The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry: a comparison with other countries of the European Union
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Hochschulschrift/Dissertation Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]
Lang
2004
|
| Schriftenreihe: | European university studies: Series V, Economics and management
3090 |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013048123&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 409-433) |
| Umfang: | 433 S. |
| ISBN: | 3631529627 0820473537 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry |b a comparison with other countries of the European Union |c Ursula Triebswetter |
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| 490 | 1 | |a European university studies: Series V, Economics and management |v 3090 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 409-433) | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Umweltpolitik | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental policy |x Economic aspects |z European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental law |x Compliance costs |z European Union countries | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1820970428130131968 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
7
Contents
0. Summary 25
1. Introduction 26
1.1 Background and aim of research 26
1.2 Case studies: Countries, industries and environmental regulation
understudy 28
1.3 Research method 33
1.4 Stylised model 33
1.5 Thesis structure 35
2. Analytical framework: The possible relationships between
competitiveness and environmental regulation 39
2.1 Meaning and measurement of competitiveness 39
2.2 Possible impacts of regulation on competitiveness from a
theoretical standpoint 41
2.2.1 The conventional view 42
2.2.2 The revisionist view 44
2.2.3 Position in between the conventional and revisionist view 45
2.2.4 Conclusions on the possible impacts of environmental
regulation on competitiveness 46
2.3 Innovation and diffusion activities due to environmental
regulation 46
2.3.1 Neo classical and evolutionary innovation theories 47
2.3.2 Innovation and the environment 48
2.3.3 Diffusion of environmental technologies 51
2.3.4 Conclusion on innovation and diffusion activities due to
environmental regulations 54
2.4 Review of empirical studies on the impact of environmental
regulation on competitiveness 54
2.4.1 Productivity studies 55
2.4.2 Location studies 58
2.4.3 Trade studies 59
2.4.5 Conclusions on empirical studies on the impact of
environmental regulation on competitiveness 60
2.5 Development of hypotheses for the case studies 61
3. German environmental regulation: history and case study regulation in
an international context 68
3.1 Brief historical overview of German environmental policy 68
3.1.1 Developments from 19th century until end of World War II 68
8
3.1.2 Post World War II period 69
3.1.3 Principles of modern environmental policy 70
3.1.4 Grassroots for the environment movement 71
3.1.5 First Minister of the Environment 71
3.1.6 German reunification 72
3.1.7 Socialdemocratic Green Coalition since 1998 72
3.1.8 Conclusions and future needs of environmental policy 73
3.2 Waste water regulation for the dairy and meat industry in
Germany, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland 73
3.2.1 Environmental problems in the dairy and meat industry 74
3.2.2 Waste water regulation for the dairy and meat industry in
Germany '
3.2.3 Waste water regulation for the dairy and meat industry in
the Republic of Ireland •• 82
3.2.4 Waste water regulation for the dairy and meat industry in
Northern Ireland 85
3.2.5 Comparison of German, Irish and UK waste water
regulation for the dairy and meat industry °°
3.3 Packaging regulation for the packaging, food and retail industry
in Germany and the Republic of Ireland/Northern Ireland 87
3.3.1 Environmental problems related to packaging waste 88
3.3.2 Packaging regulation in Germany °
3.3.3 Packaging regulation in the Republic of Ireland 97
3.3.4 Packaging regulation in Northern Ireland '"
3.3.5 The comparative rigour of the packaging waste
management systems in the sample countries 1""
3.4 Clean air regulation for the cement industry in Germany, Spain
and the UK 109
3.4.1 Overview of environmental issues in the cement industry 109
3.4.2 Clean air regulation for the cement industry in Germany 109
3.4.3 Clean air regulation for the cement industry in Spain H4
3.4.4 Clean air regulation for the cement industry in the United
Kingdom 115
3.4.5 Comparison of German, Spanish and UK legislation for
the cement industry
