Electronic, magnetic and optical materials:
Gespeichert in:
Beteilige Person: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Nichtbestimmte Sprache |
Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton, FL [u.a.]
CRC Press
2010
|
Schlagwörter: | |
Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016136318&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
Umfang: | XVII, 418 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 084939564X 9780849395642 |
Internformat
MARC
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001 | BV022931509 | ||
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008 | 071022s2010 xx ad|| |||| 00||| und d | ||
020 | |a 084939564X |9 0-8493-9564-X | ||
020 | |a 9780849395642 |9 978-0-8493-9564-2 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)633186996 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)GBV526281774 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
041 | |a und | ||
049 | |a DE-703 |a DE-29T |a DE-11 | ||
084 | |a ZM 3100 |0 (DE-625)159835: |2 rvk | ||
084 | |a ZN 3400 |0 (DE-625)157307: |2 rvk | ||
100 | 1 | |a Fulay, Pradeep P. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Electronic, magnetic and optical materials |c Pradeep Fulay |
264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, FL [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2010 | |
300 | |a XVII, 418 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Werkstoff |0 (DE-588)4065579-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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650 | 0 | 7 | |a Optische Eigenschaft |0 (DE-588)4123887-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Elektronische Eigenschaft |0 (DE-588)4235053-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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689 | 0 | 1 | |a Elektronische Eigenschaft |0 (DE-588)4235053-0 |D s |
689 | 0 | 2 | |a Magnetische Eigenschaft |0 (DE-588)4129002-1 |D s |
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943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016136318 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1819315884300173312 |
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adam_text | Contents
Preface
............................................................................................................................................xiii
Author
............................................................................................................................................xvii
Chapter
1
Introduction
..................................................................................................................1
1.1
Introduction
.......................................................................................................1
1.2
Classification of Materials
.................................................................................1
1.3
Crystalline Materials
.........................................................................................1
1.4
Ceramics, Metals and Alloys, and Polymers
.....................................................5
1.4.1
Bonding in Materials
............................................................................5
1.5
Functional Classification of Materials
...............................................................6
1.6
Crystal Structures
..............................................................................................6
1.7
Directions and Planes in Crystal Structures
....................................................10
1.7.1
Miller Indices for Directions
..............................................................10
1.7.2
Miller Indices for Planes
....................................................................10
1.7.3
Miller-Bravais Indices for Hexagonal Systems
.................................10
1.7.4
Interplanar Spacing
............................................................................11
1.8
Interstitial Sites or Holes in Crystal Structures
...............................................13
1.9
Coordination Numbers
....................................................................................13
1.10
Radius Ratio Concept
......................................................................................14
1.11
Crystal Structures of Different Materials
........................................................15
1.11.1
Structure of Sodium Chloride
............................................................15
1.11.2
Structure of Cesium Chloride
............................................................15
1.11.3
Diamond Cubic Structure
...................................................................16
1.11.4
Zinc Blende Structure
........................................................................18
1.11.5
Wurtzite Structure
..............................................................................19
1.11.6 Fluorite
and
Antifluorite
Structure
.....................................................19
1.11.7
Corundum Structure
...........................................................................19
1.11.8
Perovskite Crystal Structure
...............................................................20
1.11.9
Spinel and Inverse Spinel Structures
..................................................21
1.12
Defects in Materials
........................................................................................22
1.13
Point Defects in Ceramic Materials
................................................................23
1.14 Kröger-Vink
Notation for Point Defects
.........................................................24
1.15
Dislocations
.....................................................................................................26
1.16
Stacking Faults and Grain Boundaries
............................................................27
1.17
Microstructure-Property Relationships
..........................................................28
1.17.1
Grain Boundary Effects
.....................................................................28
1.17.2
Grain Size Effects
..............................................................................28
1.17.3
Microstructure-Insensitive Properties
................................................30
1.18
Amorphous Materials
......................................................................................30
1.18.1
Atomic Arrangements in Amorphous Materials
................................30
1.18.2
Applications of Amorphous Materials
...............................................31
1.19
Nanostructured Materials
................................................................................33
1.20
Defects in Materials: Good News or Bad News?
