperature indicators 81 ^ Indicators of solutes 83 Saline indicators 83 Lime indicators :r 84 Aeration indicators i i; ; 85 Indicators of factor-complexes 88 Soil indicators 88 Slope-exposure indicators [: 88; Altitude indicators 89 Organism indicators 90 PROCESS INDICATORS Nature : 91 Kinds 91 Fire indicators 92 Lumbering indicators 93 Cultivation indicators 93 Grazing indicators 94 Indicators of irrigation and drainage 95 Construction indicators 96 Physiographic indicators 97 Climatic indicators 97 PRACTICE INDICATORS Nature and kinds : 98 PALEIC INDICATORS Paleo-ecology 99 Nature of paleic indicators 100 Kinds 101 Paleic indicators of climates and (cycles 103 Paleic indicators of succession 103 Plant indicatois of animals 104 Animal indicators of plants 104 IV CLIMAX FORMATIONS OF WESTERN- ** NORTH AMERICA Nature 105 Tests of a climax 105 Structure and development 106 PAGE IV CLIMAX FORMATIONS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—Continued Societies 107 Names of climax communities 109 Serai communities * 109 Indicator significance of climax formations 111 Significance of succession Ill Indicator value of disturbed areas 112 Summary of the climax formations 113 THE GRASSLAND CLIMAX Stipa-Bouteloua Formation General relations 114 Unity of the grassland 115 Correlation with climate 116 Use of weather records 116 Relationship of associations 118 Floristic relations 119 Ecological relations 120 Subdominants 120 Developmental relations 121 THE TRUE PRAIRIE Stipa-Koeleria Association Extent 121 Factor relations ! 123 Sequence of dominants 123 Societies Nature 125 Control of dominants 125 Relation to consociation 126 Origin 126 Mixed societies 127 Aspects 127 Zones and alternes 128 Studies of prairie societies 129 Clans Vernal clans: L 131 Estival clans / 131 Serotinal clans 131 THE SUBCLIMAX PRAIRIE Andropogon Associes Nature 131 Range 132 Factor relations 133 Sequence 133 Grouping 134 Societies and Clans THE MIXED PRAIRIE Stipa-Bouteloua Association Nature 135 Effect of grazing and climatic cycles 135 Range 136 Grouping 137 Sequence of dominants 138 Societies of the Mixed Prairie Prevernal societies 139 Vernal societies 139 Estival societies 139 Serotinal societies 139 CONTENTS VII !: : j\| PAGE IV CLIMAX FORMATIONS OF ^WESTERN ; NORTH AMERICA—Continued it:,i; THE SHORT-GRASS PLAINS I Ii\|i « U Bulbilis-Bouteloua Association \| ) Nature \|t J 139 j Range • I I Grouping of dominants \|t J 141 Factor relations jl iU jj 142 j Sequence of dominants j!: ; 142 ; I i! Societies • \| \|\| , I (I Prevernal societies 143,1 Vernal societies 1 143 ; Estival societies 143 Serotinal societies 144 Clans Prevernal clans 144 Vernal clans 144 Estival clans 144 Serotinal clans 144 THE DESERT PLAINS Aristida-Bouteloua Association Nature 144 Range 145 Rank of dominants 146 Grouping of dominants 146 Sequence of dominants 147 Societies Vernal societies : 148 Estival societies 148 Serotinal societies 149 Clans THE BUNCH-GRASS PRAIRIE Agropyrum-Stipa Association Nature 149 Range 149 Factor relations and sequence 151 Societies Prevernal societies 152 Vernal societies 152 Estival societies 152 Serotinal societies 152 Clans Prevernal clans 152 Vernal clans 152 Estival clans •• 152 Serotinal clans 152 THE SAGEBRUSH CLIMAX Atriplex-Artemisia Formation Nature v 152 Unity of the formation 153 Range 154 Subclimax sagebrush 155 Associations 156 IV PAGE CLIMAX FORMATIONS OP WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—Continued • • iJ THE BASIN SAGEBRUSH Atriplex-Artemisia Association Ra!nge i 156 Rank and grouping ts\| 157 CoiTelations $ 158 Successional sequence : 159 ! • Sjieties • Grass communities appearing as societies 160 Vernal societies IV ! 