Bospor kimmerijskij v antičnuju ėpochu: očerki socialʹno-ėkonomičeskoj istorii
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Simferopolʹ
Krymskoe Otd. Inst. Vostokovedenija [u.a.]
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Bosporskie issledovanija
12 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016287639&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016287639&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The cimmerian bospor in ancient epoch. - Einzelaufnahme eines Zeitschr.-H. |
| Umfang: | 300 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819338457768525824 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Введение
...............................................................................................................
Зс.
Глава
I.
Возникновение и становление греческих апойкий на берегах
Боспора Киммерийского
..................................................................................
13 с.
По поводу раннего типа жилья греческих колонистов
..............................
16 с.
Землепользование и землевладение
........................................................25
с.
Ремесло и торговля
.............................................................................31
с.
Глава П. Боспорская симмахия и образование
Боспорского государства
..................................................................................37
с.
Возникновение боспорской симмахии
.....................................................
37 с.
Образование Боспорского территориального государства
.......................
51с.
Глава
III.
Боспорское царство в позднеклассический
и эллинистический периоды
............................................................................62
с.
Землевладение и землепользование в
IV
в. до н. э
.....................................
62 с.
Боспорское царство в
III
в. дон. э
.........................................................95
с.
Финансовый кризисна Боспоре него причины
.....................................101
с.
Возрождение хоры
.............................................................................
104 с.
Ремесленное производство
..................................................................
114 с.
Денежное обращение в конце
III
в. до н. э
..............................................
122 с.
Развитие торговли
..............................................................................
127 с.
Боспорское царство во
II
в. дон. э
........................................................
130 с.
Боспор под властью Митридата
VI
......................................................133
с.
Глава
IV.
Социально-экономическое развитие Боспорского царства
во второй половине
I
в. до н. э
-
третьей четверти
III
в. н. э
...........................
143 с.
Основные этапы истории Боспорского государства во
второй половине
I
-
третьей четверти
III
вв
............................................
143 с.
Землевладение и землепользование
.......................................................163
с.
Промыслы
........................................................................................
184 с.
Ремесленное производство
..................................................................190
с.
Торговля и денежное обращение
..........................................................
197 с.
Социальный состав населения
..............................................................
207 с.
Глава
V.
Боспор в третьей четверти
III-
первой половине
VI
вв
..................214
с.
Историческое развитие
........................................................................
214 с.
Экономическое развитие
.....................................................................
230 с.
Социальная структура населения
.........................................................
237 с.
Заключение
....................................................................................................242
с.
Summary
...........................................................................................
251с.
Общая и специальная литература
................................................................254
с.
Список сокращений
......................................................................................
299 с.
V.M.
Zubar,
V.N. Zin
ko
THE CIMMERIAN
BOSPOR
IN ANCIENT EPOCH
Essay in social-economic history
Summary
Including the Cimmerian
Bospor
shores in the area of Greek migrations during the Great
Greek colonization resulted in the appearance of significant number of small settlements in the
first half of the
б 1
century
ВС
and agriculture was the main occupation of their countrymen.
The overwhelming majority of population of Bosporan cities between the
б*1
and the 5lil
centuries
ВС
were Greek colonists, who were civil communities members. Pioneers and
epoiches, which arrived to Bosporus later and did not have all political rights, were mem¬
bers of the communities. Lack of evidence of large estates and insignificant level of the
merchandise development in the early period of Bosporan history gives no basis for telling
about any important group of powerless population including slaves. Social position of
pioneers was similar enough and presence of dugouts and relative simple ground structures
in particular is evidence of it. Handicraft and commerce began to develop gradually in
Bosporus and this process should be connected with coining of early money.
About year 480
479
ВС
in the face of Scythian menace a voluntarily alliance (sym-
tnachid) of several poleis, that originally did not limit any considerable political and eco¬
nomic freedom of its associates, appeared on Bosporus territory around the temple of Apollo
the Healer especially esteemed by Ionic Greeks. The alliance was headed by a supreme
priest of the temple of Apollo the Healer who was descended of the aristocratic dynasty of
Archenactids related to Miletus. After repulsing of Scythian aggression he could be en¬
trusted with the function of a strategist
-
autocrat.
After elaboration of the comprehensive plan for strengthening of collective security
under the leadership of one
oí
Archenactids, the position of
basileus
-
the position of a
supreme king and a priest of the cult of Apollo the Healer
-
was traditionally fulfilled by a
representative of that dynasty, who was the head of the alliance of Bosporan poleis. In 438
437
year
ВС
Spartoc discharged ruling Archenactids and usurped the power by means of
coup d état,
that resulted in the disintegration of the symmachia. The event initiated the
formation of a centralized territorial state being headed by Spartocids dynasty. In Bosporus
this state was structurally formed once and for all within the first and the second quarter of
the
4*
century
ВС.
