The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey
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| Beteiligte Personen: | , , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
at the Clarendon Press
1916
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Hogarth, David George |d 1862-1927 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1018776702 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Balkans |b a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey |c by Nevill Forbes, Arnold J. Toynbee, D. Mitrany, D. G. Hogarth |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b at the Clarendon Press |c 1916 | |
| 300 | |a 407 S., 3 K. | ||
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| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Balkanhalbinsel |0 (DE-588)4004334-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Forbes, Nevill |d 1883-1929 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1037167953 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Toynbee, Arnold |d 1889-1975 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)118623532 |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819348768286310400 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | INDEX
Abbasid Empire,
324.
Abdul Aziz, Sultan,
359, 360.
Abdul
Hamid,
Sultan,
61, 70, 148,
360-68, 372, 375.
Abdul Mejid, Sultan,
357-9, 361,
364·
Achaia,
178.
Achmet III
:
see Ahmed III.
Adalia,
234.
Adana,
234, 386, 387.
Aden,
365.
Adhamandios
Koráis,
190.
Adrian op
le,
168, 174, 225, 228.
captured by the Turks (1361),
96.
captured by Serbians and Bul¬
garians
(1913), 154, 379·
first European seat of the
Osmanlis,
179, 331, 332, 373.
foundation of,
15.
Peace and Treaty of
(1829), 118,
266, 268, 275.
restored to Turkey (1913), yy,
373·
Russians before
(1878), 53 ;
(1828), 206.
siege of
(1912-13), 75,
76,
153,
224, 372.
Adriatic, the,
168, 188, 226, 238,
239, 241, 245, 372.
Aegean, the,
175, 177, 178, 185,
192, 203, 225, 227, 228, 231,
. 234, 245·
islands of,
224, 230.
trade of,
335.
Aehrenthal, Baron and Count,
71,
ж
72, 139,
H2,
ΐ45>ΐ5°·
Anum Kara
Hissar,
233, 327.
Agram
(Zagreb), capital of Croa¬
tia,
13З1
136,
I39>
47-
Agram
high treason trial, the,
145.
Agrapha, clansmen of,
188, 189,
192, 197.
Ahiolu
(Алспїаіо),
32.
Ahmed I, Sultan,
342.
Ahmed III, Sultan,
184, 186.
Ahmed ibn Tulun,
323.
Aidin,233,
346.
Aintab,
387.
Aigina,
207.
Ainos,
225.
See also Enos.
Aivali,
231, 233.
See also Kydhor
nies.
Akarnania,
242.
Akerman,
Convention of
(1826),
117, 118.
Alaeddin, Sultan,
326.
Ala Shehr (Philadelphia),
233.
Albania,
11, 372.
and the Macedonian question,
67, 74, 84.
conquest of, by the Turks,
юь
during the Slav immigration,
20, 84.
in classical times,
14.
made independent,
76, 155-7,
239-41> 373·
revolts against YoungTurks,
148.
under the Turks,
346, 355, 358.
Albanian language, the,
16, 84,236,
238, 239.
Albanians, the,
9, 84.
migrations of,
105, 178, 179,
192, 200, 242.
Aleppo,
386, 387.
Alexander the Great,
12, 164*
Index
Alexander
I, King of Serbia
(1889-1903),
126.
Alexander I, Emperor of Russia,
113, 117, 196,206,207.
Alexander II, Emperor of Russia,
52, 58.
Alexander III, Emperor of Russia,
58-62.
Alexander, Crown Prince of Serbia,
147, 149.
Alexander of Battenberg, Prince
of Bulgaria
(1879-85), 57-60.
Alexander
Karagjorgjević,
Prince
of Serbia
(1843-58),
r
20, 121.
Alexandria,
166, 167, 192, 238-
Alexis Comnenus, the Emperor,
40.
Ali
Pasha,
188, 189, 193, 196, 198,
200, 203, 236, 237, 348.
Ambelakia,
190.
America, effect of emigration from
south-eastern Europe to,
248-
5
Anatolia, the Turks and,
169, 173,
176, 177, 179, 180, 183, 203,
230-4, 236, 242, 243, 245,
324-6, 331, 334, 338, 352, 353,
355-
character of the population,
18
ς.
r
jíj·
·ΐ·
J
*
J J
feudal families,
346.
AnatoUkón,
201.
captured by the Turks
(1825),
205.
Andrassy, Count,
294, 295, 301.
Angora,
331, 332, 386, 387.
battle of
(1402), 332.
Arabia, Turkish prestige in,
380-4.
and the Turks,
339, 342, 351,
353, 380-4· . . . .
movement of,
ш
the direction of
revolt,
379-85.
Arabs and Anatolia,
169, 173, 175,
176.
and
Bulgars,
33.
and Islam,
167.
Arcadiopoiis
:
see Lule-Burgas.
Argos,
199, 204, 242.
Arian
controversy, tht,
16.
Armatoli, or
Christian militia,
188,
193, 196, 197, 203, 205, 208.
Armenians, the,
40, 173, 175, 176,
325, 339, 3^9, 379·
character of the,
386.
massacres of
(1894), 366.
Arnauts
:
see Albanians.
Arta,
Gulf pf,
196,
żo6.
plain of,
200.
Asen
dynasty, the,
41 -4, 83, 8$, 90.
Asia Minor, Turks in,
321, 323-5,
328, 34$,
35b
353-5*
377>
37^,
384-6, 388.
Asparukh
(Bulgar
prince),
25.
Aspropotamo, the,
196, 197.
Astypalià,
234.
Athens,
168, 171, 242, 249, 387.
Duchy of,
178.
University of,
167.
siege of (1821-2),
196, 199;
(1827), 205, 206.
Athos,
Mount,
91, 92, 189, 190.
Attila,
16, 19.
Austerlitz, battle of
(1805), 113.
Austria-Hungary and the Adriatic,
116,117,134.
and the Macedonian question,
69-72.
and Serbia, relations between,
in,
126-9,13
1~49> i59 6l>226·
and the Serbs,
105-7,
i3i~42>
143-7·
and the Treaty of Berlin,
54, 57·
and Turkey, relations between,
144;
wars between,
105-9.
annexation of Bosnia and
Herce¬
govina
by,
142-4, 223, 369.
occupation of Bosnia and
Herce¬
govina
by,
125, 133, 135-7»
140, 142, 143, 369.
relations with the Balkan
League, it,
77, 78, 152.
relations with Rumania,
293,
294, 300, 301, 302, 304.
Ruman
and South Slavonic
populations in,
228·
Index
391
Austrian politics in Rumania,
269,
270, 272, 280, 285, 287, 291,
Austrians and Serbs, relations
.
between,
105, 106.
and Turks,
186, 187, 343, 344.
Avars, the
:
their invasion of the
Balkan peninsula with the
Slavs,
18-20
і
their war with
the
Bulgars,
25, 27.
Aviona,
173, 240, 241·
bay of,
239.
Avahar
tribe,
323.
*
Ayon Oros%
189, 197.
Azerbaijan,
322, 323, 342.
Bačka,
103, 133.
Bagdad,
323, 324.
Balance of Power , the,
163, 206,
347-9·
Balkan League, the,
11,
formation of the,
72-4, 150, 151,
222-5,371.
dissolution of the,
76, 157.
Balkan peninsula, the, annexation
of, by Mohammed II,
334*
control of,
10, 157.
economic unity of,
244-5.
German policy in,
374.
nationalism in,
364.
Slav inhabitants of,
9, 79-86.
Turkish power in,
179, 329, 330,
332,333·
under Roman rule,
13.
Balkan States, relations between
the,
72-4,
I49-51·
Zollverein, 246.
Balkan war, the first
(1912-13),
74-6,152-5, 224,
37i~3; the
second (June
1913), 76-8,
155-61, 227,373,379.
Banat,
the,
103, 105, 133.
Baranya,
103.
Basil I, the Emperor,
31, 85.
Basil II, the Emperor,
38, 39, 85 ;
*
Slayer of the
Bulgars
, 175.
Bassarab)
dynasty of,
257.
Bayezid I, Sultan,
98«
Bayezid II, Sultan,
337-9.
Beaconsfìeld,
Earl of,
143, 297.
Beirut,
379. ·
Belgrade,
81, 245, 334, 337.
capital of Serbia,
98, 99,
11S,·
121, 122, 139, 160.
captured by the Serbs
(1807),
113.
captured by the Turks
(1521),
102,340;
(1813),
114.
its Celtic name,
1
z.
Treaty of
(1739), 345.
Behsarius,
19.
Berchtold, Count,
74, 150.
В
erga ma,
346.
BerSn, 246.
Congress of
(1878), 210, 235, 297.