160 Estival societies 160 Serotinal societies 160 THE COASTAL SAGEBRUSH Sak ia-A rtemisia Association Range 160 THE DESERT SCRUB CLIMAX Larrea-Prosopis Formation Nature 162 Range 163 Unity of the formation 163 Structure of the formation 165 Summary of Dominants Associations 166 Relation to other formations 167 THE EASTERN DESERT SCRUB Larrea-FUmrensia Association Correlations and sequence 168 Societies THE [WESTERN DESERT SCRUB Larrea-Franseria Association Nature • ; 170 Extent 171 Structure 172 Groupings 172 Factor relations - 173 Sucoesaional relations 174 Root relations 175 Societies arid Clans THE CHAPARRAL CLIMAX Quercus-Ceanothus Formation Nature 177 Unity of the chaparral formation 178 Climatic relations 178 Origin and succession 179 Range and extent 180 Structure of the formation 181 Grouping of dominants 181 Associations 183 THE PETRAN CHAPARRAL Ccrcocarjnis-QueTcus Association Nature and extent 183 Contacts 184 Groupings 185 Equivalence of dominants 186 VIII CONTENTS PAGE IV CLIMAX FORMATIONS OF-WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—Continued THE PETRAN CHAPARRAL—Continued s Societies Vernal societies 187 Estival societies 187 Serotinal societies 187 THE SUBCLIMAX CHAPARRAL Rhus-Quercua Associea Nature : 187 Extent and contacts 188 Groupings : 189 Relations of the dominants 189 Societies THE COASTAL CHAPARRAL Adenostoma-Ceanothus Association Nature and extent 190 Groupings 191 Factor and serai relations 192 Societies Prevernal societies 193 Vernal societies 193 Estival societies 193 THE WOODLAND CLIMAX Pinus-Juniperus Formation Nature 193 Range and extent 194 Unity of the formation 195 Structure of the formation 196 Contacts 197 THE PINON-CEDAR WOODLAND ; Pinus-Juniperus Association Nature and extent 197 Societies Shade societies T 191) , THE OAK-CEDAR WOODLAND Quercus-Juniperus Association Nature and extent , 200- Factor relations 201 Societies Shade societies 202 THE PINE-OAK WOODLAND Pinus-Quercus Association Nature and extent 202 THE MONTANE FOREST CLIMAX I • Pinus-Pseudotsuga Formation^ - Nature 205 Extent 205 Unity of the formation 205 Relationship and contacts 206 Associations 207 PA OB IV CLIMAX FORMATIONS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—Continued THE PETRAN MONTANE FOREST Pinus-Pseudotsuga Association Extent 207 Groupings 208 Factor relations 209 Serai relations 209 Societies and Clans THE SIERRAN M!ONTANE FOREST Pinus Association Extent 211 Groupings 212 Factor and serai relations 212 Societies Shrubs 213 Herbs 214 THE COAST FOREST CLIMAX Thuja-Tsuga Formation Nature 214 Extent 214 Unity 215 Relationship and contacts 215 Associations 216 THE CEDAR-HEMLOCK FOREST Thuja-Tsuga Association Nature and (extent 217 Groupings , 217 Factor and serai relations 218 Societies Shrubs 219 Herbs •; 219 THE LARCH-PINE FOREST Larix-Pinus Association Nature and]extent 219 Groupings ! 220 Factor and serai relations 220 Societies THE SUBALPINE FOREST CLIMAX Picea-Abies Formation Nature 222 Extent 222 Unity 222 Relationship and contacts 223 Associations 224 THE PETRAN SUB ALPINE FOREST Picea-Abies Association Extent : 224 Groupings 225 Factor and serai relations 225 Societies CONTENTS IX PAGE IV CLIMAX FORMATIONS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA—Continued THE SIERRAN SUB ALPINE FOREST Pinus-Tsuga Association Extent 226( Groupings 227 Factor and serai relations 228 Societies THE ALPINE MEADOW CLIMAX Carex-Poa Formation i • ,!l:: Nature j • 228, Extent 229; Unity ( ji -i 229j Relationship and contacts 230j Associations s • 2311 THE PETRAN ALPINE MEADOW , • y • 1 Carex-Poa Association 1 Extent i 232 Dominants i • i • Groupings 232 Factor and serai relations t 233 Societies Vernal societies 234 Estival societies 234 THE SIERRAN ALPINE MEADOW i • Carex-Agrostis Association Extent ?4 Dominants Groupings 235 Factor and serai relations 235 Societies V AGRICULTURAL INDICATORS General relations 237 LAND CLASSIFICATION Nature 237 Relation to practices 238 Proposed bases of classification 238 The indicator method of land classification 240 Use of climax indicators 240 Soil indicators 241 Shantz s results 242 A SYSTEM-OF LAND CLASSIFICATION Bases 245 Classification and use 245 Methods 246 PAGE V AGRICULTURAL INDICATORS—Continued CLIMATIC CYCLES Nature : 247 The 11-year cycle 247 Evidences 248 Periods of drought 250 Recurrence of drought periods 251 Significance of the sun-spot cycle 252 Prediction! of drought periods 253 Utilization of cycles 254 \|l FARMING INDICATORS I : lit Types of farming 255 Relation of types of farming to indicators 255 Edaphic