That state formation incorporated formerly independent Greek poleis
and neighbor barbarian peoples as well.
Integrative-centralizing tendencies were not conditioned by objective reasons of socio-
economic development. They were imposed to Greek population by certain social forces at
the head of Bosporan tyrants, who annexed them to the Bosporan Kingdom by means of
251
j mu m
ш
m m m m m m m m
ш
m m m
military
force.
The economic basis of the new state formation was wealth. The prosperity
of the ruling dynasty depended on it at the close of the 5th and at the beginning of the 4 1
centuries
ВС.
Bread was received from non-Greek, dependent population as phoros, or
probably was collected in subjected cities with Greek population. It was custom duty im¬
posed on export of agricultural production and charged in ports controlled by Bosporan
tyrants as well. At that level of the development of Bosporus main exploiters of Greek
poleis and barbarian population were not biggest land owners, but at first the State in the
person of tyrannical regime supported by machinery of State being formed at that time and
biggest merchants.
Exploitation of the population of the Bosporan Kingdom and contiguous territories
where barbarian population lived was realized for the most part on the basis of taxation
policy. The supreme owners of the estates were Spartocids and they dealt with profits of
export charges. That let them to consolidate their tyrannical power and turn the Bosporan
Kingdom into one of the most powerful states of the Black Sea shores. Other forms of
private-properties exploitation were only being conceived and their role in the system of
production relation was insignificant. In Panticapaeum, Theodosia and some other big cit¬
ies, where the king granted social and political organization of the poleis to the major part
of population, there was free citizens working on the small land properties.
Unification of large territories under the rule of Spartocids is undoubtedly a turning
point in the history of Bosporus. It is no wonder that the rapid growth of number of rural
settlements and the formation of agricultural territories of the Kingdom began right in the
second quarter of the 4th century
ВС.
Large parts of available land of the modern Kerch and
Taman
Peninsulas turned to be king s property as
χωρά βασιλική.
A wide range social
spectrum of the population lived on the king s land that had to pay fixed ground rent
-
duty
in the form of grain supply that was a basis of tyrants export activity.
Part of the cultivable land was granted or given in special terms to king s «friends»
-
the
evidence of which is appearance of comparatively big country estates at that time
-
and to
migrants from other regions of ancient world as it was in the case with Callathians. There
are no arguments to prove predominance of large land-properties in Bosporus and accord¬
ingly the growth of slave labor proportion in the system of production relation though.
Territories of suburbs of big ancient cities were property of their civil communities, but
it can be said with certainty as applied only to Panticapaeum and Theodosia and with some
reservations to Phanagoria, Gorgippia and Nimpheum. Consequently the character of land-
in property in Bosporus between the 4th and the first half of the 3rd century
ВС
was similar
to situation having formed in other Hellenistic monarchies.
Changing of military-political situation around Bosporus at the end of the 4lh century
and the beginning of the first half of the 3rd century
ВС
resulted from movements of no¬
madic tribes in a steppe zone off the Black Sea northern coastal regions and provoked crisis
phenomenon in economy. The crisis generated by negative foreign policy events was over¬
come at the last quarter of the 3rd century
ВС
and at the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd century
ВС.
The process of economical reorganization in Bosporus had been completed in general.
The Bosporan Kingdom entered on the new path of more or less stable development. It
252
Summary
resulted in stable collection of taxes from the territories controlled by Bosporan kings into
state treasury. According to that, if in the 4lh century
ВС
Bosporan economy was based on
grain production and export to other ancient centers, then from the middle of the 3rd century
ВС
a significant growth of local handicraft production and wine-making began. It appeared
to be a powerful incentive for Bosporan trade with barbarian population of the northern
Black Sea areas.
The growing proportion of winemaking and handicraft production in economy resulted
in including of various strata of craftsmen and merchants in both parts of the Bosporan
Kingdom into economy connections with surrounding barbarian population. As a rule,
trade with non-Greek population of the Black Sea northern coastal regions had non-equiv¬
alent character. That is why the development of economy relations with barbarian periph¬
ery should be viewed as a specific form of exploitation to big Bosporan citizens advan¬
tage. On the one hand it favored gradual overcoming of economy crisis of the 3rd century
ВС
in Bosporus, and on the other hand it resulted in attracting of big Bosporan cities
(Panticapaeum, Theodosia, Phanagoria, Gorgippia) in a sphere of commodity-money rela¬
tion. Later they became commercial and handicraft centers of relatively vast economic
regions within the united Bosporan Kingdom.