Treaty of
(1878), 54, 57, 65,
124, 142, 214, 363, 367.
Bessarabia,
Bulgars
in,
25, 50.
lost
(1812)5265 ;
regained
(1856),
269;
lost again
(1878), 296-9.
importance with regard to
present situation,
299,313,314.
Bieberstein, Baron
Marschall von,
70.
Bismarck,
54, 143, 280, 292, 293,
294, 295, 297, 299 «., 300, 301.
Bi
tolj
:
see
Monas
tir.
Black Castle of Afiun,
233.
Black Sea,
168, 174, 187, 223, 225,
245г 338»
3<>i;
Russian exclusion from,
345.
Bogomil heresy, the,
34, 35, 40,
88j
91, 100.
Boja,
lord of Kashgar,
322.
Boris,
Bulgar
prince
(852-88),
28-3
r.
Boris, Crown Prince of Bulgaria,
149.
Bosnia, annexation of,
64, 71,
142-4, 223, 369.
independence of, and conquest
of, by the Turks,
99, 100.
in relation to the other Serb
392
Index
Bosnia {continued)
:
territories,
86, $7,
go,
107, 110,
123, 132-42.
its Slavonic population,
79, 133.
relations of, with Hungary,
87,
90.
revolts in, against Turkey,
52,
123, 360.
under Austro-Hungarian rule,
125, 132-42.
under Turkish rule,
107, 108,
no,
118, 330, 346.
Bosphorus, the,
169, 173, 328,351.
Botzaris,
Marko, 201.
Branković,
George,
98, 99.
В
ranko vic, Vuk,
97.
Bratianu,
loan (father),
285, 317;
(son),
315.
Bregalnica,
battle of the
(1913),
158, 159.
Brusa,
325, 327, 329, 331-
Bucarest, Committee of,
51.
Peace Conference
(1913), 303,
3°4-
Treaty of (1812),
113, 114, 118,
2655 (1913)^ > 77, 159-61,
22^, 228, 243, 305.
Bucovina, acquisition by Austria,
265.
Rumanians in,
307.
Buda,
340.
Budapest, in relation to the Serbo-
Croats,47,
133,135,139,
i44~7>
156.
Budua,
124, 125.
Bulgaria, declaration of indepen¬
dence by, and assumption of
title Tsar by its ruler,
64, 141,
369·
conflicting interests with Greece,
223-9,233.
early wars between, and the
Greeks,
25, 27-8, 32.
geographical position of,
13, 14,
8i-3j
ЧЗ7
174·
growth of,
214.
intervention on the side of the
Bulgaria
(continued)
:
Central
Powers in the European
War,
229.
its division into eastern and
western,
34, 37
j
extent of
western,
38, 85.
in the two Balkan wars (1912-
13), 74-8, 150-61, 371, 372,
. 373, 379·
its early relations with Rome,
3
its relations with Russia,
54-7·
obtains recognition as a nation¬
ality in the Ottoman Empire,
360.
of Slav speech and culture,
223.
place of, in the Balkan peninsula,
11, 83-6.
Turkish atrocities in,
360.
Bulgaria and Rumania,
298, 300,
3°3-4,
316.
Bulgaria and Serbia, contrasted,
48, 62, 82.
the agreement between,
γ$,
74,
76, 151·
wars between
(1885,
І9І3)> 5°
59, 76-8, 126, 149, 158-60,
223, 226, 227.
Bulgaria and Turkey, relations
between,
58, 61, 72, 73, 141?
179,224, 331, 360.
Bulgarian bishoprics in Macedonia,
65·
Church, early vicissitudes of the,
30-1 ;
claims and propaganda
in Macedonia,
65-8, 74, 83-5»
148, 158-60, 371.
Exarchist
Church, the,
52,
6ζ*
Збо.
literature,
33.
monarchy, origins of the,
27-8.
Bulgarians, general distribution
of,
9, 10, 83.
their attitude to the Slavs and
the Germans,
56.
Bulgarians and Serbians, contrast
between,
56.
Index
393
Bulgars,
the, their origin,
23-4.
their advance westwards and
then southwards into the
Balkan peninsula,
24-6.
their absorption by the Slavs,
26.
north of the Danube,
27.
adherents of the Orthodox
Church,
185, 192.
Burke, Edmund,
347.
Byron, Lord,
204.
Byzantine Christianity,
324.
commerce,
340.
diplomacy, its attitude towards
the Slav and other invaders,
21-2.
Empire,
324, 325, 377, 378, 385 ;
heritage and expansion of, by
the Turks,
334-42.
Byzantium, ascendancy of, over
Bulgaria,
35-40.
decline of,
89.
Greek colony of,
15.
Roman administrative centre,
165.
Cairo,
323.
Caliphate, the,
176,
$$g9
364, 365,
л 37б,
377»
Ş8°»
З84·
Campo Formio,
Treaty of
(1797)3
116.
Candía,
siege of,
186.
Canea,
218, 219.
Cantacuzene, John,
329.
Cape Malea,
170.
Cappadocia,
242, 326, 331, 334,
387.
Caria,
388.
Carinthia,
10, 79, 338.
Carlowitz, Treaty of
(1699), 105,
116,344.
Carniola,
10, 79, 338.
Carol, Prince of Rumania, his
accession,
51, 279 ;
joins
Russia against Turkey,
52 ;
intention to abdicate,
287 ;
proclaimed king,
288.
King, and the Balkans,
302
j
Carol {continued)
г
personal points,
119, 281,
284, 286-7,
29°j 292.
Carp, P. P.,
286, 313.
Carpathian mountains, the,
13, 18,
245·
Catargiu, Lascar,
286, 287.
Catherine, Empress,
345.
Cattaro,
Bocche di,
15,
її
6, 117,
5:
Caucasia,
363.
Cefalonia,
186, 188.
Celts, the, in the Balkan peninsula,
12.
Cerigo,
186.
Cetina
river
(Dalmaţia),
95, 96.
Cetinje,
ιοί, ΐοδ.
Chaeronea,
165.
Charlemagne, crushes the Avars,
20, $6.
Charles VI, Emperor of Austria,
105.
Charles, Prince and King of
Rumania
:
see Carol.
Čáslav,
revolts against
Bulgars,
34, 85.
Chataldja, lines oft
γ ζ,
224,
зуг,
373, 379·
Chesme,
destruction of Turkish
fleet in,
345.
Chios
:
see Khios*
Christianity, in the Balkan penin¬
sula in classical times,
16, 88.
introduced into Bulgaria,
28-31.
introduced amongst the Serbs,
8 8.
Christians, their treatment by
the Turks,
49,
loo,
102-6,
1
24,
181-7,
l9S,
197»
324,
326-9,
ЗЗ2,
334-7»
34b
366, 369, 380,
384,
386: a
Church, division of the, affects the
Serbs and Croats,
88, 105, 135.
Church, Generalissimo Sir Richard,
205.
Churches, rivalry of the eastern
and western,
88, 100, 105, 135.
Cilicia,
338, 346, 353·
394
Index
Claudius,
the Emperor,
13, 14.
Coalition, Serbo-Croat
or Croato-
Serb, the,
136-40, 144-7.
Cochrane, Grand Admiral,
205.
Cogalniceanu, M.,
273, 296.
Comnenus
:
see Alexis and Manuel.
Concert of Europe,
352, 361, 363,
375>
З76.
Constantine
the Great,
13,
i66,
167.
Ccnstantme, King of Greece,
227.
Constantine,
ruler of Bulgaria,
44,
45·
Constantinople,
11, 168, 175,
178-81, 190, 205,
24S,
327,
329, 348, 352, 362, 363, 368,
З72,
377-9?
З81,
382, 384, 387.
and the Serbian Church,
92, 95,
104, 119.
ascendancy of, over Bulgaria,
cathedral of
Aya
Sophia,
1
67.
commercial interests of,
238,
347, 365·
decline of,
89.
defences of,
169, 330, 333, 335,
345,35і;
ecclesiastical influence of,
33,
171, 185, 192, 195, 197.
fall of
(1204), 177, 178, 189 5
.
(Н53)?
46,
99> i79>
333-4·
ite
position at the beginning of
the barbarian invasions,
17, 25.
made an imperial city,
165, 166,
170/325·
Patriarchate at,
171, 185, 195,
197.
Phanari , the,
185.
spiritual rivalry of, -with Rome,
29-32, 88, 173.
Constitution, Rumanian,
273, 282,
287, 298, 30
1
n.
Corfu,
1
86, 188, 239.
Corinth
:
see
řCorínth.
Crete
:
see Krete.
Crimea, abandoned to Russia,
345.
Crimean War, the,
50, 121.