............................................33
1.21
Problems
..........................................................................................................33
VI
Contents
Glossary
......................................................................................................................34
References
..................................................................................................................37
Chapter
2
Electrical Conduction in Metals and Alloys
..............................................................39
2.1
Introduction
.....................................................................................................39
2.2
Ohm s Law
.......................................................................................................41
2.3
Sheet Resistance
(Rs).......................................................................................46
2.4
Classical Theory of Electrical Conduction
......................................................48
2.5
Drift, Mobility, and Conductivity
....................................................................49
2.6
Electronic and Ionic Conductors
.....................................................................52
2.7
Limitations of the Classical Theory of Conductivity
......................................52
2.8
Resistivity of Metallic Materials
.....................................................................55
2.8.1
Effect of Thermal Expansion
.............................................................60
2.9
Joule Heating or PR Losses
............................................................................60
2.10
Dependence of Resistivity on Thickness
.........................................................61
2.11
Chemical Composition-Microstructure-Conductivity
Relationships in Metals
...................................................................................62
2.11.1
Influence of Atomic-Level Defects
....................................................62
2.11.2
Influence of Impurities
.......................................................................63
2.12
Resistivity of Metallic Alloys
..........................................................................66
2.13
Quantum Mechanical Approach to Conductivity
...........................................69
2.14
Electrons in an Atom
.......................................................................................71
2.15
Electrons in a Solid
..........................................................................................72
2.16
Band Structure of Solids
..................................................................................73
2.17
Concept of the Fermi Energy Level
................................................................76
2.18
Problems
..........................................................................................................77
Glossary
......................................................................................................................80
References
..................................................................................................................83
Chapter
3
Fundamentals of Semiconductor Materials
...............................................................85
3.1
Introduction
.....................................................................................................85
3.2
Intrinsic Semiconductors
.................................................................................85
3.3
Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentrations
......................................89
3.4
Band Structure of Semiconductors
..................................................................90
3.5
Direct and Indirect
Bandgap
Semiconductors
.................................................96
3.6
Applications of Direct
Bandgap
Materials
......................................................96
3.7
Motions of Electrons and Holes
....................................................................100
3.8
Extrinsic Semiconductors
..............................................................................102
3.9
Donor-Doped
(η
-Type)
Semiconductors
........................................................102
3.10
Acceptor-Doped
(p
-Туре)
Semiconductors
...................................................103
3.11
Amphoteric Dopants, Compensation, and Isoelectronic Dopants
................104
3.12
Dopant Ionization
..........................................................................................105
3.13
Conductivity of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors
..............................109
3.14
Effect of Temperature on the Mobility of Carriers
.......................................111
3.15
Effect of Dopant Concentration on Mobility
.................................................112
3.16
Temperature Dependence of Conductivity
....................................................114
3.17
Effect of Partial Dopant Ionization
...............................................................114
3.18
Effect of Temperature on the
Bandgap
..........................................................117
3.19
Effect of Dopant Concentration on the
Bandgap
(£ )...................................119
Contents
VII
3.20
Effect of Crystallite Size on the
Bandgap
....................................................119
3.21
Semiconductivity in Ceramic Materials
........................................................120
3.22
Problems
........................................................................................................121
Glossary
....................................................................................................................122
References
................................................................................................................124
Chapter
4
Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors
.................................................................127
4.1
Fermi Energy Levels in Metals
.....................................................................127
4.2
Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors
......................................................129
4.3
Electron and Hole Concentrations
.................................................................131
4.4
Fermi Energy Levels in Intrinsic Semiconductors
........................................134
4.5
Carrier Concentrations in Intrinsic Semiconductors
.....................................136
4.6
Fermi Energy Levels in
η
-Type
and
p
-Туре
Semiconductors
........................138
4.7
Fermi Energy as a Function of the Temperature
...........................................140
4.8
Fermi Energy Positions and the Fermi-Dirac Distribution
..........................143
4.9
Degenerate or Heavily Doped Semiconductors
.............................................143
4.10
Fermi Energy Levels across Materials and Interfaces
..................................145
4.11
Problems
........................................................................................................147
Glossary
....................................................................................................................148
