Market entry strategies: internationalization theories, network ; concepts and cases of Asian firms: LG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and TCL China
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
München
Oldenbourg
2009
|
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015748775&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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| Physical Description: | XVI, 279 S. |
| ISBN: | 9783486584127 348658412X |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Market entry strategies |b internationalization theories, network ; concepts and cases of Asian firms: LG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and TCL China |c by Mario Glowik |
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| _version_ | 1821935369072934912 |
| adam_text | Table
of
Contents
Acknowledgements
v
List of Figures
xi
1
Introduction
1
2
Methodological Foundations of Research
3
2.
1 Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
........................................................................3
2.2
A Longitudinal Study for This Publication
................................................................6
2.3
Research Design
.........................................................................................................7
2.4
Empirical Research Targets
......................................................................................12
2.4.1
Research proposals derived from previous studies
...................................................12
2.4.2
Towards a time-based network approach
.................................................................13
3
Internationalization Theories
17
3.1
The International Product Lite-Cycle Theory
..........................................................17
3.1.1
Internationalization based on the product life-cycle phase
.......................................17
3.1.2
Critical review of Vernon s theory
...........................................................................18
3.2
The Internalization Theory
.......................................................................................19
3.2.1
The issue of transaction costs
...................................................................................19
3.2.2
Critical review of the internalization theory
.............................................................21
3.3
The Eclectic Paradigm
..............................................................................................21
3.3.1
Advantage categories
...............................................................................................21
3.3.2
Critical review of the eclectic paradigm
...................................................................25
3.4
Location Theories
.....................................................................................................26
3.4.1
Historical foundations
..............................................................................................26
3.4.2
Location factors
........................................................................................................2?
3.4.3
Questions related to market entry
.............................................................................31
3.4.4
Critical review of the location theories
.....................................................................32
3.5
The Diamond Model
................................................................................................32
3.5.1
The elements of the diamond
...................................................................................32
3.5.2
Critical review of the diamond model
......................................................................36
viii Table of
Contents
Introduction
3.6
The Uppsala Model of Internationalization
..............................................................37
3.6.1
Incremental market entry through accumulated knowledge
.....................................37
3.6.2
State versus change aspects
......................................................................................38
3.6.3
Critical review of the Uppsala model
.......................................................................39
3.7
Network Theory of Internationalization
...................................................................41
3.7.1
Contents of the systems approach
............................................................................41
3.7.2
The impact of the resource-based view
....................................................................42
3.7.3
Dynamic capabilities
................................................................................................44
3.7.4
The approach of
Johanson
and
Mattsson
.................................................................45
3.7.5
The concept of
Johanson
and Vahlne
.......................................................................47
3.7.6
Resource accumulation through experience and relationship learning
....................48
3.7.7
Critical review of the network systems positioning approach
..................................49
3.7.8
Contents of new venture and
entrepreneurship
concepts
.........................................50
3.7.9
The dimension of time
.............................................................................................53
3.7.10
Towards a conceptualized typology of international new ventures
..........................57
3.7.11
The phenomenon of the born again global
............................................................60
3.7.12
Individual and corporate
entrepreneurship
...............................................................61
3.7.13
Critical review of the new venture and entrepreneurial concepts
.............................62
3.8
Summary
..................................................................................................................64
4
international Market Entry Strategies
71
4.1
About Strategy
.........................................................................................................71
4.2
Motives and the Process of internationalization
......................................................72
4.3
Market Entry Modes
................................................................................................74
4.3.1
indirect and direct export
.........................................................................................74
4.3.2
Overseas branches
....................................................................................................75
4.3.3
Contract manufacturing
............................................................................................76
4.3.4
Licensing
..................................................................................................................77
4.3.5
Franchising
...............................................................................................................78
4.3.6
Strategic alliances
....................................................................................................79
4.3.7
International joint ventures
......................................................................................80
4.3.8
Turnkey contracts
.....................................................................................................84
4.3.9
Management contracts
.............................................................................................84
4.3.10
Wholly owned subsidiary
.........................................................................................86
4.4
Strategic Decision Determinants
..............................................................................88
4.4.1
Entry timing and proximity to the market
................................................................88
4.4.2
Degree of hierarchical control and investment risk.