The tax collection of overwhelming majority of state citizens and exploitation of con¬
quered neighbor tribes in Bosporus between the second half of the Is1 century
ВС
and the
third quarter of the 3rd century prevailed over private-property exploitation.
In the system of work-relations in Bosporus between the second half of the Is1 century
ВС
and the third quarter of the 3rd century the classical type of slavery labor could not be
and had not become the leading form of exploitation in the sphere of material production.
The main productive force in Bosporus was the population. Different groups of personally
free, but dependable on the state
multi
ethnic population, who was a subject of the Bospo¬
ran king, worked in agriculture, handicraft and small-scale trade.
Considerable changes happened in the late ancient period of the development of
Bosporus. They resulted in standing apart and forming of economically secluded territori¬
al-household districts in Bosporus. During the Hun protectorate the major part of Bosporan
population paid tribute to it, undoubtedly not only in farm products, but also in handicraft
goods. Most probably the Huns kept untouched the forms of social structure of Bosporan
population and earlier fiscal system formed before their coming.
Thus, the analysis of main tendencies of social and economic development of the Bospo¬
ran Kingdom during all ancient epoch gives evidence of consumer-cost or pre-capitalist
rental means of ownership. It was based on the class stratification of the society and formed
means of distribution of surplus produce similar to the majority of analogous estate-class
societies (See Ilyushechkin,
1986,
p.
144 -150; 1986
b, p.
45 - 67
for details). In future the
analysis of a number of intricate and undecided questions of social
-
economic, political
and cultural development of the Bosporan Kingdom with its more than one thousand-year
history should be preceded from this assumption.
253
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Zubar, Vitalij Mychajlovyč 1950-2009 Zinʹko, Viktor N. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)103320164 |
| author_facet | Zubar, Vitalij Mychajlovyč 1950-2009 Zinʹko, Viktor N. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Zubar, Vitalij Mychajlovyč 1950-2009 |
| author_variant | v m z vm vmz v n z vn vnz |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023084671 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)219457557 (DE-599)BVBBV023084671 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Bosporanisches Reich (DE-588)4069610-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bosporanisches Reich |
| id | DE-604.BV023084671 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:08:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016287639 |
| oclc_num | 219457557 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 300 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Krymskoe Otd. Inst. Vostokovedenija [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Bosporskie issledovanija |
| spellingShingle | Zubar, Vitalij Mychajlovyč 1950-2009 Zinʹko, Viktor N. Bospor kimmerijskij v antičnuju ėpochu očerki socialʹno-ėkonomičeskoj istorii Wirtschaftssoziologie (DE-588)4066514-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066514-8 (DE-588)4069610-8 |
| title | Bospor kimmerijskij v antičnuju ėpochu očerki socialʹno-ėkonomičeskoj istorii |
| title_auth | Bospor kimmerijskij v antičnuju ėpochu očerki socialʹno-ėkonomičeskoj istorii |
| title_exact_search | Bospor kimmerijskij v antičnuju ėpochu očerki socialʹno-ėkonomičeskoj istorii |
| title_full | Bospor kimmerijskij v antičnuju ėpochu očerki socialʹno-ėkonomičeskoj istorii V. M. Zubarʹ ; V. N. Zinʹko |
| title_fullStr | Bospor kimmerijskij v antičnuju ėpochu očerki socialʹno-ėkonomičeskoj istorii V. M. Zubarʹ ; V. N. Zinʹko |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bospor kimmerijskij v antičnuju ėpochu očerki socialʹno-ėkonomičeskoj istorii V. M. Zubarʹ ; V. N. Zinʹko |
| title_short | Bospor kimmerijskij v antičnuju ėpochu |
| title_sort | bospor kimmerijskij v anticnuju epochu ocerki socialʹno ekonomiceskoj istorii |
| title_sub | očerki socialʹno-ėkonomičeskoj istorii |
| topic | Wirtschaftssoziologie (DE-588)4066514-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftssoziologie Bosporanisches Reich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016287639&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016287639&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zubarvitalijmychajlovyc bosporkimmerijskijvanticnujuepochuocerkisocialʹnoekonomiceskojistorii AT zinʹkoviktorn bosporkimmerijskijvanticnujuepochuocerkisocialʹnoekonomiceskojistorii |