References
................................................................................................................149
Chapter
5
Semiconductor
p
-η
Junctions
...................................................................................151
5.1
Formation of a
p
-η
Junction
...........................................................................151
5.2
Drift and Diffusion of Carriers
.....................................................................154
5.3
Constructing the Band Diagram for a
p
-η
Junction
......................................154
5.4
Calculation of Contact Potential
....................................................................157
5.5
Space Charge at the
p
-η
Junction
..................................................................160
5.6
Electric Field Variation across the Depletion Region
................................... 161
5.7
Variation of Electric Potential
.......................................................................162
5.8
Width of the Depletion Region and Penetration Depths
...............................164
5.9
Reverse-Biased
p
-η
Junction
.........................................................................166
5.10
Diffusion Currents in a Forward-Biased
p
-η
Junction
..................................167
5.11
Drift Currents in a
p
-η
Junction
....................................................................168
5.12
Diode Based on a
p
-η
Junction
...................................................................... 171
5.13
Reverse-Bias Breakdown
...............................................................................174
5.14
Zener Diodes
.................................................................................................178
5.15
Problems
........................................................................................................180
Glossary
.................................................................................................................... 181
References
................................................................................................................183
Chapter
6
Semiconductor Devices
............................................................................................185
6.1
Metal-Semiconductor Contacts
....................................................................185
6.2
Schottky Contacts
..........................................................................................185
6.2.1
Band Diagrams
.................................................................................185
6.2.2
Surface Pinning of the Fermi Energy Level
....................................188
6.2.3
Current-Voltage Characteristics for Schottky Contacts
..................189
6.2.4
Advantages of Schottky Diodes
.......................................................193
6.3
Ohmic Contacts
.............................................................................................194
6.3.1
Band Diagram
..................................................................................194
viii Contents
6.4
Solar
Cells
.....................................................................................................194
6.4.1
Principles of Operation
....................................................................197
6.4.2
Current-Voltage Characteristics for a Solar Cell
.............................201
6.4.3
Solar Cell Efficiency and Materials
.................................................203
6.5
Light-Emitting Diodes
...................................................................................203
6.5.1
Operating Principle
..........................................................................204
6.5.2
LED Materials
..................................................................................204
6.5.3 LEDs
Based on Indirect
Bandgap
Materials
....................................206
6.5.4
LED Emission Spectral Ranges
.......................................................207
6.5.5 7-У
Curve for
LEDs.........................................................................208
6.5.6
LED Efficiency
.................................................................................210
6.5.7
LED Packaging
................................................................................210
6.6
Bipolar Junction Transistor
............................................................................210
6.6.1
Principles of Operation of the Bipolar Junction Transistor
..............212
6.6.2
Bipolar Junction Transistor Action
...................................................213
6.6.3
Current Flows in an npn Transistor
..................................................213
6.6.4
Transistor Currents and Parameters
.................................................215
6.6.4.1
Collector Current
..............................................................215
6.6.4.2
Emitter Current
.................................................................216
6.6.4.3
Base Current
.....................................................................216
6.6.5
Role of Base Current
........................................................................218
6.6.6
Transistor Operating Modes
.............................................................218
6.6.7
Current-Voltage Characteristics of the Bipolar Junction
Transistor
..........................................................................................218
6.6.8
Current Flows in a pnp Transistor
....................................................220
6.6.9
Applications of Bipolar Junction Transistors
...................................220
6.7
Field-Effect Transistors
.................................................................................223
6.8
Types of Field-Effect Transistors
...................................................................223
6.9
MESFET/-V Characteristics
........................................................................224
6.9.1
MESFET with No Bias
....................................................................224
6.9.2
MESFET with a Gate Bias
...............................................................225
6.10
Metal Insulator Field-Effect Transistors
........................................................226
6.11
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors
...................................226
6.11.1
MOSFET in Integrated Circuits
.......................................................226
6.11.2
Role of Materials in MOSFET
.........................................................226
6.11.3
NMOS, PMOS, and CMOS Devices
................................................228
6.11.4
Enhancement-Mode MOSFET
.........................................................229
6.11.5
Mechanism for Enhancement MOSFET
..........................................230
6.11.6
Depletion-Mode MOSFET
...............................................................232
6.12
Problems
........................................................................................................232
Glossary
....................................................................................................................234
References