indicators of types-of farming 256 : i !! I CROI- INDICATORS Nature and kinds 257 Climatic indicators of the types of crops 258 Climatic indicators of kinds of crops 259 Climatic indicators of varieties 259 Life zones and crop zones 260 Edaphic indicators of crops and methods 261 Indicators of native or ruderal forage crops / 262 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE AND CLIMATIC CYCLES Cycles of production 262 The excess-deficit balance 264 Anticipation of cycles 266 VI GRAZING INDICATORS Kinds of grazing 270 I GRAZING TYPES Kinds of grazing indicators 271 Significance of climax types 272 Formations as indicators 273 Associations as indicators 273 Consociations as indicators 274 Local grazing types 275 Savannah as an indicator 276 Kinds of savannah ^278 Savannah in relation to fire and grazing 279 Significance of serai types 279 Prisere communities as indicators 280 Subsere communities as indicators 282 Fire indicators and grazing 283 CARRYING CAPACITY Nature and significance 284 Determining factors 284 Relation to communities and dominants 285 Nutrition content v 286 Relation to climatic cycles 292 Relation to rodents 293 Relation to herd and management 293 Measurement of carrying capacity 294 \| Present and potential carrying capacity 295 X CONTENTS PAGE VI GRAZING INDICATORS—Continued OVERGRAZING Nature 295 Causes 297 Indicators of overgrazing 297 Societies as indicators 298 Halfshrubs as indicators 299 Cacti as indicators 300 Shrubs as indicators 300 Annuals as indicators 301 Prairie and plains indicators 302 Desert plains indicators ; 302 Bunch-grass prairie indicators 303 Great Basin indicators 304 Overgrazing in the past 304 Succession and cycles 307 Relation of tall-grasses and short-grasses 308 Overgrazing cycles 309 RANGE IMPROVEMENT History 310 Prerequisites 311 Essential factors 312 Proper stocking 312 Rotation grazing 314 Rodent eradication 316 Eradication of poisonous plants 317 Eradication of weeds and cacti 319 Eradication of brush 320 Manipulation of the range 321 Plant introduction on the range 322 Prerequisites for seeding and planting 324 New investigations 326 Forage development 327 Water development 328 Herd management 329 ESSENTIALS OF A GRAZING POLICY A proper land system 330 Esbentials 330 PAGE VI GRAZING INDICATORS—Continued ESSENTIALS OF A GRAZING POLICY—continued The Kent grazing bill 331 Classification and range surveys 334 Production cyoles 334 •Ranch management surveys 335 VII FOREST INDICATORS Nature 336 Kinds of indicators 336 FOREST TYPES Bases 337 Comparison of views 342 Forest sites 343 Succession as a basis 344 Significance 345 CLIMATIC AND EDAPHIC INDICATORS Climatic indicators Edaphic indicators Water-content indicators Light indicators Site indicators Growth as an indicator Burn indicators Grazing indicators Cycle indicators PLANTING INDICATORS Kinds : 357 Prerequisites for planting and sowing 358 Use of climatic cycles 359 Reforestation indicators 359 Afforestation indicators ; 362 Bibliography 364 Index 375 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES PAGE PLATE A Quadrat-bisect in the half- gravel slide, Alpine Laboratory, Colorado - 321 PLATE 1 1 A Short-grass (Bouteloua gracilis) on hard land, Colorado Springs, Colorado l6j B Wire-grass (Aristida purpurea) on ! short-grass, land, Wialsenburg, Colorado J 1 10 PLATE 2 A Spirostachys occidentalis in salt marsh, Bakersfield, California 1 12 B Shadscale (Atriplex conferjtifolia) in- dicating saline land, Rock Springs, • Wyoming i\| 1 12 PLATE 3 ,1 A Lodgepole forest (Pinus contorta) in dicating fire, Long s Peak, Colo- 14 rado f B Aspen woodland (Populus tremu- loides) arising from root-sprouting due to fire, Long s Peak 14 PLATE 4 A Protected pasture in Aristida-Boute- loua association, Santa Rita Range Reserve, Tucson, Arizona 22 B Fenced quadrat in rotation pasture, Bouteloua eriopoda consociation, Jornada Range Reserve, Las Cru- ces, New Mexico • 22 PLATE 5 7 A Dominant Agropyrum glaucum and subdominant Tradescantia vir- giniana in mixed prairie,Winner, South Dakota 30 B Agropyrum glaucum in roadway, in sagebrush, indicating the rela tion of