.................................................89
4.4.3
Market entry decision process
..................................................................................90
4.5
Summarv
..................................................................................................................94
Table
of
Contents
ix
5
Case Studies
103
5.1
The European Television Set Market
(1990-2011)................................................103
5.1.1
Market developments
.............................................................................................103
5.1.2
Industry environment
.............................................................................................105
5.1.3
European industry cluster
.......................................................................................107
5.1.4
Summary
................................................................................................................109
5.2
Samsung
.................................................................................................................110
5.2.1
Company background
.............................................................................................110
5.2.2
Management Philosophy
........................................................................................112
5.2.3
The network building of Samsung
.........................................................................114
5.2.4
Diversified growth strategy
....................................................................................117
5.2.5
The strategy of vertical integration
.........................................................................123
5.2.6
International business expansion
............................................................................125
5.2.7
Global design and R&D networks
..........................................................................129
5.2.8
Summary
................................................................................................................132
5.3
Sony
........................................................................................................................133
5.3.1
Company background
.............................................................................................133
5.3.2
Conglomerate diversification network
...................................................................134
5.3.3
Loss of core competencies in electronics
...............................................................139
5.3.4
Access to LCD Technology through joint venture networks
.................................141
5.3.5
Foreign direct investment in Europe
......................................................................143
5.3.6
Summary
................................................................................................................144
5.4
Sharp
......................................................................................................................146
5.4.1
Company background
.............................................................................................146
5.4.2
Technological pioneer in LCD technology
............................................................146
5.4.3
The investment in Loewe
ÅG,
Germany
................................................................153
5.4.4
FDI in central and eastern Europe
(CEE)
...............................................................154
5.4.5
Summary
................................................................................................................156
5.5
LG Electronics and Philips International Joint Ventures
........................................157
5.5.1
Company background
.............................................................................................157
5.5.2
The foundation of LG.Philips LCD
........................................................................158
5.5.3
international network
.............................................................................................
16І
5.5.4
Philips reduces its joint venture stake and may disappear?
....................................166
5.5.5
The foundation of LG.Philips Displays
..................................................................166
5.5.6
Synergies below expectations
.................................................................................167
5.5.7
LG.Phiiips Displays gets a new name
....................................................................171
5.5.8
Summary..
..............................................................................................................172
5.6
TCL China
..............................................................................................................174
5.6.1
Company background
.............................................................................................
1
74
5.6.2
Realization of the Chinese government order
........................................................176
5.6.3
TCL-Thomson Electronics (TTE) international joint venture
................................178
Table
of
Contents Introduction
5.6.4
The gradual process towards the
liquidation
of TTE
Europe
.................................182
5.6.5
Summary................................................................................................................
185
5.7
Matsushita (Panasonic)
..........................................................................................186
5.7.1
Company
Background
............................................................................................186
5.7.2
The foundation of IPS
Alpha Technology
.............................................................191
5.7.3
FDI in Europe
.........................................................................................................192
5.7.4
Network structures
.................................................................................................193
5.7.5
Summary
................................................................................................................196
6
Towards
a
Time-based
Network
Approach
197
6.1
General
Industry
Networking
Intensity (Industry
Perspective)
..............................197
6.2
Network Systematization
.......................................................................................199
6.2.1
Strategic resources
for future
competition
.............................................................199
6.2.2
Deduction of firms networking targets
.................................................................201
6.2.3
Sharp
......................................................................................................................203
6.2.4
Matsushita (Panasonic)
..........................................................................................205
6.2.5
TCL China
.............................................................................................................208
6.2.6
LG Electronics and Philips (IJVs)
..........................................................................209
6.2.7
Samsung
.................................................................................................................213
6.2.8
Sony
.......................................................................................................................214
6.3
Firm s Bilateral Networking Intensity (Firm Perspective)
.....................................215
6.3.1
A quantification of bilateral networking engagements
...........................................215
6.3.2
A weighted approach for the measurement of networking intensity
......................217
6.4
A Time-based Network Repositioning Model
.......................................................222
6.4.1
mtra-Japanese firm networks and partner repositioning over time
........................222
6.4.2
Asian-European firm network partner repositioning over time
..............................226
6.4.3
Networking success factors: A comparative overview
..........................................229
6.5
Higher Complexity of Market Entry Strategies
......................................................233
7
Conclusion
239
Reference List
243
Index
273
Appendix
277
List of Figures
Figure
1.