Croatia, absorbed by Hungary,
87,
90, 133.
position of, in relation to the
Serb territories,
86, 132-4.
Croato-Serb unity, movement in
favour of,
80,
i3i-42>
14Α· 7;
Croats, Croatians, general distribu¬
tion of, p,
132-4.
their origin,
79.
Croats and Serbs, difference be¬
tween,
80, 82, 88.
Crusaders, the, in the Balkan
peninsula,
40—4.
Crusades,
179 ;
the first,
177 ;
the
fourth,
42, 89.
Сига,
Prince of Rumania, 272-4J
276, 285.
Cyclades, the,
230.
Cyprus, in Latin hands,
335, 337·
in Ottoman hands,
342.
under the British,
235, 236.
Cyrenaica,
150.
Cyril, St.,
28-9, 88.
Cyrillic alphabet, the,
29.
Dacia,
13, 18, 82, 88.
subjection to, and abandon¬
ment by, the Romans,
252, 253·
Dacians, settlement in Carpathian
regions,
252.
wars with Rome,
252.
Dalmaţia,
acquired by Austria-
Hungary,
117, 125,
ІЗ2? г23
and Venice,
101, 103, 105,
no-
in classical times,
12-16.
in relation to other Serb terri¬
tories,
86-8,
юь
**7>
I2*>
132, 133.
its Slavonic population,
79,
1З2·
relations of, with Hungary, 9°>
ΙΟΙ.
Daniel, Prince-Bishop of
Mon-
tenegrp,
108.
Danilo,
Prince of Montenegro,
134·
Danube, the,
9, 12, 18, 174·
as frontier of Roman Empire,
Index
395
Danube (continued)
:
Bulgars
cross the,
24.
Slavs cross the,
18, 168.
Danubian
principalities, Russian
protectorate in,
345.
Dardanelles, the,
195, 197-9,
2O4?
224, 230, 233, 388.
Decius, the Emperor,
14.
Dedeagach,
γγ,
225, 228.
Deliyannis,
217.
Demotika,
96.
Dhimitzána,
190.
Diocletian, the Emperor, his
redistribution of the imperial
provinces,
14.
Dnieper, the,
15.
Dniester, the,
13, 15.
Dobrudja, acquisition by Rumania,
54,228,296,298.
Bulgarian aspirations in regard
to,
228, 303.
Draga,
Queen-Consort of Serbia,
128-30.
Dramali,
197-9, 201.
Drave,
the,
86, 87, 96, 118.
Drina,
the,
14—15, 118.
Dubrovnik
:
see Ragusa.
Dulcigno (Ulcinj),
124, 125.
Durazzo,
153, 240.
Durostorura
?
see Silistria.
D
us
han
s
*¿s¿
S tep
ben
Dušan»
Eastern Church, the,
88, 106.
Eastern Slavs
:
see Russians.
Edremid,
23 г,
233.
Egypt,
16γ, 2Ο3,
324, 328, 339,345,
348, 351, 365,
з66,
378.
Egyptian expedition
(1823-4),
6
З;
Enos-Midia line, the, j6.
Enyer Bey,
154, 374, 379.
Epirus,
372.
power of Hellenism in,
236-41.
Ertogrul,
Osmanli
chief,
326, 327.
Erzerum,
386.
Eugen,
Prince, of Savoy, X05,
106.
Euphrates, the,
165, 166, 175, 323,
Euxine trade,
335.
Evyénios Voulgáris,
190.
Exarchist
Church, the,
52, 65.
Fabvier, 205.
Ferdinand, Prince and King of
Bulgaria (1886-),
61-78, 141,
149, 150, 31^.
his relations with foreign powers,
61-4.
Ferdinand, King of Rumania,
288 «., 306.
Filipescu, Nicholas,
315.
Fiume
(Rjeka),
135.
France and the Macedonian ques¬
tion,
69—71.
and the struggle for Greek inde¬
pendence,
206, 208, 222.
and the struggle for the Mediter¬
ranean,
188, 236.
and the Turks,
179, 365.
relations with Rumania,
269,
270, 271, 280, 293, 297.
French, the, in the Balkan penin*
sula,
41—4.
în Dalmaţia,
116, 117.
in Morocco,
150.
influence in Rumania,
267, 268,
286, 314.
French Revolution,
189;
and the
rights of nationalities,
350.
Friedjung,
Dr., and the accusation
against Serbia,
145-7.
Galaxidhi,
196, 197·
Galicia,
18.
Gallipoli,
96, 179, 224, 329, 382·
Genoese,
180, 184.
George, Crown Prince of Serbia,
147.
George, King of Greece,
119, 210,
218, 220 5
assassination of,
227.
George, Prince of Greece,
218,
220.
Index
German diplomacy at Constanti¬
nople,
70.
influence in the Near East,
51,
. 54, 7°, 7?,
H<=>,
154,
159-61·
influence in Rumania,
280, 291,
292, 293, 301, 302, 313, 315-
16.
influence in Turkey,
366, 372,
374, 375, 385·
German Empire, restlessness of,
150.
German hierarchy, early struggles
of, against Slavonic liturgy,
29-
30.
Germanic peoples, southward
movement of,
14.
Germanos,
metropolitan bishop of
Patras,
193.
Germany and the Turkish frontier,
З40,
343·
efforts to reach the Adriatic,
10.
its expansion eastwards,
11.
and the Macedonian question,
70-1.
and Russia, relations between,
144.
and the Treaty of Berlin,
54, 57,
relations
with Rumania,
286,
292, 294, 300.
revolutions promoted by,
369.
Gjorgjević,
Dr. V.,
128.
Golden Horn,
178.
Goluchowski, Count,
139.
Gorazd,
31.
Gorchakov, Prince,
143, 296, 301.
Goths, invasion of the,
14-16,165,
168.
Great Britain and the Balkan
States, relations between,
54,
69, 117, 118, 122, 125, 138.
and Egypt,
365,
and Rumania,
269, 270, 297-8.
and Syria,
357,358.
and the Ionian Islands,
210, 239.
and the Macedonian question,
69-71.
Great Britain {continued)
:
and the struggle for Greek
independence,
206, 208, 222.
and the struggle for the Mediter¬
ranean,
188,
191,
236.
and the Treaty of Berlin,
54, 143.
loan to Greece,
202.
occupation of Cyprus,
235, 236.
Greece, anarchy in,
208.
ancient,
163
ff.
and Macedonia,
371, 373·
and Russia,
187.
and Serbia,
245.
and the adjacent islands,
229-36,
387, 388.
and the Christian religion,
166,
167, 170, 171.
and the first Balkan war,
370,
371·
and the Ionian Islands,
239.
and the Orthodox Church,
171-5,
185, 189, 192,
I93:
and the Slav migration,
168, 169.
brigandage in,
210, 222.
conflict of interests with Bul¬
garia,
223—9.
conquest of, by the Turks,
180-3*
delimitation of the frontier
(1829), 206.
dispute with Italy as to posses¬
sion of Epirus,
238-41.
effect of the French Revolution
on,
189.
invasion of
$
by Goths,
165.
land-tax,
180, 181·
loans to,
208, 210.
local liberties,
209, 210.
*
Military League
*
of
1909, 219,
22O.
minerals of,
216.
monarchy established, and its
results,
208
ff.
*
National Assembly
*, 202.
oppressive relations with Tur¬
key, and efforts for liberation,
180, 182-5,
ї88>
i92ff-5 2I3>
214, 228, 238, 328, 329, 350.
Index
397
Greece {continued)
:
revolutions in
1843
and
1862,
210.
territorial contact with Turkey,
213, 214, 228.
*
tribute-children
*
for Turkish
army from,
181, 182.
war with Turkey
(1828), 237 ;
(1897), 217, 363 ; (1912), 224.
Greek agriculture,
215.
anti-Greek movement in Ru¬
mania,
265, 266.
army,
ги,
212, 222.
art and architecture,
171, 17$·
ascendancy in Bulgaria,
35-40,
8
5
bourgeoisie,
189.
claims and propaganda in Mace¬
donia,
65-8, 71, 74, 84, 148.
coalition with the Seljuks,
326,
327, 328.
commerce and economic pro¬
gress,
180, 190, 191, 194, 195,
232, 233, 244, 245.
dialects of Ancient Greece,
169,
170, 172.
education,
237.
influence in the Balkan penin¬
sula,
15-16, 21, 85, 90, 244-8.
influence in Bulgaria,
34, 90.
influence in Rumania,
263, 265,
266, 273.
language in Rumanian Church,
284.
literature,
17г,
172,
I75-
monastic culture,
189, 190, 197.
nationalism,
201
ίϊ., 2ΐ8,
219,
222, 236-8, 241-5, 247, 248.
national religion,
182.
navy,
197, 198, 201, 202, 203 ,
204, 207, 222, 224, 228, 230,
242.
officials under the Turks,
49, 184,
185.