................................................................................................................238
Chapter
7
Linear Dielectric Materials
......................................................................................239
7.1
Dielectric Materials
.......................................................................................239
7.1.1
Electrostatic Induction
.....................................................................239
7.2
Capacitance and Dielectric Constant
............................................................240
7.2.1
Parallel-Plate Capacitor Filled with a Vacuum
................................240
7.2.2
Parallel-Plate Capacitors with an Ideal Dielectric Material
.............242
7.3
Dielectric Polarization
...................................................................................249
Contents ix
7.4
Local
Electric
Field (£local)
............................................................................252
7.5
Polarization Mechanisms
—
Overview
..........................................................254
7.6
Electronic or Optical Polarization
.................................................................254
7.6.1
Electronic Polarization of Atoms
.....................................................254
7.6.2
Electronic Polarizability of Ions and Molecules
..............................260
7.7
Ionic, Atomic, or Vibrational Polarization
....................................................260
7.8
Shannon s Polarizability Approach for Predicting Dielectric Constants
......262
7.8.1
Outline of the Approach
...................................................................262
7.8.2
Limitations of Shannon s Approach
.................................................263
7.9
Dipolar or Orientational Polarization
............................................................265
7.10
Interfacial,
Space Charge, or Maxwell-Wagner Polarization
.......................266
7.11
Spontaneous or Ferroelectric Polarization
....................................................267
7.12
Dependence of the Dielectric Constant on Frequency
..................................268
7.12.1
Connection to the Optical Properties:
Lorentz-Lorenz Equation
................................................................269
7.13
Complex Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Losses
.....................................272
7.13.1
Complex Dielectric Constant
...........................................................272
7.13.2
Real Dielectrics and Ideal Dielectrics
..............................................273
7.13.3
Frequency Dependence of Dielectric Losses
...................................273
7.13.4
Giant Dielectric Constant Materials
.................................................276
7.14
Equivalent Circuit of a Real Dielectric
.........................................................277
7.15
Impedance (Z) and Admittance (Y)
...............................................................278
7.16
Power Loss in a Real Dielectric Material
......................................................280
7.16.1
Concept of tan
б
...............................................................................280
7.17
Equivalent Series Resistance and Equivalent Series Capacitance
................285
7.18
Problems
........................................................................................................288
Glossary
....................................................................................................................293
References
................................................................................................................298
Chapterå
Ferroelectrics, Piezoelectrics, and Pyroelectrics
......................................................299
8.1
Ferroelectric Materials
..................................................................................299
8.1.1
Ferroelectricity in Barium Titanate
..................................................299
8.1.2
Ferroelectric Domains
......................................................................301
8.1.3
Dependence of the Dielectric Constant of Ferroelectrics on
Temperature and Composition
.........................................................303
8.2
Relationship of Ferroelectrics and Piezoelectrics to Crystal
Symmetry
......................................................................................................307
8.3
Electrostriction
..............................................................................................307
8.4
Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loop
.......................................................................309
8.4.1
Trace of the Hysteresis Loop
............................................................311
8.5
Piezoelectricity
..............................................................................................315
8.5.1
Origin of the Piezoelectric Effect in Ferroelectrics
.........................315
8.6
Direct and Converse Piezoelectric Effects
....................................................317
8.7
Piezoelectric Behavior of Ferroelectrics
.......................................................318
8.8
Piezoelectric Coefficients
..............................................................................318
8.9
Tensor Nature of Piezoelectric Coefficients
..................................................321
8.9.1
Conventions for Directions
...............................................................321
8.9.2
General Notation for Piezoelectric Coefficients
...............................322
8.9.3
Signs of Piezoelectric Coefficients
...................................................322
8.10
Relationship between Piezoelectric Coefficients
...........................................323
x
Contents
8.11 Applications
of
Piezoelectrics.......................................................................327
8.12 Devices
Based on
Piezoelectrics...................................................................327
8.12.1 Expander
Plate
..................................................................................327
8.13
Technologically Important
Piezoelectrics.....................................................333
8.14
Lead Zirconium Titanate
...............................................................................335
8.14.1
Piezoelectric Polymers
.....................................................................336
8.15
Applications and Properties of Hard and Soft Lead Zirconium
Titanate Ceramics
..........................................................................................339
8.16
Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient
.......................................................341
8.17
Illustration of an Application: Piezoelectric Spark Igniter
............................344
8.18
Recent Developments
....................................................................................348
8.18.1
Strain-Tuned Ferroelectric
s
..............................................................348
8.18.2
Lead-Free Piezoelectrics
..................................................................348
8.19
Piezoelectric Composites