3.5 Conclusions on the stringency of environmental regulation in
Germany 116
117
4. Structural background of case study industries '
4.1 Structural background of the dairy and meat industry in
Germany, the Republic of Ireland and the UK **
4.1.1 Structural background of the dairy industry 117
9
4.1.2 Structural background of the meat industry 121
4.1.3 The likely impact of effluent regulation on competitiveness
in the dairy and meat sector 126
4.1.4 Conclusions on the likely impact of environmental
regulation on competitiveness in the dairy and meat
industry in Germany 128
4.2 Structural background of the supply chain: packaging, food and
retail industry in Germany, the Republic of Ireland and the UK 128
4.2.1 Structural background of food packaging materials 129
4.2.1.1 Light metal packaging made of aluminium and
tinplate 131
4.2.1.2 Plastics 134
4.2.1.3 Glass containers 135
4.2.1.4 Paper packaging 136
4.2.1.5 Summary of conclusions regarding the packaging
materials with special emphasis on the situation in
Germany 138
4.2.2 Structural background of the food industry: soft
drinks/mineral water and dairy industry 142
4.2.3 Structural background on the food retailing sector 143
4.2.4 Likely impact of packaging regulation on competitiveness
in the supply chain of the packaging, food and retail
industry 145
4.2.4.1 Likely impact of packaging regulation on
packaging materials 146
4.2.4.2 Likely impact of packaging regulation on
competitiveness in the food industry: Soft
drinks/mineral waters and dairy industry 148
4.2.4.3 Likely impact of packaging legislation in the retail
sector 149
4.2.5 Conclusions on the likely impact of environmental
regulation on competitiveness in the supply chain of the
packaging, food and retail industry in Germany 151
4.3 Structural background of the cement industry in Germany, Spain
and the UK 151
4.3.1 Competitive situation of the cement industry in the EU, in
Germany, Spain and the UK 152
4.3.2 Likely impact of clean air regulation on competitiveness in
the cement industry 167
4.3.3 Conclusions on the likely impact of environmental
regulation on competitiveness in the German cement
industry 174
10
4.4 Conclusions on the likely impact of environmental regulation on
competitiveness in the Germany sample industries 175
5. Hypotheses, measurement of variables and research method 176
5.1 Hypotheses and measurement of key variables 176
5.2 Research method 182
6. Description of total sample for each country and industry 185
6.1 Dairy and meat sample 185
6.1.1 Target sample size, directories, response rates and data
collection 185
6.1.2 Sample size 185
6.1.3 Size distribution of sample plants and firms 186
6.1.4 Economic characteristics of sample firms 187
6.1.5 Waste water initiatives undertaken by sample firms 191
6.1.6 Matched plants and firms in the dairy and meat sample 194
6.2 Description of sample in the supply chain packaging industry,
food and retail industry 195
6.2.1 Target sample size, directories, response rates and data
collection 195
6.2.2 Sample size 196
6.2.3 Size distribution of sample plants and firms 197
6.2.4 Economic characteristics of sample firms 199
6.2.5 Solid waste and environmental awareness initiatives
undertaken by sample firms 206
6.2.6 Matched plants and firms in the supply chain sample 213
6.3 Cement sample 214
6.3.1 Target sample size, directories, response rates and data
collection 214
6.3.2 Sample size 214
6.3.3 Size distribution of sample plants and representativeness of
sample215
6.3.4 Economic characteristics of sample plants 216
6.3.5 Environmental characteristics of the cement sample 226
6.3.6 Matched plants and firms in the cement sample 236
6.4 Summary on sample description 236
7. Empirical results on the impact of stringent waste water regulation on
competitiveness in the dairy and meat industry 240
7.1 Firm performance and number of waste water initiatives 240
7.2 Water consumption, water costs and firm performance 248
7.3 Waste water costs, waste water initiatives and quality of effluent. 254
11
7.4 Size of plant in relation to number of initiatives and waste water
costs257
7.5 Waste water initiatives, their drivers and productivity and
employment effects 258
7.6 Main markets and customers, competitive advantages and
disadvantages, constraints on growth 261
7.7 Conclusions on the impact of stringent waste water regulation on
competitiveness in the German food industry 266
8. Empirical results on the impact of stringent packaging regulation on
competitiveness in the supply chain of the packaging, food and retail
industry 271
8.1 Firm performance and number of solid waste initiatives 271