Patriarch,
185.
public finance,
210,211,216,217.
public spirit,
237.
Greek (continued):
public works,
212.
railways,
212, 213, 216, 245.
renaissance,
189, 190, 192.
shipping,
191, 194, 195, 212.
unity,
243.
Greek Empire, decline of,
89, 354.
Greek hierarchy, in Bulgaria, the,
35,
4°5
49·
Greeks, Anatolian,
387.
Byzantine,
334.
general distribution of,
9—11.
Ottoman,
369.
their attitude with regard to
the barbarian invasions,
18.
Gregorios,
Greek Patriarch at
Constantinople,
195.
Gulkhaneh,
357.
Hadrian, the Emperor,
15·
Halia
стоп
Valley,
37z,
Haly
a river,
331.
Hasa,
379.
Hatti Sherif,
357, 361.
Hejaz, 383·
Hellenic culture and civilization,
164-9,
17b *74>
176, 177,
*9°>
192, 194, 209,
233У
236, 238,
242-4, 247, 249, 250.
Hellenic Republic,
202, 207.
Hellespont, the,
328, 329.
Hercegovina,
86.
annexation of, by Austria-
Hungary,
64, 71, 142-4, 369.
its Slavonic population,
133.
origin and independence of, and
conquest of, by the Turks,
100,
ΙΟΙ.
revolts in, against Turkey,
52,
122, 123.
under Austro-Hungarian rule,
55
3
under Turkish rule,
107,110,118.
Hilmi Pasha,
69.
Hungarians,
44.
and the Turks,
340.
invade the Balkan peninsula,
46·
398
Index
Hungary,
342.
and the Balkan peninsula,
90,
юг,
179.
and the Serbo-Croats,
87.
and the Serbs,
93, 95,
98-ïOo,
102-7, 179.
and Turkey, wars between,
99,
102.
conquest of, by Suleiman I,
340.
growth of,
90, 98.
loss of, by the Turks,
350.
Slavs in,
9, 87.
Huns, arrival of the, in Europe,
15-16.
their origin,
18.
settled in Hungary,
19.
Hunyadi,
John,
99, 333.
Hydhra and the Hydhriots,
191,
192, 202-4, 207, 208, 210.
Hypsilantis, Prince Alexander,
195,
Ї96,
201 ;
Prince De¬
metrius,
201.
Ibar,
thè,
33.
Ibrahim Pasha,
203-6, 357.
Ida, Mount,
233.
Ignatiyev, Count,
53, 57.
Illyria, Celtic invasion of,
12.
prefecture of,
14.
Roman conquest of,
12.
Illyrians, the,
12.
Imbros,
230.
Ionescu, Take,
315.
Ionian Islands,
186, 188, 192 5
presented to Greece by Great
Britain,
2
io,
239.
Ipek
:
see Pee.
Iran,
331.
Iskanderoun, Gulf of,
234.
Italian influence in the Balkan
peninsula,
91.
trading cities,
177.
Italy, and the Macedonian ques¬
tion,
69ł
75, 138.
and the possession of Epirus,
238-41.
diocese of,
82, 88.
Italy {continued)
:
prefecture of,
14.
war with Turkey
(1911-12), 75,
150, 152,222,234,235.
Ivan III, Tsar of Russia,
50.
Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia,
24.
Jehad, or Holy War,
364, 380.
Jenghis Khan,
326.
Jerusalem,
166.
Jews, at Constantinople,
180.
in Rumania,
298
n.
in Turkey,
225.
Jezzar the Butcher,
348.
Jidda,
359.
John Alexander, ruler of Bulgaria,
45·
John AsenljBulgar Tsar
( 1186-96),
41.
John
Asen
II,
Bulgar
Tsar (1218-
41), 42-4, 83, 85, 93·
John Tzimisces, the Emperor,
36-8,
85.
John the Terrible, Prince of
Moldavia,
261.
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria,
107, 109.
Judah,
166.
Jugo-Slav(ia),
80, 131-47, 160.
Justin I, the Emperor,
18.
Justinian I, the Emperor,
19,
165-7, 172.
Kaisariyeh,
387.
Kalamata,
212.
Kałoian, Bułgar
Tsar
(1196-1207),
41, 42.
Kama,
Bulgars
on the,
24.
Kanaris,
Constantine,
198, 199·
Kapodistrias,
John,
207—9.
Kara-George
(Petrović),
109, 112-
16, 120, 129, 130.
Karagjorgjević
(se.
family of
Kara-George) dynasty, the,
in,
1
20, 130.
Karaiskakis,
205.
Karamania,
331, 334·
Index
399
Karasi,
328»
Karlovci
(Carlowitz, Karlowîtz),
105, 109, 116.
Karpathos, 234.
Kasos,
234 ;
destruction
of
(1824),
203.
Kavala,
227-9, 37*·
Kazan,
24.
Khalkidhiki,
197.
Kharput,
386.
Khios,
184, 190, 231, 232, 234.
siege of
(1822), 198*
Khorasan,
323.
Khurshid Pasha, ïo-j,
гоб-о.
Kiev,
18, 36, 37.
Kilkish, Greek victory at,
227.
Kirk-KìHssé,
battle of,
75.
Kisseleff, Count,
267.
KJadovo,
122.
Knights Hospitallers of St. John,
180, 333, 334, 340.
Kochana,
74.
Kołettis,
202, 203, 208.
Kolokotrónis,
Theodore,
194, 199,
202, 204, 208.
Kondouriottis, Z03.
Konia,
324-6, 331, 387.
battle of,
332.
Kopais basin, draining of,
217.
Korinth,
168.
surrender of
(1822), 199.
Karin
thian Gulf,
191, 196,197,242.
Kos,
234.
Kosovo, vilayet of,
134.
Kosovo
Polje,
battle of,
46, 97, 98,
101,259,330,332,333.
Kraljević,
Marko :
see
Marko K.
Kretę,
71, 175, 178, 204, 335, 337,
342, 360.
conquest of, by Turks,
182, 183,
.344-
intervention of the powers and
constituted an autonomous
state,
217-19, 230, 231, 243,
366.
speech of,
182, 236.
Krum
(Bulgar
prince),
27-8.
Kruše
vac,
97-9·
Kubrat
(Bulgar
prínce),
25.
Kumanovo, battle of
(1912), 153,
159·
Kumans, the Tartar,
39,41.
Kurdistan,
339, 343? 354·
Kurds, the,
352, 353, 355,379, 383,
386, 387.
Kutchuk Kamardji, Treaty of,
187, 265.
Kydhoniesj destruction of,
197,
198.
Laibach (Ljubljana),
9.
Lansdowne, Marquess of,
69,
Larissa,
197, 198.
Latin Empire at Constantinople,
the,
43, 90, 92, 178, 179.
influence in the Balkan penin¬
sula,
15-16, 21, 172, 173, 178.
Lausanne, Treaty of (1912),
152,
Lazar
(Serbian Prince),
97, 98.
*
League of Friends
*, 193, 195.
Leipsic, battle of
(1813), 114.
Lemnos,
230.
Leo, the Emperor,
27.
Leopold II, Emperor of Austria,
107*
Lepanto, battle of (1571),
104.
Lerna,
204.
Leskovac,
124.
Levant, the,
338.
commerce of,
x
80, 337.
Libyan war
(1911-12), 75, 150.
Lombards, the,
168.
London, Conference of (1912-13),
76, 154-6.
Treaty of
(1913), 157» 225, 230,
239, 241.
Louis, conquers the Serbs,
86.
Lu le-
Burgas,
37.
battle of (1912),
75, 224.
Macedonia,
9,
ю,
53, 54, 79, 83,
84,
1
18, 132, 141, 151-9, 164-6,
223, 228, 244, 346, 373*
4OO
Index
Macedonia {continued)
:
anarchy in,
63.
defeat of
*
the Turks by the
Serbians in,
224.
establishment of Turks in,
323,
331·
general characteristics of, in
classical times,
12.
inhabitants of,
10, 65-8, 83,
84.
revolt in,
367, 368, 371-3.
pla
се-л
aines
in,
21.
Macedonian question, the,
64-74,
76, 84, 132,
Г40-2,
156-9.
Slavs, the,
67, 68, 83, 84, 132.
Magnesia,
346.
Magyars, the, their irruption into
Europe,
25, 30, 87, 174.
growing power and ambitions
of the,
90.
influence upon the Rumanians,
255·
Mahmud
I, Sultan,
345.