water-content to com petition, Red Desert, Wyoming 30 PLATE 6 A Lowland mesquite (Prosopis juli- flora) at 2,500 feet in the San ( Pedro Valley, Arizona 40 B Foothill mesquite meeting oak at 4,500 feet, Patagonia Mountains, Arizona 40 PLATE 7 A Phytometer station in grassland at 6,000 feet, Colorado Springs, Colorado 46 B Battery of oats, gravel-slide station, Minnehaha, Colorado 46 C Battery of oats, brook-bank station, Minnehaha, 46 PLATE 8 A Anogra albicaulis as a serai dominant in a fallow field, Agate, Nebraska- 48 B Stipa comata as a climax dominant of the mixed prairie, Chadron, Nebraska 48 PLATE 9 A Pentstemon gracilis as a climax sub- dominant in mixed prairie, Gor don, Nebraska 50 PLATE 9—Continued PAGE B Pedicularis crenulata as a serai sub- dominant ;\|in a Juncus-Carex ] \| swamp, Laramie, Wyoming 50 PLATE 10 ,, A Stages of a hydrosere from floating i plants to \|forest, Pike s Peak, Colorado 52 B IStages of a burn subsere from the \| i pioneer annuals to the chaparral I climax, San Luis Rey, California 52 PLATE II A Normal Campanula rotundifolia at 8,300 feet, , and alpine ecad at 14,100 feet,1 Pike s Peak, Colorado 68 B Shade ecad and normal Gentiana amarella at 8,300 feet and alpine eca d at 13,000 feet, Pike s Peak 68 C Alpine ecad, normal form and shade ecad of Androsace septentrionalis Pike s Peak 68 PLATE 12 A Alternation of sagebrush on southerly slopes and Douglas fir on north erly ones, King s Ranch, Colo rado 74 B Layers of Impatiens, Helianthus and Acalypha in oak-hickory forest, Weeping Water, Nebraska 74 PLATE 13 A Typha alternes indicating pools in a salt-marsh, Goshen, California 78 B Juniperus indicating seepage lines in hills of Mancoa shale, Cedar, - Colorado i 78 PLATE 14 A Fragaria and Thalictrum, indicators of medium shade in montane for est, Minnehaha, Colorado 80 B Mertensia sibirica, indicator of deep shade in montane forest, Long s Peak, Colorado- 80 PLATE 15 A Hordeum plain and Dondia hum mocks indicating differences in salt-content Great Salt Lake, Utah 84 B Communities of Phleum-Equisetum and of Juncus-Heleocharis mark ing differences in water-oontent and aeration, Sapinero, Colorado 84 PLATE 16 A Andropogon hallii indicating stable sandy soil in sandhills, Agate, Nebraska 88 B Alternes of sagebrush and aspen- Douglas fir forest indicating various slope-exposures, King s Ranch, Colorado , 88 PLATE 17 A Alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) at timber line, showing the dwarfing effect of high altitudes, Long s Peak, Colorado 90 B An alpine dwarf, Rydbergia grundi- flora, Pike s Peak, Colorado 90 XI XII ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE PLATE 18 A Cereus giganteus showing nests of gilded flicker (Colaptes chrysoides) Tucson, Arizona 90 B Dalea spinosa dying as a result of the ; work of kangaroo-rats (Dipodo-, mys deserti), Glamis, California 90 PLATE 19 A Aspen indicating an early fire, and sagebrush alternes, a recent one, Strawberry Canyon, Utah 92 B Artemisia frigida indicating an old fallow field, Warbonnet Canyon, Pine Ridge, Nebraska 92 PLATE 20 A Opuntia comanchica indicating over grazed pastures, Sonora, Texas 96 B Euphorbia marginata marking road ways, Walsenburg, Colorado 96 PLATE 21 A Stipa Andropogon association, Lin coln, Nebraska 120 B Stipa spartea consociation, Halsey, Nebraska 120 C Andropogon scoparius consociation, Medora, North Dakota 120 PLATE 22 A Koeleria cristata and Andropogon scoparius association, Agate, Ne- • braska 124 B Erigeron ramosus society, Lincoln, Nebraska 124 C Detail of society of Psoralea tenui- folia and Erigeron ramosus, Lin coln, Nebraska 124 PLATE 23 r , A Association of Andropogon furcatus, nutans, scoparius and Bouteloua racemosa, Peru, Nebraska 132; B Society of Silphium Iaciniatum in Andropogon-Agropyrum-associa tion, Salina, Kansas h 132 PLATE 24 A Stipa comata consociation, Pine Ridge, South Dakota 136 B Agropyrum glaucum consociation, Winner, South Dakota • 136 C Detail of association of Stipa comata, Sporobolus cryptandrus and Bou teloua gracilis, Colorado Springs, Colorado 136 PLATE 25 A Agropyrum glaucum and Bouteloua gracilis association, Vermejo