8.2 Firm performance and waste costs 276
8.4 Size of plant, ownership and location in relation to number of
initiatives and waste costs 285
8.5 Solid waste initiatives, their drivers and effects on firm
performance 293
8.5.1 Drivers for undertaking solid waste initiatives 293
8.5.2 Effects of solid waste initiatives 295
8.5.3 Summary and discussion on results on drivers and effects
of solid waste initiatives 304
8.6 Competitive advantages and disadvantages, constraints on
growth and direct customer/supplier pressure 305
8.6.1 Competitive advantages and disadvantages 305
8.6.2 Constraints on growth 307
8.6.3 Direct customer/supplier pressure 308
8.7 Conclusions on the impact of stringent regulation on
competitiveness in the German supply chain of packaging,
dairy/drinks and retail industry 312
9. Empirical results on the impact of stringent clean air regulation on
competitiveness in the cement industry 319
9.1 Classification of cement sample according to emissions and
number of environmental measures 320
9.2 Method of analysis 325
9.3 The relationship between economic and environmental
performance 327
9.4 Drivers and effects of air pollution abatement efforts in the
cement industry 342
9.5 Competitive advantages and disadvantages 358
12
9.6 Conclusions on the impact of stringent regulation on the German
cement industry 363
10. Summary and conclusions 369
10.1 Introduction 369
10.2 Summary 369
10.2.1 Test method (1): Hypotheses on possible relationship
between environmental regulation and competitiveness:
compliance costs and influencing factors 371
10.2.2 Test method (2): Detailed economic effects of each
environmental initiative 386
10.2.3 Test method (3): Managers' opinion about competitive
advantages and disadvantages 387
10.2.4 Overview of all results 389
10.3 General conclusions 393
10.4 Implications for policy 395
Appendix A.3: The issue of alternative fuels in the cement industry 397
Appendix A.6 Solid waste and environmental awareness initiatives in
Germany 399
Appendix A.8 Solid waste projects and their effects in German sample
plants 402
A.8 1 Solid waste projects with additional capital and running costs in
German plants 402
A.8 2 Costs arising from legislation in Germany 402
A.8 3 Externally driven solid waste initiatives and costs in Germany. 403
A.8 4 Sources of employment effects of German firms created
through solid waste initiatives 404
A.8 5 Competitiveness effects arising from solid waste initiatives in
the German sample 405
11. References 409
13
Tables
Table 1.2 1 Overview of industries and countries 30
Table 2.3 1 Comparison of End of Pipe and Clean Technologies 51
Table 3.2 1 Effects of sewage technologies in the dairy industry 74
Table 3.2 2 Environmental issues at abattoirs 75
Table 3.2 3 Overview of regulatory approaches for the implementation of
the Urban Waste Water Directive 76
Table 3.2 4 Requirements for the direct discharge of sewage for dairy and
meat industry (pollution concentration limits according to § 7a
Federal Wa ter Management Act, Various Appendices)1' 78
Table 3.2 5 Requirements for the discharge of sewage from municipalities* . 78
Table 3.2 6 Weighting of pollutants according to the Law on Waste Water
Charge 80
Table 3.2 7 Thresholds for IPC licensing in the dairy and meat sector in the
Republic of Ireland 82
Table 3.2 8 Emission limit values for discharges to water* concerning the
slaughter of animals in the Republic of Ireland 84
Table 3.2 9 Republic of Ireland charging for waste water services 85
Table 3.3 1 Recycling targets within the EU 89
Table 3.3 2 Recycling requirements according to the German Packaging
Ordinance of 1991 90
Table 3.3 3 DSD licence fees in Germany since 1.1.1995 92
Table 3.3 4 Collection, sorting and recycling in Germany in 1993,
recycling quotas for 1999 in brackets 93
Table 3.3 5 Recycling requirements according to the German Packaging
Ordinance (21.08.1998) 94
Table 3.3 6 Overview of costs for the installation and operation of a deposit
refund system 97
Table 3.3 7 Repak fee structure according to activity in the supply chain 99
Table 3.3 8 Repak material specific fee structure for brandholders and
importers 100
Table 3.3 9 British recycling and recovery targets, 1998 2001 102
Table 3.3 10 One time joining fee in the Valpak scheme 103
Table 3.3 11 Material levies per tonne according to Valpak, April 1998 104
Table 3.3 12 Comparative rates of recycling in the mid 1990s (as % of
national consumption levels of materials) 106
14
Table 3.3 13 Actual/projected total annual cost* of packaging recovery and
recycling systems 107
Table 3.3 14 Comparison of material type fee structure in Germany,