Figure
2.
Figure
3.
Figure
4.
Figure
5.
Figure
6.
Figure
7.
Figure
8.
Figure
9.
Figure
10.
Figure
il.
Figure
12.
Figure
13.
Figure
14.
Qualitative versus quantitative research methods.
Source: modified from Bungard
et al.
(2000),
p.
5-6........................................5
Case study research design and method.
Source: Adapted from Yin
(2003),
p.
50............................................................8
Top five brands in the European market based on unit shipment share
(in percentage, status first quarter
2008).
Source: DisplaySearch (2008a)
......10
Interview itinerary of industry experts of leading consumer electronics firms
and the market research institute GFK Nuremberg. Source: Author
...............11
Relationship of the advantage categories and market entry strategies.
Source: Dunning
(1980),
p.
13,
Perlitz
(2004),
p.
110.....................................23
A firm s international market entry modes are deduced depending
on these advantage categories (Dunning).
Source: Kutschker
&
Schmid
(2006),
p.
456...................................................24
Elements of the general external (macro) environment of a firm.
Source: Modified from Wheelen and Hunger
(2004),
p.
53
and
Schreyögg
(2003),
p.
319.................................................................28
Industry environment of a television set manufacturer located
in the European Union in
2008.
Source: Adopted from Porter
(1999).
p.
34... 30
The fragments of the diamond. Source: Porter
( 1990),
page
127....................34
Firm and market internationalization degree.
Source:
Johanson* Mattsson
(1988: 298)......................................................45
Towards an
integrative
model of small firm internationalization.
Source: Bell
et al.
(2003).
p.
351.....................................................................52
Internationalization: conceptualization of an entrepreneurial process of
behavior in time. Source: Jones and Coviello
(2005).
p.
297..........................54
Dimension of time in internationalization concepts research.
Source: adapted from
Hurmerinta-Peltomäki (2003).
p.
226...........................56
Typology of new ventures. Source:
Di Gregorio
et al.
(2008).
p.
191.............58
хп
__________________________________
List of Figures Introduction
A summary of principal contents and major limits
of the international product life-cycle and internal ization theory.
Source: Author
.................................................................................................64
A summary of principal contents and major limits of the eclectic paradigm
by Dunning and location concepts. Source: Author
........................................65
A summary of principal contents and major limits of the diamond model
by M.E. Porter and the Uppsala model. Source: Author
..................................66
A summary of principal contents and major limits of the network approach.
Source: Author
.................................................................................................67
A summary of principal contents and major limits of the international new
venture (born global), entrepreneurial, and time concepts. Source: Author
.... 68
E.P.R.G. scheme and marketing concepts. Source: adapted from Wind
et al.
(1973)
p.
16......................................................................................................73
Mutual obligations of management contracts.
Source: modified from Foscht/Podmenik, p.
582............................................85
Market entry mode grouping based on four decision determinants.