Mahmud
II, Sultan,
193, 195, 198,
203, 205, 206,
348-5З,
355>
356,
* 6
35> З
Maina,
169, 194, 208, 210.
Maiores
cu,
Titu,
313.
Malasgerd,
battle of,
176, 177.
Malta,
siege of,
340.
Mamelukes, Egyptian,
338.
Manichaean heresy, the,
89.
Manuel Comnenus, the Emperor,
85,87589,91.
Marash,
387.
Marcus Aurelius, the Emperor,
14.
Marghiloman,
Alexander,
313, 315.
Maria Theresa, Empress of Aus¬
tria,
106.
Maritsa, the,
225, 227.
battle of,
46, 96.
Marko Kraljević,
97.
Marmora, Sea of,
179, 326, 327.
Mavrokordatos, Alexander,
201,
202, 207.
Mavromichalis clan,
208.
Mavromichaiis, Petros,
194.
Mediterranean, the,
164, 166, 178,
187, 188, 191, 236.
Megaspélaion,
189, 194.
Mehemet AH
:
see Mohammed AH
.
Melek Shah, of Persia,
324.
Mendere (Maiandros),
233, 234.
Mesolonghi,
196,
2OO,
201, 204,205»
Mesopotamia,
339, 345, 353, 378,
33:
Messenia,
181.
Mesta,
228.
Meteora,
189.
Methodius, St.,
28-30, 88.
Michael
Obrenović
III, Prince of
Serbia
(1840-2,1860-8), 120-3,
129.
Michael III, the Emperor,
29.
Michael the Brave, Prince of
Walla
chia,
261.
Midhat Pasha and representative
institutions in Turkey,
52, 141,
361, 362, 363, 364, 367, 368,
375·
Midia,
9, 76, 225.
Milan
Obrenović
II, Prince of
Serbia
(1839),
I2°-
Milan
Obrenović
IV, Prince and
King of Serbia
(1868-89), 123-7.
Mileševo,
monastery of,
93, 100.
Milica,
Princess,
98.
Military colonies,
Austro
-
Hun¬
garian, of Serbs against Turkey,
103-5.
Miloš Obrenović
I, Prince of
Serbia
(1817-39, 1858-60), 112,
115-21, 129.
Milovanović,
Dr.,
146.
Mircea the Old, Prince of Wai-
lachia,
259.
Misivria (Mesembria),
28.
Mitylini,
197, 231, 232, 234.
Modhon,
204.
Моћасз,
battle of,
103, 340.
Mohammed II, Sultan,
99, 101,
179, 180, 334-8.
Mohammed IV, Sultan,
331, 344.
Mohammed V, Sultan,
148, 376. .
Index
401
Mohammed Ali
Pasha, of Egypt,
2Ο3>34·8,
35Ь
35*·
Mohammedan influence in the
Balkan peninsula,
47, 48, 102,
107,
no.
Mohammedan Serbs, of Bosnia
and
Hercegovina,
the, no,
133,
137-
Moldavia,
174, 185, 261, 340.
foundation of,
257.
Monastir (Bitolj, in Serbian),
66,
74, 151, 226.
battle of (1912),
153.
Montenegro,
11, 14, 79, 82, 86, 87.
achieves its independence,
107-
10.
and the Balkan League,
73, 74,
151, 223.
autonomous,
97.
becomes a kingdom,
159.
conquered by the Turks,
101.
during the Napoleonic wars,
116, 117.
in the Balkan war
(1912—13),
*$?>.*S3,
*Ѕ$>*$69
i6o,i6i,
371.
position of, amongst the other
Serb territories,
134.
relations with Russia,
108, 109,
116, 117.
revolt in,
360.
under Turkish rule,
103, 107.
war with Turkey,
52, 107-10,
I23,
IŞ2.
Montesquieu,
347.
Morava,
the,
33, 81, 83, 86, 168.
Moravia, its conversion to Chris¬
tianity,
29-30,
Morea
:
see Peloponnesos.
Morocco crisis, the,
150.
Moslems,
175, 176, 181, 182, 187,
192-8,233, 236-41, 326-8, 332,
334>
ЗЗЅ7
337,
ЗЗ9-42,
347»
З52,
364, 366, 369, 370, 378,
m
385,
З«»-
Mukhtar Pasha,
203.
Muntenia
(Wallachia), foundation
of,
257.
1832.1
Murad
I, Sultan, murder of,
97,
98.
Murad
II, Sultan,
98, 99, 331, 332.
Murad
III, Sultan,
342.
Murad V,
Sultan,
360, 361.
Miirzsteg programme of reforms,
the,
69, 72, 140.
Mustapha
II, Sultan,
184, 186, 187·
Mustapha
III, Sultan,
346.
Naissus
:
see Nish.
Napoleoni, 113-15,
188, 191, 194,
209, 265, 348, 350.
Napoleon III, and Rumania,
267,
27°j
297, 292.
Natalie, Queen-Consort of Serbia,
126-8.
Nationalism,
247, 350, 351, 364.
Nauplia,
208, 209.
fall of
(1822), 199.
Nauplia Bay,
170.
Navarino, battle of
(1827),
n
8,
206.
Negrepont,
196.
Neman
ja dyn
as
tyj
the,
89-96.
Nicaea,
325-9.
Nicholas I, Prince and King of
Montenegro
(1860-), 130, 134,
138, 149.
Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia,
117, 120, 206.
Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia,
69.
Nicomedia, 328.
Nikarià,
230.
Niki phó
ros
Phokas,
the Emperor,
ł
27-8, 36, 175, 178.
Nikopolis,
46, 98.
battle of,
330.
Nikaić,
124,
Ї25.
Nilufer, 327.
Nish (Naissus,
Nía),
118, 125,
Celtic origin,
12.
Goths defeated at,
14.
Bulgarians march on,
59.
geographical position of,
81.
Nish-Salonika railway,
67, 72,157,
«59-
с с
4O2
Index
Nizib,
357.
Normans,
the,
40, 41, 177.
Novae
:
see
Svishtov.
Novi Pazar,
Sandjak
of,
occupied by Austria-Hungary,
71,87,
no,
118, 125, 133-5.
evacuated by
Aus
t
ria
-Hun
gary,
142, 144, 153.
occupied by Serbia and Mon¬
tenegro,
153, 155, 159.
Obilie, Miloš,
98.
Obrenović
dynasty, the,
iu,
129,
130.
Odessa,
192, 193, 195.
Committee of,
51.
Odhyssèvs,
199, 202, 205.
Oecumenical Patriarch, the,
334,
360.
Okhrida,
9, 38, 39, 42, 66, 74,
5.
Archbishopric and Patriarchate
of,
49, 104.
m
Lake of,
223.
Old Serbia (northern Macedonia),
66,79,
1ЗЗ-5?
!
Si-
Orient, prefecture of the,
14.
Orkhan,
327, 328, 329.
Orthodox Church
:
see Eastern
Church.
Osman (Othman),
Sultan,
179,
327, 328, 344.
Osmanli
:
see Turkey and Turks.
Ostrogoths, the,
15.
Otranto, straits of,
177.
Otto, Prince, of Bavaria, King of
Greece,
208, 209
j
driven into
exile,
210.
Ottoman Empire
:
see Turkey.
Ouchy, Treaty of
:
see Lausanne,
Treaty of.
Oxus,
179.
Palai
ologos,
Romaic dynasty of,
7
Pannónia,
13, 14, 25.
Bulgars
in,
25.
Pan-Serb movement, the,
80, 136,
140, 144-7.
Pan-Slavism,
73, 117.
Paris, Congress of
(1856), 121.
Convention
(1858), 271,
28г,
291.
Treaty of
(1856), 269, 359, 361.
Pašie, M.,
127.
Passarowitz,
Treaty of,
105.
Pasvanoghlu,
348.
Patmos,
234.
Patras,
168, 237.
Gulf of,
222.
Paul, Emperor of Russia,
109.
Paulicians, the,
35.
Peć
(Ipek, in Turkish),patriarchate
of,
94, 97, 104-6, 108, 109.
Pechenegs, the Tartar,
32, 36, 37,
39·
Peiraeus,
212,- 218, 221, 237.
*
Peloponnesian Senate
, 201, 202.
Peloponnesos(Morea),
14,168, 169,
178, 180, 186, 188, 189, 190,
192-4, 196, 198-205, 208, 242,
244,
344> 35°5 351·
Pera,
178.
Persia and the Turks,
322-5,
35Ş.
at war with Constantinople,
19-20.
Grand Seljuk of,
324.
Persian Gulf,
342.
Peter the Great,
108, 109, 187.
*
Testament
of,
344.