Republic of Ireland and UK 108
Table 3.4 1 National dust emission limits for the production of cement
within the European Union 110
Table 3.4 2 National SO2 and NOX emission limits for the production of
cement within the European Union 112
Table 3.4 3 National metals and other emission limits for the production of
cement within the European Union 113
Table 3.4 4 Emission limit values for dust in the cement industry in 1975 in
mg/Nm3 114
Table4.1 1 Number of dairy firms in the sample countries, 1985 1998 119
Table 4.1 2 Gross value added in dairying at market prices per employee,
1990, 1991 and 1998 (compared using PPPs, West Germany =100) 120
Table 4.1 3 Total labour costs per employee in the dairy sector, West
Germany, Republic of Ireland and United Kingdom, 1975 1991 and
1998 (Euro at market exchange rate; West Germany =100) 120
Table 4.1 4 Total meat production in selected EU countries in 1,000 tonnes. 122
Table 4.1 5 Selected output and employment data for slaughtering and meat
processing firms in Germany 122
Table 4.1 6 Selected output and employment data for slaughtering and meat
processing firms in the Republic of Ireland 123
Table 4.1 7 Selected output and employment data for slaughtering and meat
processing firms in the UK 123
Table 4.1 8 Gross value added (GVA) factor cost per employee in the meat
industry 1989, 1991 and 1998 (West Germany = 100) 124
Table 4.1 9 Total labour costs per employee in the meat sector, West
Germany, Republic of Ireland and United Kingdom, 1975 1989 and
1998 (Euro at market exchange rate; West Germany = 100) 124
Table 4.2 1 Relative importance of the selected packaging branches,
employment, 1986, 1991, 1995 and 1998 130
Table 4.2 2 Gross value added at market prices per employee, 1990, 1991,
1995 and 1998 (compared using PPPs, (West)Germany = 100) 131
Table 4.2 3 Consumption of beverage cans in the EU, 1994 132
Table 4.2 4 Producers of beverage cans in Europe, 1995 133
Table 4.2 5 Production of glass (million Euro), 1998 135
Table 4.2 6 Levels of value added in glass production, 1993, 1994 and
1998 135
15
Table 4.2 7 Value added in paper and board converting, 1993, 1994 and
1998 136
Table 4.2 8 Output, consumption and trade of EU paper and board
converting (Euro '000s, current prices) 136
Table 4.2 9 Packaging Materials in Germany 140
Table 4.2 10 Soft drinks and mineral water combined labour productivity,
1990, 1991 and 1998 (gross value added per head at market prices,
PPPs and other indicators, West Germany = 100) 143
Table 4.2 11 Number of Super and Hypermarkets 2500 m2, Is' of
January each year 144
Table 4.2 12 Retailing: enterprise numbers, turnover and employment,
1996 144
Table 4.2 13 Recycling rates for paper and board (%) 147
Table 4.3 1 Market shares of the largest cement companies in 1998 153
Table 4.3 2 Market share and number of plants of the three largest
producers in 1996 154
Table 4.3 3 Comparison of German, Spanish and UK cement industry 155
Table 4.3 4 Numbers, types and capacity of kilns in the years 1970 and
1996 in Germany 156
Table 4.3 5 Economies of scale in the German cement industry 156
Table 4.3 6 German cement producers, number of clinker works and
market share in 1997 157
Table 4.3 7 Structure of Spanish cement industry by cement capacity 157
Table 4.3 8 UK cement producers and capacity share in 1998 158
Table 4.3 9 Employment and productivity in the German cement industry 159
Table 4.3 10 Employment and productivity in the Spanish cement industry. 160
Table 4.3 11 Major indicators of the UK cement industry 160
Table 4.3 12 Rough estimate of factors contributing to unit costs 161
Table 4.3 13 Cost structure of the German cement industry, in DM/tonne
(in prices of 1995) 162
Table 4.3 14 Energy and electricity consumption in the German, Spanish
and UK cement industry 163
Table 4.3 15 SO2 reduction in the European cement industry 170
Table 4.3 16 NOX abatement measures in the European cement industry 171
Table 4.3 17 Overview about pollution reduction techniques for the cement
industry and its environmental and economic effects 173
Table 5.2 1 Example of a Classification of Environmental Management
Technologies 183
16
Table 6.1 1 Numbers of dairy and meat firms sampled in each region 186
Table 6.1 2 Size distribution of dairy and meat sample firms 186
Table 6.1 3 (a) Number of dairy plants according to ownership 187
Table 6.1 3 (b) Number of meat plants according to ownership 187
Table 6.1 4 Products produced by dairy and meat sample plants 188
Table 6.1 5 Average percentages of certified qualifications in the dairy and
meat sample 189
Table 6.1 6 Employment in research and development as average