Source: Author
.................................................................................................94
An overview of strategic decision determinants of the market entry modes:
indirect and direct export. Source: Author
.......................................................95
An overview of strategic decision determinants of the market entry modes:
licensing and franchising. Source: Author
.......................................................96
An overview of strategic decision determinants of the market entry mode:
management contracts. Source: Author
...........................................................97
An overview of strategic decision determinants of the market entry mode:
turnkey contract. Source: Author
.....................................................................98
An overview of strategic decision determinants of the market entry modes:
strategic alliance and international equity joint venture. Source: Author
........99
An overview of strategic decision determinants of the market entry modes:
overseas branch network and wholly owned manufacturing plant.
Source: Author
...............................................................................................101
European television set market 1990--20
11
without Turkey and Russia
(sales in
million
units
- 2009
and
2011
are forecasts).
Source: DisplaySearch (2008a) and market research by the author
...............104
East European
tetevision
set market volume including the non-Asian part
of Turkey and Russia segmented by major technologies in million units
(2007
record and
2008-2012
forecast). Source: DisplaySearch, 2008c
........
Ш5
Figure
15.
Figure
16.
Figure
17.
Figure
18.
Figure
19.
Figure
20.
Figure
21.
Figure
22.
Figure
23.
Figure
24.
Figure
25.
Figure
26.
Figure
27.
Figure
28.
Figure
29.
Figure
30.
List of
Figures
__________________________________________________________
xiii^
Figure
31.
Conglomerate diversification structure of Samsung. Source: Author based
on various company documents, verified by Park.
N.
(status April
2008).....117
Figure
32.
Samsung Group net sales
1999-2007 (2007
forecast).
Source: Annual Reports
.................................................................................118
Figure
33.
Samsung Group net income
1999-2007 (2007
forecast).
Source: Annual Reports
.................................................................................
1
19
Figure
34.
Samsung Electronics net sales
1999—2007.
Source: Annual Reports
............120
Figure
35.
Samsung Electronics net income
1999-2007.
Source: Annual Reports
........121
Figure
36.
Organization of Samsung Electronics. Source: Author based on various
company documents, verified by Park,
N.
(status April
2008)......................122
Figure
37.
Samsung s vertical integration of television set assembly.
Source: Author, based on company documents
.............................................123
Figure
38.
Expansion of Samsung Electronic s worldwide factory network.
Source: collected by the author as exhibited at Samsung Electronics
main entrance hall in Seoul, South Korea
......................................................128
Figure
39.
Samsung s worldwide network of product design units.
Source: Samsung Electronics Annual Report
2005,
p.
52.............................131
Figure
40.
Net sales of Sony Group
1999-2007
in million dollars.
Source: Author based on annual reports
........................................................136
Figure
41.
Net income of Sony Group
1999-2007
in million dollars.
Source: Author based on annual reports
........................................................137
Figure
42.
Organization of Sony Group (status January
2008).
Source: Sony Corporation (2008d)
................................................................138
Figure
43.
Sony Electronics
—
net sales
1999-2007
in million dollars.
Source: Sony 2006c. 2008c
............................................................................140
Figure
44.
Sony Electronics
—
net income
1999-2007
in million dollars.
Source: 2006c, 2008c
..................................................................................... 140
Figure
45.
Sharp net sales
1999
to
2007.
Source: Sharp
financia!
and annual reports
2003-2007.................................147
Figure
46.
Sharp net income
1999
to
2007.
Source: Sharp
financial
and annual reports
2003-2007.....................................................................................................148
Figure
47.
Sharp Organization (status January
2008).
Source: Author based on firm documents
......................................................149
Figure
48.
The Kameyama Plant (Japan). Source: Sharp 2008b
.....................................150
xiv_______________________________________
List of Figures Introduction
Figure
49.
LCD television set assembly at the Kameyama Plant (Japan).
Source: Sharp 2008b
......................................................................................151
Figure
50.
Sharp s network relations with Japanese firms in Europe (LCD TV
manufacture). Source: Author, design based on various company-related
business information sources
.........................................................................155
Figure
51.
LG Philips LCD production network in
2007.
Source: LG.Philips LCD (2007a)
..................................................................159
Figure
52.
LG.Philips LCD sales network in
2007.