Peter,
Bulgar Tsar
(927-69), 33, 34·
Peter
Ï,
King of Serbia (1903-),
130, 131, 138, 153.
Peter I, Prince-Bishop of Monte¬
negro,
109.
Petrović-Njegoš,
dynasty of, 10S,
109.
Petta, battle of,
200.
Phanariote Greeks, the. See Greek
officials under the Turks, and
Turkey, Phanariot regime.
Ł
Philhellenes
% 202, 205.
Philiki Hetairia ,
193, 195.
Philip, Count of Flanders,
279.
Index
Philip of
Macedonia,
12.
Philippopolis,
Bogomil
centre,
35,
40.
foundation of,
12.
revolts against Turks,
58.
Pindus,
178, 242, 244.
Pirot,
59, 83, 118, 124, 125.
Place-names, the distribution of
classical, indigenous, and Sla¬
vonic, in the Balkan peninsula,
21.
Plevna, siege of,
53, 295, 296.
Podgorica,
124, 125.
Poland,
18, 99, 338.
Pontus,
331, 346, 387.
Popes, attitude of the, towards
the Slavonic liturgy,
29—30.
Poros,
205.
Porto Lagos,
228.
Požarevac,
105, 113.
Presláv,
Bulgarian capital,
28, 34,
37«
Prespa,
9.
Pressburg,
Treaty of
(1805), 116.
Prilep,
battle of (1912),
153.
*
Primates
,
the,
201.
Prizren,
105.
Prussia and Austria, war between
(1866), 122.
Psarà, 191,
204, 231.
Kado
wit
z,
Baron
von, 70.
Ragusa
(Dubrovnik,
in Serbian),
its relations with the Serbian
state,
90, 91, 93, 94, 96.
prosperity of, under Turkish
rule,
103.
decline of,
107,
τ
17.
Railways in the Balkan peninsula.
Rashid Pasha,
204, 205.
Raška,
centre of Serb state,
87, 89,
125, 153.
Reglement
Organique,
267, 275.
Religious divisions in the Balkan
peninsula,
88, 133, 135.
Resna, in Macedonia, 36S.
С С
Rhodes,
234, 334, 335» 337·
siege of,
180, 333, 340.
Ris
tic, M.,
127.
Rodostó,
329.
Romaic architecture,
171.
government,
177-81, 183, 185,
187, 194, 201.
language,
169, 170,
Î90.
4
R
ornai
о і ,
169—76.
Roman Catholicism in the Balkan
peninsula,
88,90, 135, 166, 167,
171, 172.
Roman Empire,
15, 82, 164-7,
169, 172, 173, 253, 254, 377.
Roman law,
172.
Rome, its conquest of the Balkan
peninsula,
12—14*
relations of, with Bulgaria,
32—4,
38, 41-3.
relations of, with Serbia,
85, 90,
95;
spiritual rivalry of, with Con¬
stantinople,
29—32, 88, 90.
Rosètti,
C.
Α.,
285.
Rovine,
battle of,
259.
Rumania and the Balkan penin¬
sula, II.
and the second Balkan war(i
913),
777 159,227,373.
and Bulgaria,
229, 298, 300,
3O3-6»
З16-
and the Russo-Turkish war
(i?77),
53,
36З·
anti-Greek movement in,
265,
266.
anti-Russian revolution in,
268.
commerce of,
245.
convention with Russia
(1877),
295, 296.
dynastic question in,
260, 262,
264, 266, 271, 280, 288.
education in,
273, 279, 283.
influences at work in,
312, 316.
military situation,
315—16.
nationalist activity in,
266, 268,
301,307,317.
neutrality of,
315·
4O4
Index
Rumania {continued)
:
origins of,
15, 21, 174, 185, 228.
Patriarch s authority in,
185.
peasantry of,
258, 262, 274-9.
Phanariotes in,
263, 264, 267.
political parties in,
274, 285,
286 «., 289.
politics of, internal,
273, 278,
281, 286, 287-9.
relations with Russia,
292-6,
300, 305-6, 313.
religion and Church in,
254
п.,
273, 283.. . .
Roman civilization, influence m,
253, 254.
β
rural question
ín, 274, 289.
Russian influence in,
263, 266,
285 ;
politics in,
265, 267, 268,
269, 280, 291, 295, 296, 299.
s
truggle for independence,
268
ff.,
294, 298.
territorial gains,
298, 305.
territorial losses,
265, 290, 298.
Turkish rule in,
261-4, 270, 284.
Upper class in (cneazi,
boyards),
origins of,
255, 274 ;
social
evolution of,
258, 261, 263,
271 ;
economic and political
supremacy,
275-8, 289, 316.
Rumanian army,
283, 285.
claims in Macedonia,
68.
principalities, foundation of,
256 ;
union of,
269, 271, 272.
revolt
(1822), 196.
Rumanians, early evidences of,
9,
21, 255, 257.
in Bessarabia,
308.
in Bucovina,
307.
in Hungary,
255, 268, 301, 302,
.
3°9,
З16-18·
in Macedonia,
254, 308.
Rumelia, Eastern,
54, 58, 64, 126,
365, 366, 378.
Russia and Bulgaria,
54-7, 223.
and Greece,
187.
and Montenegro^
108, 109, 116,
117.
Russia {continued)
:
and Rumania,
292-6, 300,
305-6, 313.
and Serbia, no,
113, 124, 137,
223, 245.
and Turkey,
108, 109, 117, 187,
196, 344, 345, 347-52, 355,
357,
358»
З65,
373, 385·
and the Macedonian question,
69-73, 140.
and the struggle for Greek inde¬
pendence,
206.
Bulgars
in,
24.
commercial treaty with Turkey
(1783), 191.
convention with Rumania
(1877),
295, 206.
conversion to Christianity,
175·
occupation of
Kars,
235.
re-organization under Peter the
Great,
187.
wars with Turkey
(1769-84),
187; (17875,109; (1807), 113;
(1828), 124, 206
s
(1877-8),
52-4, 124, 125, 362, 363;
(1914-15), 375.
Russian diplomacy at Constanti¬
nople,
70.
influence in Bulgaria,
54—78.
invasion of Balkan peninsula,
36, 37, 52-4.
relations with the Balkan Chris¬
tians,
50, 117.
relations with the Balkan
League,
73, 152.
Russians, the, comparison of,
with the Southern Slavs,
18.
see Slavs, the Eastern.
Šabac
(Shabatz),
113, 122, 340.
Salisbury, Lord,
297.
Salonika,
168, 173, 174, 177, 180,
197, 213, 218, 222, 224-7, 229,
240, 245, 332, 368, 369, 372.
Salonika-Nish railway, the,
67, 72,
157, 159·
Samos,
195, 230, 231, 234.
Index
405
Samothraki,
230.
Samuel,
Tsar of western Bulgaria
(977-1014), 38, 39, 83.
San Stefano,
Treaty of
(1878), 53,
57, 124, 296, 297.
Saracens, the,
41.
Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia,
139.
Sava,
St.,
92, 93, 100.
Save, the,
9, 13-15, 81, 84, 86, 87,
95> 96·
.
Scutari
(di
Albania), Skodra,
9,
103,109, 152, 153,156, 222,224.
Selim
I, Sultan,
331, 337, 339, 342.
Selim
III, Sultan,
345, 347, 350.
Seljuks, the,
175, 176, 179, 323-8,
33b
377» 385·
Semendria
:
see Smederevo.
Semites, the,
166, 167, 377, 378.
Serb migrations,
100, 102—7.
national life, centres of,
102-5,
107.
political centres,
87, 95, 97.
race, home of the,
81.
territories, divisions of the,
82,
86, 88, 102,
r
18, 132-4.
Serbia and Austria-Hungary, rela¬
tions between, in,
126—9,
I3I~
49, 159-61.
and Bulgaria, contrasted,
48, 62,
82,112,141, 142,149;
the agree¬
ment between,
73, 74, 76, 151.
and Macedonia,
224, 372, 373.
and Russia, relations between,
no,
113-24, 137.
and the annexation of Bosnia
and
Hercegovina,
142-4.
and the Balkan League,
223,
226,227, 372, 373·
and Turkey,
122, 179, 329, 331,
332>
З46,
371.
dissensions in, in,
114, 116,
119-23.
geography of,
13, 81-8,
no,
125, 131-4.
Patriarch s authority in,
185.
the barrier to German expansion
eastwards,
11, 140, 155,
i6i.
Serbia {continued)
:
Turkish conquest of,
96-9, 331.
wars with Turkey
(1875-7),
I23>
124.