Park, New Mexico 138 B Detail of Agropyrum-Bulbil is asso ciation, Winner, South Dakota 138 C Polygala alba society in Bouteloua consociation, Interior, • South Dakota 138 PLATE 26 A Bouteloua-Bulbilis association; with subclimajfof Andropogon scopa- • rius and Bouteloua racemosa on : butte, Stratford, Texas 140 B Dense sod of Bulbilis and Bouteloua, Goodwell, Oklahoma , v 140 PAGE PLATE 26—Continued C Open sod of Bouteloua, Dumas, Texas 140 PLATE 27 A Muhlenbergia gracillima and Boute loua gracilis, Manitou, Colorado 142 B Detail of Bouteloua gracilis, Ver mejo Park, New Mexico 142 C Hilaria jamesii on a saline plain, Delta, Colorado 142 PLATE 28 A Bouteloua-Hilaria association, Em- pire Valley, Arizona 144 B Bouteloua rothrockii and Aristida divaricata, Santa Rita Reserve, Tucson, Arizona 144 C Bouteloua racemosa consociation Oracle, Arizona 144 PLATE 29 , A Bouteloua-Aristida association, Sweetwater, Texas 146 B Bouteloua gracilis;Scleropogon brevi- folius and Hilaria mutica (valley), B eriopoda, gracilis, racemosa (hills), Van Horn, Texas 146 C Bouteloua gracilis, hirsuta, eriopoda, and Aristida divaricata, Jornada Reserve, Las Cruces, New Mex ico - 146 PLATE 30 A Agropyrum-Festuca association, , The Dalles, Oregon 150 B Agropyrum consociation, Missoula, Montana j 150 C Agropyrum consociation on scab • land, John Day Valley, Oregon ,150 PLATE 31 J ; ]li A Stipa setigera consociation in track way, Fresno, (California 150 ; B Avena fatua consocies, with relicts of Stipa setigera-j and eminens, Rose Canyon, San\|Diego, California 150 PLATE 32 A Artemisia tridentata consociation, Henefer, Utah 154 B Artemisia tridentata consociation, Garland, Colorado 154 C Artemisia arbuscula consociation, Evanston, Wyoming 154 PLATE 33 A Subclimax sagebnish in bad-land val leys, Hat Creek, Nebraska 156 B Alternes of Artemisia and Kochia, Strevell, Idaho 156 C Sarcobatus, Chrysothamnus, Atri- plex and Artemisia, Vale, Oregon 156 PLATE 34 A Atriplex confertifolia consociation, « Delta, Colorado 158 B Atriplex corrugata consociation, Thompson, Utah 158 C Atriplex lentiformis consociation, Salton Sea, California 158 PLATE 35 , A Contact of Basin sagebrush with Coastal sagebrush and chaparral, Campo, California 160 ILLUSTRATIONS XIII * PAGE PLATE 35—Continued f : B Artemisia californica, Salvia inelli- fera and Eriogorium fasciculatum sasociation, Elsinore, California 160! C Coastal sagebrush with Adenostoma • in ravines, Temecula, California 160; PLATE 36 j) \|}\| j1 A Larrea consociation, Stockton, Texas j jl\|! 168 B Larrea-Flourensia association, Pecos, Texas (• \|!\|1 / 168 C Larrea plain, Sierra Blanca, Texas 168 LATE 37 • \| j jjjj \| A Larrea consociation, Tucson, Ari zona j \|li 170 B Prosopis consociation, San1 Pedro Valley, Arizona V 170 C Parkinsonia torreyana anH Acacia greggii, Tucson, Arizonia 170 PLATE 38 1 • A Larrea and Franseria dumosa, Ajo, Arizona ! 172 B Larrea, Prosopis and Hilaria rigida, Ajo, Arizona • 1^2 C Encelia farinosa on lava ridge, Ajo, Arizona 172 PLATE 39 A Cereus-Encelia on lava ridge with Larrea below, Tucson, Arizona 174 B Parkinsonia microphylla and Cereus giganteus on foothills of1 Tucson s mountains 174 C Fouquiera splendens consociation, Santa Rita Reserve : 174 PLATE 40 ? • : A Fouquiera subclimax in Larrea plain, Tucson, Arizona 176 B Opuntia fulgida consociation , San Pedro Valley, Arizona 176 C Opuntia discata, fulgida and spino- sior, Tucson, Arizona j 176 PLATE 41 • • A Quercus-Rhus-Cercocarpus ^associa tion, Manitou, Colorado ! 