Source: LG.Philips LCD (2007b)
..................................................................160
Figure
53.
LG.Philips LCD vertical integrated value chain activities in Europe
(status February
2008).
Source: Author, based on various firm-related data
......................................162
Figure
54.
Network embedment of LG.Philips LCD (status February
2008).
Source: Author, based on various firm-related data
......................................164
Figure
55.
LG.Philips LCD net sales
2001-2007
in million dollars.
Source: LG.Philips LCD
(2003)
and LG.Philips LCD (2008b)
.....................165
Figure
56.
LG.Philips LCD net income
2001 -2007
in million dollars.
Source: LG.Philips LCD
(2003)
and LG.Philips LCD (2008b)
.....................165
Figure
57.
LG.Philips Displays net sales versus net income for the period
2002
to
September
2005.
Source: LG.Philips Displays 2005f, 2007a
........................170
Figure
58.
TCL Corporation organizational chart and executive committee.
Source: (TCL, 2008c)
....................................................................................175
Figure
59.
TCL regional brand strategy. Source: TCL 20087b, TCL 2008a
..................180
Figure
60.
TCL China Group, Turnover, gross profit and profit (loss) from operating
activities for the period
1999-2007
in million dollars.
Source: Annual reports
2000-2008...............................................................181
Figure
61.
Television set business related market entry activities by TCL China
in Europe for the period
2002-2008.
Source: Author, designed based on company information material
..............185
Figure
62.
Matsushita group net sales
1999—007
in million dollars.
Source: Annual reports
2001-2008...............................................................189
Figure
63.
Matsushita Group net income
1999-2007
in million dollars.
Source: Annual reports
2001-2008...............................................................189
Figure
64.
Matsushita organization in
2008.
Source: Matsushita (2008e)
......................190
List of
Figures
_________________________________________________________ xv
Figure
65.
View of IPS Alpha Technology s premises at Mobara,
Chiba
Prefecture
(photograph:
SS
Tokyo Co., Ltd.).
Source: IPS Alpha Technology (Alpha, 2008b)
.............................................192
Figure
66.
New factory of IPS Alpha Technology Europe, s.r.o. (Czech Republic).
Source: IPS Alpha Technology (Alpha, 2008b)
.............................................193
Figure
67.
IPS Alpha Technology Co., Ltd. interlinked companies and their
interlocking financial investment structures (status
05.2008).
Source: Designed by the author based on various firm information sources
.195
Figure
68.
Sharp s alliance partner, year of foundation, and alliance mission;
television set industry
(1995-2008).
Source: Author, based on various firm-related information sources
..............204
Figure
69.
Matsushita s alliance partner, year of foundation, and alliance mission;
television set industry
(2001-2008).
Source: Author, based on various firm-related information sources
..............207
Figure
70.
Bilateral network agreements of TCL China, the year of foundation and
alliance mission during
2002
and
2008
(television set industry).
Source: Author, based on various firm-related information sources
..............208
Figure
71.
Bilateral network agreements from LG Electronics perspective
for the period
1999
and
2008
(television set industry).
Source: Author, based on various firm-related
information
sources
..............210
Figure
72.
Bilateral network agreements from Philips perspective for the period
1997
and
2008
(television set industry).
Source: Author, based on various firm-related information sources
..............212
Figure
73.
Bilateral network agreements of Samsung, the year of foundation,
and alliance mission (television set industry
2001-2007).
Source: Author, based on various firm-related information sources
..............213
Figure
74
Bilateral network agreements of Sony, the year of foundation, and alliance
mission (television set industry
1996-2008).
Source: Author, based on various firm-related information sources
..............214
Figure
75.
Network agreements and firm rank (television set industry
for the period
1990-2008).
Source: Author
...................................................216
Figure
76.
Network engagements of the firms examined in the case studies
for the research period
1990-2008.
Source: Author
......................................217
Figure
77.
Total network index rates (television set display and set assembly)
of the firms examined in the case studies. Source: Author
............................219
Figure
78,
Firm network activity ranking based on the total index rate.