...............................................................................349
8.20
Pyroelectric Materials and Devices
...............................................................351
8.20.1
Pyroelectric Detectors for Infrared Detection and Imaging
............355
8.21
Problems
........................................................................................................355
Glossary
....................................................................................................................358
References
................................................................................................................361
Chapter
9
Magnetic Materials
..................................................................................................363
9.1
Introduction
...................................................................................................363
9.2
Origin of Magnetism
.....................................................................................363
9.3
Magnetization
(Λί),
Flux Density (B), Magnetic Susceptibility OcJ,
Permeability
(μ),
and Relative Magnetic Permeability
(μΓ)
...........................368
9.3.1
Magnetic Field (H), Magnetization (M),
and Flux Density (B)
........................................................................368
9.3.2
Magnetic Susceptibility
(χΜ)
and Magnetic
Permeability
(μ)
................................................................................371
9.3.3
Demagnetizing Fields
.......................................................................372
9.3.4
Flux Density in Ferromagnetic and Ferrimagnetic Materials
..........373
9.4
Classification of Magnetic Materials
.............................................................374
9.4.1
Diamagnetic Materials
.....................................................................374
9.4.2
Paramagnetic Materials
....................................................................374
9.4.3
Superparamagnetic Materials
..........................................................376
9.4.4
Antiferromagnetic Materials
............................................................378
9.5
Ferromagnetic and Ferrimagnetic Materials
.................................................378
9.5.1
Hysteresis Loop
................................................................................378
9.6
Other Properties of Magnetic Materials
........................................................385
9.6.1
Curie Temperature
(Гс)
.....................................................................385
9.6.2
Magnetic Permeability
(μ)
................................................................385
9.6.3
Coercive Field (Hc)
...........................................................................386
9.6.4
Nucleation and Pinning Control of Coercivity
.................................388
9.6.5
Magnetic Anisotropy
........................................................................389
9.6.6
Magnetic Domain Walls
...................................................................391
9.6.7 180°
and Non-1800 Domain Walls
...................................................393
9.6.8
Maximum Energy Products for Magnets
.........................................394
9.6.9
Magnetic Losses
...............................................................................395
9.7
Magnetostriction
............................................................................................396
9.8
Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials
................................................................397
Contents xi
9.9
Hard Magnetic Materials
...............................................................................398
9.10 Isotropie,
Textured (Oriented), and Bonded Magnets
...................................399
9.11
Soft Magnetic Materials
................................................................................400
9.12
Magnetic Data Storage Materials
..................................................................404
9.13
Problems
........................................................................................................405
Glossary
....................................................................................................................408
References
................................................................................................................412
Index
..............................................................................................................................................413
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Fulay, Pradeep P. |
author_facet | Fulay, Pradeep P. |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Fulay, Pradeep P. |
author_variant | p p f pp ppf |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV022931509 |
classification_rvk | ZM 3100 ZN 3400 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)633186996 (DE-599)GBV526281774 |
discipline | Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
format | Book |
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id | DE-604.BV022931509 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-12-20T13:05:36Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 084939564X 9780849395642 |
language | Undetermined |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016136318 |
oclc_num | 633186996 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-703 DE-29T DE-11 |
owner_facet | DE-703 DE-29T DE-11 |
physical | XVII, 418 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 2010 |
publishDateSearch | 2010 |
publishDateSort | 2010 |
publisher | CRC Press |
record_format | marc |
spellingShingle | Fulay, Pradeep P. Electronic, magnetic and optical materials Werkstoff (DE-588)4065579-9 gnd Magnetische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4129002-1 gnd Optische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4123887-4 gnd Elektronische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4235053-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4065579-9 (DE-588)4129002-1 (DE-588)4123887-4 (DE-588)4235053-0 |
title | Electronic, magnetic and optical materials |
title_auth | Electronic, magnetic and optical materials |
title_exact_search | Electronic, magnetic and optical materials |
title_full | Electronic, magnetic and optical materials Pradeep Fulay |
title_fullStr | Electronic, magnetic and optical materials Pradeep Fulay |
title_full_unstemmed | Electronic, magnetic and optical materials Pradeep Fulay |
title_short | Electronic, magnetic and optical materials |
title_sort | electronic magnetic and optical materials |
topic | Werkstoff (DE-588)4065579-9 gnd Magnetische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4129002-1 gnd Optische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4123887-4 gnd Elektronische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4235053-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Werkstoff Magnetische Eigenschaft Optische Eigenschaft Elektronische Eigenschaft |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016136318&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT fulaypradeepp electronicmagneticandopticalmaterials |