182 B Detail of same, Quercus and Rhus in foreground, Cercocarpus behind, Manitou, Colorado 182 C Cercocarpus parvifolius consociation, Chugwater, Wyoming 182 PLATE 42 A Quercus-Cercocarpus-Fallugia chap arral, Milford, Utah 184 B Same showing contact with sage- • brush, Cercocarpus ledifolius in foreground, Milford, Utah! 184 PLATE 43 A Rhus glabra consocies, Peru,1 Nebras ka 188 B Quercus virens and undulata, Ed wards Plateau, Sonora, Texas 188 PLATE 44 * A Chaparral hills and sagebrush val- - - ley, Pine Valley, California 190 B Adenostoma-Ceanothus association, Descanso, California v 190 PLATE 45 A Pinus-Juniperus association, Grand Canyon, Arizona 198 , PAGE PLATE 45—Continued ]B Detail of pifion-cedar woodland, \| Delta, Colorado 198 PLATE 46 I A; Qiiercus-Juniperus association, Santa Rita mountains, Arizona 200 • B Quercus arizonica consociation, Santa Rita mountains 200 PLATE 47 A Pinus-Quercus association, Chico, California 202 B Quercus douglasii consociation, Red Bluff, California 202 PLATE 48 A Pinus ponderosa consociation, Flag staff, Arizona 206 B Pinus ponderosa consociation, Bend, Oregon 206 C Pinus ponderosa consociation, Black Hills, South Dakota 206 PLATE 49 A Pseudotsuga mucronata consocia tion, Alpine Laboratory, Pike s Peak 210 B Detail of Pseudotsuga-Abies forest, Cameron s Cone, Pike s Peak 210 PLATE 50 A Pinus ponderosa-lambertiana asso ciation, Prospect, Oregon 212 B Pinus, Libocedrus, Abies, and Pseu dotsuga, Yosemite National Park, California 212 PLATE 51 A Pseudotsuga, Thuja, and Tsuga, Rai nier National Park, Washington 216 B Sequoia sempervirens consociation, Muir Woods, Mount Tamalpais, California 216 PLATE 52 j A Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, and Pinus mon- ticola, Carson^ Washington 220 B Pseudotsuga, Pinus monticola, Larix, and Thuja, Priest River, Idaho 220 PLATE 53 A Picea-Abies association et Monarch Pass, Salida, Colorado 224 B Picea-A bies association on Uncom- pahgre Plateau, Colorado 224 C Picea-Pinus aristata at timber-line, King s Cone, Pike s Peak 224 PLATE 54 A Tsuga lyallii consociation, Crater Lake, Oregon 226 B Abies magnifica consociation, Glacier Point, Yosemite National Park, California 226 PLATE 55 , A Carex-Poa association, King s Cone, Pike s Peak 228 B Carex consociation, Campanula so ciety, Pike s Peak 228 • PLATE 56/ 1 A Polygonum bistorta society, Pike s Peak 232 B Campanula rotundifolia society, Pike s Peak : 232 C Mertensia alpina society, Pike s Peak 232 XIV ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE PLATE 57 A Carex-Agrostis association, i Mount Rainier, Washington 234 B Lupinus volcanicus and Valeriana sitchensis society, Mount Rainier 234 PLATE 58 A Abandoned farm, Wood, South Da- ,kota 238 B Field of corn and Sudan grass during the drought of 1917, Glendive, Montana : ; 238 PLATE 59 A True prairie indicating agricultural land, Lincoln, Nebraska 240 B Oak chaparral indicating grazing land, Sonora, Texas 240 C Aspen, spruce and pine indicating forest land, Minnehaha, Colorado 240 PLATE 60 A Artemisia filifolia indicating sandy soil, Canadian River, Texas 242 B Grama and buffalo-grass on hard- land, Goodwell, Oklahoma 242 C Atriplex nuttallii indicating non- agricultural saline land, Thomp son, Utah 242 PLATE 61 A Tall valley sagebrush indicating a s deep soil for irrigation, Garland, Colorado 256 B A legume, Lupinus plattensis, indi cating a rich moist soil, Monroe Canyon, Pine Ridge, Nebraska 256 C Relict Stipa and Balsamorhiza in sagebrush, indicating a bunch- grass climate for dry-farming, Hagerman, Idaho 256 PLATE 62 A Mixed prairie (Stipa comata) indi cating dry-farming, Scenic; South Dakota 252 B Tall-grass (Andropogon scoparius) indicating humid farming, Madi- I son, Nebraska 255 C Bunch-grass prairie (Agropyrum- Festuca) indicating dry-farming with winter rainfall,The Dalles, Oregon : 258 PLATE 63 A Ruderal crop of Russian thistle, Sal- sola, in a field of feterita, Tulia, Texas 268 B Ruderal crop of horseweed, Erigeron canadensis, in a fallow field, Good- well, Oklahoma : 262 PLATE 64 A Grass type, Andropogon-Bulbilia- Bputeloua, Smoky Hill River, Hays, Kansas 272 B Weed type, Erigeron, Geranium, etc , in aspen forest, Pike sPeak, Col- orado 272 C Browse type, Artemisia tridentata, Beulah, Oregon 272 PAGE PLATE 65 A , Savannah of desert scrub, Flourensia- Larrea-Prosopis, and desert plains grasses, Bouteloua gracilis, erio poda and racemosa, Van Horn, Texas 276 B Burn park in subalpine forest, Un- compahgre Plateau, Colorado 276 C Burn park of Wyethia and Artemisia in chaparral, Logan, Utah 276 PLATE 66 A Grass park of Elymus and Agropyrum arising from sagebrush, Boise, Idaho 278 B Sagebrush dying out as a result of competition with Agropyrum, Cra^g, Colorado 