Source: Author
...............................................................................................219
XVI
List of Figures Introduction
Network grid of major network players operating
in the television set industry (research status October
2008).
Source: Author
...............................................................................................220
A comparative overview of strengths and weaknesses of Asian versus
European firms operating in the television set industry.
Source: Interview outcomes of Korean respondents in September
2007.......227
The joint venture lifetime of TTE Corporation
(TCL China and Thomson). Source: Author
.................................................230
The joint venture lifetime of LG.Phiiips LCD
(LG Electronics and Philips). Source: Author
...............................................231
The joint venture lifetime of LG.Phiiips Displays (LG Electronics
and Philips). Source: Author
..........................................................................231
Television set component manufacturing sides of Asian consumer
electronics firms in Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia
(status October
2008).
Source: Author based on firm related information material
..........................235
International vertical chain network of Sharp and LG.Phiiips LCD.
Source: Author
...............................................................................................236
Figure
79.
Figure
80.
Figure
81.
Figure
82.
Figure
83.
Figure
84.
Figure
85.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Glowik, Mario |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1071823132 |
| author_facet | Glowik, Mario |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Glowik, Mario |
| author_variant | m g mg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022542360 |
| classification_rvk | QP 612 |
| classification_tum | WIR 825f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)643787310 (DE-599)DNB98395237X |
| dewey-full | 658.87 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 658 - General management |
| dewey-raw | 658.87 |
| dewey-search | 658.87 |
| dewey-sort | 3658.87 |
| dewey-tens | 650 - Management and auxiliary services |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Europa Asien |
| id | DE-604.BV022542360 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T12:57:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783486584127 348658412X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015748775 |
| oclc_num | 643787310 |
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| physical | XVI, 279 S. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Oldenbourg |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Glowik, Mario Market entry strategies internationalization theories, network ; concepts and cases of Asian firms: LG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and TCL China Markteintrittsstrategie (DE-588)4326311-2 gnd Unternehmen (DE-588)4061963-1 gnd Unterhaltungselektronikindustrie (DE-588)4136637-2 gnd Internationalisierung (DE-588)4162106-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4326311-2 (DE-588)4061963-1 (DE-588)4136637-2 (DE-588)4162106-2 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4003217-6 (DE-588)4522595-3 |
| title | Market entry strategies internationalization theories, network ; concepts and cases of Asian firms: LG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and TCL China |
| title_auth | Market entry strategies internationalization theories, network ; concepts and cases of Asian firms: LG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and TCL China |
| title_exact_search | Market entry strategies internationalization theories, network ; concepts and cases of Asian firms: LG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and TCL China |
| title_full | Market entry strategies internationalization theories, network ; concepts and cases of Asian firms: LG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and TCL China by Mario Glowik |
| title_fullStr | Market entry strategies internationalization theories, network ; concepts and cases of Asian firms: LG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and TCL China by Mario Glowik |
| title_full_unstemmed | Market entry strategies internationalization theories, network ; concepts and cases of Asian firms: LG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and TCL China by Mario Glowik |
| title_short | Market entry strategies |
| title_sort | market entry strategies internationalization theories network concepts and cases of asian firms lg electronics panasonic samsung sharp sony and tcl china |
| title_sub | internationalization theories, network ; concepts and cases of Asian firms: LG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony and TCL China |
| topic | Markteintrittsstrategie (DE-588)4326311-2 gnd Unternehmen (DE-588)4061963-1 gnd Unterhaltungselektronikindustrie (DE-588)4136637-2 gnd Internationalisierung (DE-588)4162106-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Markteintrittsstrategie Unternehmen Unterhaltungselektronikindustrie Internationalisierung Europa Asien Fallstudiensammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015748775&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT glowikmario marketentrystrategiesinternationalizationtheoriesnetworkconceptsandcasesofasianfirmslgelectronicspanasonicsamsungsharpsonyandtclchina |
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