percentage of total firm employment in the dairy and meat sample 189
Table 6.1 7 Machine age by country and region in the dairy and meat
sample (% of total machinery in age group categories) 190
Table 6.1 8 Average export ratios in dairy and meat sample firms as % of
turnover 190
Table 6.1 9 Employment change in dairy and meat sample plants, 1990
1995 191
Table 6.1 10 Number of waste water initiatives undertaken by dairy and
meat sample plants 192
Table 6.1 11 Types and numbers of waste water initiatives undertaken in
dairy and meat sample plants 193
Table 6.1 12 Number of dairy and meat sample plants with written
environmental policy 194
Table 6.1 13 Numbers of plants broadly matched in the dairy and meat
sample 194
Table 6.2 1 Sectoral and country response rates (%) 195
Table 6.2 2 (a) Number and geographical distribution of plants sampled in
Germany 196
Table 6.2 2 (b) Number and geographical distribution of plants sampled in
Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and Great Britain 197
Table 6.2 3 (a) Size distribution of sample plants and firms, Germany 198
Table 6.2 3 (b) Size distribution of sample plants and firms, Republic of
Ireland/UK 198
Table 6.2 4 (a) Sample firms by ownership type, Germany 199
Table 6.2 4 (b) Sample firms by ownership type, Republic of Ireland/UK 199
Table 6.2 5 (a) Packaging: number of products sampled, by country 200
Table 6.2 5 (b) Dairy and drinks industry: number of products sampled, by
country 201
Table 6.2 6 Average percentage of firm employment with formal
qualifications 202
17
Table 6.2 7 Average percentage of machinery less than 5 years old 203
Table 6.2 8 Percentage of the labour force engaged in R D 204
Table 6.2 8 (continued) 204
Table 6.2 9 Numbers of firms exporting in each region and industry and
exports as average percentage of sales 205
Table 6.2 10 (a) Average employment growth, 1992 7 in sample plants
located in Great Britain, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. 205
Table 6.2 10 (b) Average employment growth, 1992 7 in sample plants
located in Germany 206
Table 6.2 11 (a) Solid waste initiatives: number of initiatives and
percentage of companies by sector in Germany 209
Table 6.2 11 (b) Solid waste initiatives: number of initiatives and
percentage of companies by sector in the Republic of Ireland/UK 210
Table 6.2 12 Environmental awareness initiatives: number of initiatives and
percentage of companies by sector 212
Table 6.2 13 Number of firms and plants matched by sector and country 213
Table 6.3 1 Number of sample plants 215
Table 6.3 2 Size distribution in the sample (figures in brackets show
national level) 216
Table 6.3 3 Capacity of the sample plants* 216
Table 6.3 4 Ownership structure of sample plants 217
Table 6.3 5 Kiln age, other technical characteristics and average investment
in the sample plants 218
Table 6.3 6 Average labour productivity* (measured as annual cement
tonnes per employee in cement, kiln and maintenance departments)
and hours worked per week 219
Table 6.3 7 Average raw material costs in Euro per tonne of cement in the
dry process 220
Table 6.3 8 Average energy and electricity costs in Euro 221
Table 6.3 9 Percentage of plants in each country using alternative fuels,
average share of alternative fuels of total energy consumption and
average energy consumption in kcal/kg clinker* 222
Table 6.3 10 Average per cent of production costs 222
Table 6.3 11 Average percentage distribution of sales according to type of
customer in the dry process sample 223
Table 6.3 12 Average planned investment for each year during the next five
years in per cent of sales and its purpose 224
18
Table 6.3 13 Average number of products, improved or new products in last
5 years, prices in 1998 225
Table 6.3 14 Energy consumption in kcal per kg of cement in sample plants. 226
Table 6.3 15 Average electricity consumption in kWh/t for CEM 32.5 POZ
in sample plants 226
Table 6.3 16 Frequency of various emission measurement techniques in
percentage of all plants (NOX, SO2, dust) and O2 content in the
sample 228
Table 6.3 17 Average dust emission limits and average performance at kiln
stacks of the sample plants 229
Table 6.3 18 Average SO2 emission limits and average performance in
mg/Nm3 at kiln stacks of the sample plants 230
Table 6.3 19 Average NOX emission limits and average performance in
mg/Nm3 at kiln stacks of the sample plants 231
Table 6.3 20 Average number of emission reduction measures implemented
(within the last 10 years) per plant classified according to countries*. 234
Table 6.3 21 Percentage of full scale NOX and SO2 abatement installations