278 PLATE 67 A Serai stages in sandhills, the sub- climax grasses Andropogon and Calamovilfa, Agate, Nebraska 280 , B Serai stages in bad lands, Atriplex corrugata, nuttallii, and conferti- folia the chief dominants, Cisco, Utah 280 PLATE 68 A B ramus tectorum marking a burn in sagebrush, Boise, Idaho 282 B Erodium cicutarium indicating trampling in desert plains grass land, Oracle, Arizona 282 PLATE 69 A ,Tobosa swag, Hilaria and Sclero- pogon subclimax to desert plains grassland, Las Cruces, New Mex- i ico 284 B Playa in the Bulbilis subclimax stage, the old shoreline marked by Euphorbia, Texhoma, Oklahoma 284 PLATE 70 A Mixed turf of tall-grass (Agropyrum) and short-grass (Bulbilis), Win ner, South Dakota 286 B Pure turf of short-grass (Bulbilis), Ardmore, South Dakota 286 PLATE 71 ( ,, A Bouteloua-Aristida association in 1917, Santa Rita Reserve, Tuc son, Arizona 292 B The same area in 1918 after serious drought and overgrazing by cat tle and rodents 292 PLATE 72 A Denuded area about a kangaroo-rat mound in grassland, Santa Rita Reserve, Tucson, Arizona 294 B General denudation by kangaroo- rats in desert scrub, Ajo, Arizona 294 PLATE 73 A Relict Bouteloua and Aristida indi cating former grass cover in des ert scrub, Tucson, Arizona 296 B Relict Stipa and Balsamorhiza indi cating replacement of grassland by sagebrush, Hagerman, Mon tana 296 ILLUSTRATIONS XV PAGE PLATE 74 A Aristida purpurea and divaricata in dicating moderate overgrazing on Bulbilis plains, Texhoma, Okla homa 298 B An annual, Lepidium alyssoides, indi cating complete overgrazing in a pasture, Fountain, Colorado 298 PLATE 75 A Grindelia indicating overgrazing in original Stipa bunch-grass prairie, Williams, California 300 B Vernonia indicating overgrazing in short-grass plains, Stratford, Texas 300 PLATE 76 A Gutierrezia and Aristida in short- grass plains, Albuquerque, New Mexico 300 B Yucca and Aristida in mixed prairie, Hays, Kansas 300 PLATE 77 A Opuntia polyacantha indicating over grazing in mixed prairie; Guern sey, Colorado 302 B Prosopis and Calliandra indicating overgrazing in desert plains, Santa Rita Reserve, Tucson, Arizona 302 PLATE 78 S A A summer annual, Euphorbia mar- ginata, indicating complete over grazing in a pasture, Fountain, Colorado 304 B A winter annual, Eschscholtzia mexi- cana, indicating both overgrazing of grassesfand^grazing capacity, Santa Rita Reserve, Tucson, Arizona 304 PLATE 79 A Stipa setigera indicating the original bunch-grass prairie, Fresno, Cali fornia 306 B Avena fatua on bunch-grass land, Rose Canyon, San Diego, Cali fornia 306 C Festuca myurus and Bromus hordea- ceus on bunch-grass land, Corn ing, California 306 PLATE 80 A Mixed prairie of Andropogon-Boute- loua racemosa and Bulbilis-Bou- teloua gracilis, Wilson, Kansas 308 B/ The same prairie in an overgrazed pasture, showing pure short-grass sod, Wilson, Kansas 308 PLATE 81 A Isolation transect in Stipa-Bouteloua pasture, Mandan, North Dakota 314 B Isolation transect in Agropyfum-Bul- bilis pasture, Ardmore, South Dakota ; 314 PAOE PLATE 82 A Rokient exclosure, showing combined effect of cattle and rodents on the crop of winter annuals, chiefly poppy (Eschscholtzia mexicana), Santa Rita Reserve 316 B Difference in yield of poppies in ro dent exclosure, cattle exclosure, and pasture, Santa Rita Reserve 316 PLATE 83 A Wheat-grass (Agropyrum glaucum) following sagebrush after clear ing, Brookings, Oregon 320 B Bunch-grass (Agropyrum spicatum)
any_adam_object	1
author	Clements, Frederic E. 1874-1945
author_GND	(DE-588)117691372
author_facet	Clements, Frederic E. 1874-1945
author_role	aut
author_sort	Clements, Frederic E. 1874-1945
author_variant	f e c fe fec
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV023364345
callnumber-first	Q - Science
callnumber-label	QK901
callnumber-raw	QK901
callnumber-search	QK901
callnumber-sort	QK 3901
callnumber-subject	QK - Botany
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)2325561 (DE-599)BVBBV023364345
dewey-full	581.555
dewey-hundreds	500 - Natural sciences and mathematics
dewey-ones	581 - Specific topics in natural history of plants
dewey-raw	581.555