Serbian Church, the,
92, 94, 104,
119.
claims and propaganda in Mace¬
donia,
65-8, 71, 74, 83-5, 132,
148, 15?·
Empire, its extent under Stephen
Dušan,
94-6.
literature,
91, 101, 103, 133.
nation, centre of gravity of,
10,
89, 95.
principality, its extent in
1830,
n
8.
Serbo-Bulgarian war
(1885), 58,
59, 126, 149; (1913), 158-60,
223, 226, 227.
Serbo-Croat nationality, formation
of the,
79-83.
Serbo-Croat unity, movement in
favour of,
80, 131-42, 144-7.
Serbo-Croats, general distribution
of,
9, 10, 132-4.
Serbs, defeat
Bulgars
and Greeks,
45, 94.
distribution of the, in the
Balkan peninsula,
79.
general distribution of the,
9, 10,
79-87, 132-4·
north of the Danube,
86, 96,
102-6, 121, 133.
outside the boundaries of the
Serb state,
96,118,121,131-42,
144-7,
I^°·
religious persecution of,
106.
revolt against Bulgaria,
34.
revolt against the Magyars,
121.
revolts against Turkey,
104, 106,
1Ó9,
111-3, 115, 350, 360.
their attitude towards the
Germans,
56, 132.
Serbs and Croats, difference be¬
tween,
80,
j?2,
135.
Shabatz: see Sabac.
Shipka Pass,
53.
4ü6
Index
Shishman,
revolts against Bul¬
garia,
34, 36, 38.
Sicily,
177.
Silistria,
17
Simeon the Great,
Bulgar
Tsar
(893-927), 31-4, 83.
Singidunum
:
see Belgrade.
Sitvatorok, Treaty of,
343.
Si vas,
386, 387.
Skandcrbey,
332-3.
Skodra
:
see Scutari.
Skoplje
(Üsküb, in
Turkish),
95,
97,
i5*>
153»
з.
Slav influence in Rumania,
254.
Slavonia,
86, 103.
absorbed by Hungary, $y9
90,
33;
Slavonic immigration, the streams
of, in the Balkan peninsula,
20,
*73-
languages, the,
80 ;
use of, in
Rumanian Church,
254, 283.
liturgy, the,
29-30.
southern, nationalities,
10,79,80.
Slavs, maritime,
1 * ·
method of their migration
southwards into the Balkan
peninsula,
18—22.
migration, in the seventh cen¬
tury,
168, 169, 174.
their lack of cohesion,
18.
their attacks on Salonika and
Constantinople with the Avars,
19.
their original home,
18.
their settlement south of the
Danube,
79.
the Balkan, their attitude to¬
wards the Church,
35 ;
under
Turkish rule,
47.
the Eastern (Russians),
18, 80.
the Southern, iS, So
;
general
distribution of,
9-11, 17-22,
79-86.
the Western,
80.
Slivnitsa, battle of
(1885), 59, 126,
Slovenes, the,
9, 10, 79.
Smederevo (Semendria),
99, 104,
113, 122.
Smyrna,
192, 222, 231, 233, 346,
387.
Sofia, captured by the
Bulgars
from the Greeks,
27.
captured by the Turks,
46.
Soudha Bay,
204.
Southern Slav nationalities, the,
80.
Spain, Jews expelled from, 1S0,
225.
Spalajković,
Dr.,
146.
Spetza,
191, 192, 210.
Sporades, the,
234, 235.
Srem
:
see
Syrmi
a.
Stambuł,
353, 379.
Sultanate of,
355.
Stambulov,
52, 59-61, 65.
Stephen
Dragutin,
93.
Stephen
Dušan,
King of Serbia
(1331-45),
Tsar of Serbs,
Bul¬
gars,
and Greeks (i345~55)>
45>94-7> *53>
160, 329.
Stephen
(Lazarević),
Serbian
Prince,
98.
Stephen Nemanja,
veliki
ѓирап,
4i,44,9i.
Stephen Neman
jić,
King of Serbia
(1196-1223),
the First-Crowned,
91·
Stephen
Radoslav,
King of Serbia
(1223-33), 92.
Stephen
Uros
I, King of Serbia
(1242-76), 93.
Stephen Urol II
(Milutin),
King
of Serbia (1282-1321),
93, 94.
Stephen
Uroš III (Dečanski),
King
of Serbia
(1321-31), 45, 94.
Stephen Vladislav, King of Serbia
(1233-42), 42, 43, 92, 93.
Stephen the Great, Prince of
Moldavia,
260.
Struma,
the,
225, 227.
Suleiman I, Sultan
(*
the Magni¬
ficent),
329, 337, 340, 341, 342.
Index
407
Suli,
clansmen of,
188, 189, 192,
2OO? 2OI, 2IO.
Sumadija,
109, 112.
Svetoslav, ruler of Bulgaria,
45.
Svishtov,
16, 109.
Svyatoslav, Prince of Kiev,
36,
37·
Syria,
167, 203, 323, 324, 339, 345,
353*
З78,
379, 383.
Syrian question, the,
357, 358, 359.
Syrmia,
103, 105.
Tabriz,
342.
Tanzimat, the,
357, 359.
Taraboš,
Mount,
152.
Tarsus,
338.
Tartar invasion, the,
90,
32^3
329-31.
Tartars of the Golden Horde,
45.
Tenedos,
230.
Teutons, the,
168.
Thasos,
230.
Theodore
Las caris,
the Emperor,
43, 9?·
Theodoric,
16.
Theodosius, the Emperor,
15.
Theophilus of Constantinople,
323.
Thessaly,
178,
1
81, 188-90, 197,
198, 214, 217, 244.
Thrace,
224-6, 228, 331, 37*, 373·
Thu-Kiu, people of,
322, 323.
Tilsit, peace of
(1807), 113, 117,
348.
Timok, the,
83, 86, 118.
Timur,
329, 332.
Timo
vo,
centre and capital of
second Bulgarian empire,
41-4,
46, 64, 74, 93.
Trajan, the Emperor, in the
Balkan peninsula,
13.
his conquest of
Dacia,
252.
Transylvania,
13.
Trebizond,
180, 325, 331,
345> 387>
Trieste,
9, 10, 192.
Trikéri,
destruction of,
198.
Trikoupis, Greek statesman,
214-
16, 221, 222, 224, 249.
Tripoli,
150, 222, 234, 372.
Tripolitza,
194.
Tunisia,
366.
Turcomans, the,
321, 323, 325,
353-
Turkestan,
321, 322, 323.
Turkey
:
administrative systems,
*8з,
i84,
341, 342, 343, 345,
349» 35°, 353, 357,
358,
359,
362, 366.
and the Armenian massacres
(Ï894),
366.
and the Balkans,
45-9, 225,
329,33°, 332,333·
and Bulgaria,
58, 61, 72,,
y^y
141, 179, 224, 331, 360.
and the Bulgarian atrocities,
360.
and Greece,
ιγ6,
iSo,
182-5,
188,
192 ο.,
213, 214,
2lŕ>j
217,
228, 238, 328, 329, 350.
and the islands of south¬
eastern Europe,
230—6.
and Rumania,
261—4, 270, 284.
and Russia,
187, 344, 345,
З47-52,
355, 357,
З58,
365, 373,
385-
and Serbia,
122, 179, 329, 331,
332,346,371.
and the struggle for Greek inde¬
pendence,
190—208.
and the suzerainty of Krete,
218, 219.
Christians in, position of,
49,
100, 102-6, 124, 181-7, 195,
197,
23s,
324, 326-9, 332,
334-7,
З41,
366, 369, 380, 384,
codification of the civil law,
358.
commercial treaties,
187, 19
1.
Committee of Union and Pro¬
gress,
219, 374, 375, 3 79-82,
384-
conquests in Europe,
46, 96-101,
328-42 ;
in Asia,
364 ;
of the
Balkan peninsula,
45-9.
4o8
Index
Turkey {continued)
:
decline and losses of territory
in Europe and Asia,
187, 188,
194, 225, 259, 266, 269, 294,
296, 342-6, 363, 366, 367, 373.
Dere
Beys ,
337, 345, 349, 350,
352, 357.
Dragoman, office of,
184, 185.
expansion
:
of the
Osmanli
kingdom,
328-34 5
of the
Byzantine Empire,
334-42 ;
extent of the empire in the
sixteenth and seventeenth cen¬
turies,
339, 342 ;
territorial
expansion in Asia,
364,
feudal aristocracy of,
183.
financial embarrassments and
public debt,
337, 356-9, 366,
376.
frontier beyond the Danube,
ЗЗО,
343, 344·
German influence in,
366, 372,
374, 375, 385.