in Germany, Spain and the UK on a national level and in the sample. 235
Table 6.3 22 Number of matched plants and firms in the cement industry 236
Table 6.4 1 Summary statistics in the packaging case study: distribution of
initiatives (total, median, average) by industry and country 237
Table 6.4 2 Ratio of average number of environmental measures
undertaken in German sample plants against Spanish and British
sample plants 239
Table 7.1 1 Numbers of plants matched in the dairy and meat sample 241
Table 7.1 2 Comparative productivity performance of sample firms
computed from sales data 241
Table 7.1 3 Comparative product quality in the dairy and meat sample 242
Table 7.1 4 Numbers of dairy and meat plants identified as international
best practice producers 242
Table 7.1 5 Numbers of dairy and meat plants with relatively high
productivity levels in national terms 242
Table 7.1 6 Number of waste water initiatives and firm performance:
output measures in dairy and meat sample 247
Table 7.1 7 Number of waste water initiatives and firm performance: input
measures in dairy and meat sample 247
Table 7.1 8 Degree of environmental awareness and firm performance
(highest score = 5, indicating greatest commitment to environmental
objectives) 248
19
Table 7.2 1 (a) Intensity of water use in dairy and meat sample 249
Table 7.2 1 (b) Distribution of dairy plants according to water use* 249
Table 7.2 1 (c) Distribution of meat plants according to water use* 249
Table 7.2 2 Source of water supply and water supply costs in the dairy and
meat sample 249
Table 7.2 3 Average cost of mains water in the dairy and meat sample 250
Table 7.2 4 Cost of waste water (number of sample plants) 250
Table 7.2 5 Numbers of direct and indirect dischargers in the dairy and
meat sample 251
Table 7.2 6 Range of sewer discharge costs facing sample plants in Pounds
Sterling 252
Table 7.2 7 Characteristics of effluent plants in dairy and meat sample 252
Table 7.2 8 Average effluent plant running costs in dairy and meat sample 253
Table 7.2 9 Range of effluent plant capital costs in dairy and meat sample 253
Table 7.2 10 Waste water costs and firm performance 254
Table 7.3 1 Waste water costs and average number of waste water
initiatives in the dairy and meat sample 255
Table 7.3 2 Effluent performance of all sample plants 256
Table 7.4 1 Plant size and number of waste water initiatives 257
Table 7.4 2 Plant size and waste water costs (as average percentage of
turnover) 257
Table 7.5 1 Drivers for undertaking waste water initiatives in the dairy and
meat sample (number of plants) 258
Table 7.5 2 Productivity effects arising from the reduction and treatment of
waste water in the dairy and meat sample (number of plants) 259
Table 7.5 3 Effluent plant and other waste water employment in the dairy
and meat sample (number of plants) 259
Table 7.6 1 Numbers of dairy and meat sample firms exporting and exports
as a percentage of all sales 262
Table 7.6 2 Main export markets in dairy and meat sample, number of
firms 262
Table 7.6 3 Sales by type of customers in the dairy and meat sample 263
Table 7.6 4 Competitive advantages at sample firms 264
Table 7.6 5 Competitive disadvantages in sample firms 265
Table 8.1 1 (a) Number of solid waste initiatives and firm performance:
output measures in dairy/drinks and packaging 272
Table 8.1 1 (b) Number of solid waste initiatives and firm performance:
output measures in retailing 273
20
Table 8.1 2 Number of solid waste initiatives and firm performance: input
measures in dairy/drinks and packaging 273
Table 8.1 3 Correlations between comparative productivity and
comparative numbers of initiatives for matched pairs,
ROI/UK:Germany 274
Table 8.1 4 Relationship between environmental awareness and solid waste
initiatives by sector in Germany 275
Table 8.2 1 (a) Solid waste costs and firm performance: output measures in
dairy/drinks and packaging 277
Table 8.2 1 (b) Retailing 277
Table 8.2 2 Solid waste costs and firm performance: input measures in
dairy/drinks and packaging 277
Table 8.2 3 International comparisons: correlations between comparative
waste costs and comparative firm performance, all matched pairs 278
Table 8.3 1 Distribution of solid waste costs (landfill and recycling) 280
Table 8.3 2 Percentage breakdown of total solid waste costs in German
sample 281
Table 8.3 3 Solid waste costs and number of solid waste initiatives 282
Table 8.3 4 Distribution of the DSD cost for dairy/drinks firms in Germany. 285
Table 8.3 5 Relationship between solid waste initiatives and DSD costs for
dairy/drinks in Germany 285