dewey-search	581.555
dewey-sort	3581.555
dewey-tens	580 - Plants
discipline	Biologie
format	Book
fullrecord	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01390nam a2200361 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV023364345</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">00000000000000.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t\|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">080626s1920 xx \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)2325561</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV023364345</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">QK901</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">581.555</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Clements, Frederic E.</subfield><subfield code="d">1874-1945</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)117691372</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Plant Indicators</subfield><subfield code="b">the relation of plant communities to process and practice</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Washington</subfield><subfield code="b">Carnegie Institution</subfield><subfield code="c">1920</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XVI, 388 S.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Carnegie Institution of Washington publication</subfield><subfield code="v">290</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Plant ecology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Vegetationsentwicklung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4187459-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Vegetationsentwicklung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4187459-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Carnegie Institution of Washington publication</subfield><subfield code="v">290</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV035415500</subfield><subfield code="9">290</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HEBIS Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016547734&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">HUB-ZB011200712</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016547734</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
id	DE-604.BV023364345
illustrated	Not Illustrated
indexdate	2024-12-20T13:14:34Z
institution	BVB
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016547734
oclc_num	2325561
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11
owner_facet	DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11
physical	XVI, 388 S.
psigel	HUB-ZB011200712
publishDate	1920
publishDateSearch	1920
publishDateSort	1920
publisher	Carnegie Institution
record_format	marc
series	Carnegie Institution of Washington publication
series2	Carnegie Institution of Washington publication
spellingShingle	Clements, Frederic E. 1874-1945 Plant Indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice Carnegie Institution of Washington publication Plant ecology Vegetationsentwicklung (DE-588)4187459-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4187459-6
title	Plant Indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice
title_auth	Plant Indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice
title_exact_search	Plant Indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice
title_full	Plant Indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice
title_fullStr	Plant Indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice
title_full_unstemmed	Plant Indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice
title_short	Plant Indicators
title_sort	plant indicators the relation of plant communities to process and practice
title_sub	the relation of plant communities to process and practice
topic	Plant ecology Vegetationsentwicklung (DE-588)4187459-6 gnd
topic_facet	Plant ecology Vegetationsentwicklung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016547734&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV035415500
work_keys_str_mv	AT clementsfrederice plantindicatorstherelationofplantcommunitiestoprocessandpractice

Verfügbarkeit

‌

Inhaltsverzeichnis