Grand
Vizi e
rate,
184, 343, 344.
military organization,
181, 183,
184, 332, 336, 339, 341, 342,
352,, 359,
З72,
374, 375, 3^5 ;
soldiery recruited from Chris¬
tian races,
197, 332, 341
j
*
tri¬
bute-children
system of re¬
cruiting, 181-3,
336, 341.
name of
y
321.
pa
η-
Is
lami
с
propaganda under
Abdul
Hamid, 363, 364, 365.
pan-Ottomanism,
369, 370.
Phanario
t
regime,
185, 189, 192,
201, 202.
praetorians,
323, 336, 339, 343,
349·
railway construction, effect of,
368.
reforms in,
64-9, 140-2, 148,
349-50. -
representative institutions in¬
augurated,
361, 362.
revival and relapse in the
nineteenth century,
346-68.
Turkey (continued)
:
revolution of
1910, 368-71.
war in the Balkans
(1912), 224,
232, 269-73.
war with Great Britain, France,
and Russia (1914-15),
232, 375.
wars with Greece
(1821), 237 ;
(1897), 217,
36s
;
(1912),
224.
war with Italy (1911-12),
222,
234·
wars with Russia
(1769-74),
187; (1787), 109; (1807), 113;
(1828), 124,206; (1877-8),52-4,
124, 125, 362, 363; (1914-15),
375·
wars with Serbia
(1875-7),
IZ3>
124.
Young Turks, the,
63, 71, 72,
140,141,148,154,218, 219,370.
Turkish conquests in Europe,
179-82.
fleet,
1973 198, 199, 201, 204,
206, 224.
janissaries,
181, 183, 184, 205,
ЗЗ2,
337, 339, 341-3,
34б>
347,349, 35*, 357·
Turks (Osmanlis), entry into
Europe,
45, 46, 94, 329
ff.
general distribution of,
9.
nomadic tribes of,
175, 176.
origin of,
321-8.
vitality and inherent qualities
of the,
176, 183, 354, 355,
363»
376782.
Tzakonia,
1
70.
Uighurs, Turkish tribe,
322.
Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty of
(1833),
357·
Uroš,
King of Serbia
:
see Stephen
Uroš.
Uros,
Serbian Tsar
(1355-71), 96,
.. 97·
Ueküb :
see Skoplje.
Valens,
the Emperor,
15.
Valte
tzi, battle of,
194.
Index
409
Van,
386.
Vardar,
the,
67, 76, 81, 157-9,
225·
Varna, battle of
(1444), 46, 99 ;
captured by the
Bulgars,
25.
Venezelos,
E., Kre
tan and Greek
statesman,
214 ;
his part in
the
Kre
tan revolution,
219 ;
becomes premier of Greece,
220 ;
work as a constructive
statesman,
220-2 ;
share in
the formation of the Balkan
League,
72,
r
50, 222-4,
37і
5
his proposals to Bulgaria for
.settlement of claims,
225-9 ;
his handling of the problem of
Epirus,
240, 241 ;
results of
his statesmanship,
243.
Venice and the Venetian Republic,
87,
9°y 95> IOI> i°5»
г77і
l8o>
182, 186, 188, 332-5, 337,
344·
Victoria, Queen of England,
270.
Vienna,
168, 180, 246.
besieged by the Turks
(1526),
338; (1683), 186, 343, 344.
Congress of
(1814), 114,
її/,
194, 347»
З48.
in relation to the Serbo-Croats
:
see Budapest.
Visigoths, the,
15,
Vlad the Impaler, Prince of Wal¬
la
chia,
260.
Vlakhs, the,
40, 65, 68, 174, 178,
197, 242.
Volga,
Bulgars
of the,
24.
Volo,
Gulf of,
198, 206.
Vranja,
1
18, 124.
Vrioni, Omer,
200.
Wallachia,
185, 338, 340;
advent
of the Turks in,
259 ;
subjuga¬
tion of,
Ъу
the Turks,
344,
Wied,
Prince of,
240.
William II, German Emperor,
70,
127, 227, 366.
Yannina,
188-90, 193, 197, 198,
200, 224, 237, 238, 240.
Yantra, the,
41.
Yemen,
342, 381, 385.
Yenishehr,
325, 326.
Yuruk tribe,
323.
Yuzgad,
346.
Zabergan,
19, 25.
Zaimis, high commissioner of
Kre
te,
218, 219.
Zante,
186, 188.
Zeta,
the, river and district,
86, 87,
97,
ΙΟΙ.
CONTENTS
PAGE
BULGARIA AND SERBIA. By Nevill Forbes.
1. Introductory
, . . . . . ,9
2.
The Balkan Peninsula in Classical Times,
400
в. с.
—
a. d.
500 12
3.
The Arrival of the Slavs in the Balkan Peninsula, a. d.
500-
650 , . . . . . . . .17
Bulgaria.
4.
The Arrival of the
Bulgars
in kthe Balkan Peninsula,
600—700 ........ 23
5.
The Early Years of Bulgaria and the Introduction of
Christianity,
700-893 ...... 26
6.
The Rise and Fall of the First Bulgarian Empire,
893-972 . 31
7.
The Rise and Fall of
*
Western Bulgaria
and the Greek
Supremacy,
963—1186 ...... 38
8.
The Rise and Fall of the Second Bulgarian Empire, 1186-
1250 · * · · · * · · .4*
9.
The Serbian Supremacy and the Final Collapse, 1258-1393
44
10.
The Turkish Dominion and the Emancipation,
1393-1878 47
11.
The Aftermath, and Prince Alexander of Battenberg,
1878—86......... 54
12.
The Regeneration under Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-
Coburg, 1886-1908
........ 60
13.
The Kingdom,
1908-13 . . . . . . · 64
Serbia.
14.
The Serbs under Foreign Supremacy,
650-1168 . · 79
15.
The Rise and Fall of the Serbian Empire and the Extinction
of Serbian Independence,
1168-1496 .... 89
16.
The Turkish Dominion, 1496-1
796 ..... 102
17.
The Liberation of Serbia under Kara-George
(1804-13)
and
Miloš Obrenović
(1815-30) :
1
796-1830 . . .
і
IO
18.
The Throes of Regeneration: Independent Serbia,
1830-
1903 . . . . . . . . .119
19.
Serbia, Montenegro, and the Serbo-Croats in Austria-
Hungary,
1903-8 . . . . . · ·.
ІЗ1
ao. Serbia and Montenegro, and the two Balkan Ware,
1908-13 143
8 Contents
PAGA
GREECE. By Arnold J.
Toynbee.
і
.
From Ancient to Modern Greece
. . . .
1
63
2.
The Awakening of the Nation
. . . . .181
3.
The Consolidation of the State
..... 208
RUMANIA
:
HER HISTORY AND POLITICS. By D. Mitrany.
1. Introduction
. . . . . , .251
2.
Formation of the Rumanian Nation
. . . .252
3.
The Foundation and Development of the Rumanian
Principalities
. . . . . . . .256
4.
The Phanariote Rule
. . . . . . »263
5.
Modern Period to
1866 ....... 26$
6.
Contemporary Period
:
Internal Development
. . . 279
7.
Contemporary Period
:
Foreign Affairs
.... 290
8.
Rumania and the Present War
. . . . 305
TURKEY. By D. G. Hogarth
......319
1.
Origin of the OsmanKs
. . . . . . . 320
2.
Expansion of the
Osmanli
Kingdom
. . . .326
3.
Heritage and Expansion of the Byzantine Empire
. 332
4.
Shrinkage and Retreat
....... 340
5.
Revival
. . . . . . . . . 344
6.
Relapse
......... 359
7.
Revolution
. · . . ♦ . . . .366
8.
The Balkan War
........369
9.
The Future
......... 373
INDEX
.......... 387
MAPS
Я о
face page
The Balkan Peninsula
:
Ethnological
· .... 20
The Balkan Peninsula
. · » . . ·· .78
The Ottoman Empire
·»·.··., 340
|
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| language | English |
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| spellingShingle | Hogarth, David George 1862-1927 Forbes, Nevill 1883-1929 Toynbee, Arnold 1889-1975 The Balkans a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4004334-4 |
| title | The Balkans a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey |
| title_auth | The Balkans a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey |
| title_exact_search | The Balkans a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey |
| title_full | The Balkans a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey by Nevill Forbes, Arnold J. Toynbee, D. Mitrany, D. G. Hogarth |
| title_fullStr | The Balkans a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey by Nevill Forbes, Arnold J. Toynbee, D. Mitrany, D. G. Hogarth |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Balkans a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey by Nevill Forbes, Arnold J. Toynbee, D. Mitrany, D. G. Hogarth |
| title_short | The Balkans |
| title_sort | the balkans a history of bulgaria serbia greece rumania turkey |
| title_sub | a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey |
| topic_facet | Balkanhalbinsel |
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