Table 8.4 1 (a) Average number of solid waste initiatives by plant size;
dairy/drinks and packaging 286
Table 8.4 1 (b) Average number of solid waste initiatives by plant size;
retailing 286
Table 8.4 2 (a) Average number of solid waste initiatives and plant size in
the German dairy/drinks and packaging sector 287
Table 8.4 2 (b) Average number of solid waste initiatives and company size
in the German retailing sector 288
Table 8.4 2 (c) Average number of solid waste initiatives and outlet size in
the German retailing sector 288
Table 8.4 3 Waste costs and size 288
Table 8.4 4 Average number of solid waste and awareness initiatives
undertaken, broken down by legal form of firm ownership (number
of firms shown in parentheses) 289
Table 8.4 5 Plant location and average number of initiatives (number of
firms shown in parentheses) 290
Table 8.4 6 (a) Waste costs and plant location in the German dairy/drinks
sample, as percentage of turnover 291
21
Table 8.4 6 (b) Average waste costs and plant location in the German
packaging sample, as percentage of turnover 291
Table 8.5 1 Percentage composition of drivers for undertaking solid waste
initiatives, all sectors (in brackets number of initiatives) 294
Table 8.5 2 Percentage of solid waste initiatives attributed to different
drivers, according to industries, in the German sample 295
Table 8.5 3 Percentages of solid waste initiatives attributed to different
drivers, all industries, in the German sample 295
Table 8.5 4 Solid waste initiatives, number and percentage of effects8 296
Table 8.5 5 The Number of Effects arising from Solid Waste Initiatives3
(Germany) 298
Table 8.5 6 (a) Breakdown of Machinery Effects by Sector, Germany*
(percentage in brackets) 299
Table 8.5 6 (b) Breakdown of Machinery Effects by Sector, Republic of
Ireland/UK*(percentage in brackets) 300
Table 8.5 7 Drivers and associated capital costs, solid waste initiatives,
Germany 300
Table 8.5 8 Drivers and associated running costs, solid waste initiatives,
Germany 301
Table 8.5 9 Costs arising from solid waste initiatives in Germany 301
Table 8.5 10 Legislation driven solid waste initiatives in Germany and their
associated costs 302
Table 8.5 11 Externally driven solid waste initiatives in Germany and their
associated costs 302
Table 8.5 12 Employment implications of solid waste initiatives 303
Table 8.6 1 (a) Competitive Advantages: main factors and numbers of
responses 306
Table 8.6 1 (b) Competitive Disadvantages: main factors and numbers of
responses 307
Table 8.6 2 Pressures on firms, number of responses 309
Table 8.6 3 Numbers of initiatives undertaken by dairy/drinks firms serving
major retailers 310
Table 9.1 1 Classification of emission data in low, medium and high and
number of plants in each country falling into these categories 321
Table 9.1 2 Classification of number of primary measures in the cement
sample and number of plants in each country falling into these
categories 322
22
Table 9.1 3 Classification of number of secondary measures in the cement
sample and number of plants in each country falling into these
categories 322
Table 9.1 4 Classification of total number of environmental initiatives and
number of plants in each country falling into these categories 322
Table 9.1 5 Number of cement plants in different environmental categories
and size classes* 324
Table 9.2 1 Distribution of sample plants according to environmental
performance and size 326
Table 9.2 2 Number of individually matched pairs in the cement sample* 326
Table 9.3 1 Average productivity in tonnes of cement per plant and year 328
Table 9.3 2 Average percentage of capacity utilisation over the last five
years 329
Table 9.3 3 Sales per head in M Euro 329
Table 9.3 4 Average price in Euro per tonne of cement 330
Table 9.3 5 Age of kiln in years and environmental performance 331
Table 9.3 6 Production costs in Euros per tonne of cement 332
Table 9.3 7 Skills Percentage distribution of expert systems 333
Table 9.3 8 Total annual investment as % of sales over the last five years 334
Table 9.3 9 Future investment in % of sales 334
Table 9.3 10 Environmental investment in primary NOX measures and
secondary measures for NOX, SOX and dust reduction as % of sales* . 336
Table 9.3 11 Use of alternative fuels in % of total energy consumption 337
Table 9.3 12 Timing of the use of alternative fuels and major items of
environmental investment 339
Table 9.3 13 Existence of environmental management systems 340
Table 9.3 14 Ownership distribution 341
Table 9.4 1 NOX and SOX reduction measures used only in Germany and
their impacts on business* 349
Table 9.4 2 Low NOX burners and their impacts on business 350
Table 9.4 3 Electrostatic precipitators and their impacts on business 351
Table 9.4 4 Bag filters and their impacts on business 352
Table 9.4 5 Energy saving measures and their impacts on business 353
Table 9.4 6 Process optimisation and their impacts on business 354
Table 9.4 7 Expert systems and their impacts on business 355
Table 9.4 8 Alternative fuels and their impacts on business 356
Table 9.4 9 Noise abatement and their impacts on business 357
23
Table 9.4 10 Examples of future environmental investment 358
Table 9.5 1 Competitive advantages: main factors and number of responses . 361
Table 9.5 2 Competitive disadvantages: main factors and number of
responses 362
Table 10.2 1 Overview of compliance costs in each case study 372
Table 10.2 2 Overview of results on the impact of stringent environmental
regulation in the three case studies of the German manufacturing
industry 391
Table A.3 1: Examples of maximum limits imposed by the authorities for
the levels of heavy metals in secondary fuels, in mg/kg (individual
plants in each country) 397
Table A.3 2 Emission limit values for cement plants burning non hazardous
waste or less than 40 per cent hazardous waste as to European Waste
Incineration Directive of November 2000 398
Table A.6 1 Description of most important solid waste initiatives for
Germany 399
Table A.6 2 Description of environmental awareness initiatives for
Germany 401
24
Boxes and Figures
Box 2.4 1 Summary of some factors impinging on the competitiveness
impacts of environmental cost internalisation 60
Box 3.1 1 Principles of modern environmental policy in Germany relative
to other countries 70
Box 3.2 1 Direct and indirect dischargers 77
Box 4.1 1 Checklist of ideas for reducing effluent loads in meat processing. 127
Box 4.3 1 Labour productivity in East Germany 159
Box 6.1 1 Overview of waste water initiatives in sample plants 192
Box 6.2 1 Classification of solid waste initiatives found in the sample
plants 207
Box 6.2 2 Details on solid waste initiatives undertaken by German firms 211
Box 6.2 3 Classification of environmental awareness variables found in
sample plants 212
Box 6.2 4 Details on German environmental awareness initiatives 213
Box 6.3 1 List of best available techniques for the reduction of NOX, SO2
and dust emissions used as background for the interviews in the
cement industry 233
Box 7.1 1 Details on waste water initiatives in Germany 243
Box 7.1 2 Details on waste water initiatives in the Republic of Ireland and
Northern Ireland 245
Box 7.5 1 New skills required to carry out waste water initiatives 260
Box 7.5 2 Examples of management time used for environment related
issues 261
Box 8.3 1 Number of solid waste initiatives, extent of waste reduction and
corresponding level of waste costs in Germany 283
Box 8.6 1 Case study examples of environmental pressures on German
firms 310
Box 9.3 1 Examples of costs savings through the use of alternative fuels in
Germany and the UK 337
Fig. 1.4 1: Initial stylised model for the relationship between environmental
and economic performance 34
Fig. 2.5 1 Framework for research 63 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Triebswetter, Ursula 1967- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)11449066X |
| author_facet | Triebswetter, Ursula 1967- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Triebswetter, Ursula 1967- |
| author_variant | u t ut |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV019721000 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HC290 |
| callnumber-raw | HC290.795.E5 |
| callnumber-search | HC290.795.E5 |
| callnumber-sort | HC 3290.795 E5 |
| callnumber-subject | HC - Economic History and Conditions |
| classification_rvk | QT 000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)56632561 (DE-599)BVBBV019721000 |
| dewey-full | 382/.045/000943 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 382 - International commerce (Foreign trade) |
| dewey-raw | 382/.045/000943 |
| dewey-search | 382/.045/000943 |
| dewey-sort | 3382 245 3943 |
| dewey-tens | 380 - Commerce, communications, transportation |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Deutschland Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Deutschland Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| id | DE-604.BV019721000 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-11T16:25:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3631529627 0820473537 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2004042312 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013048123 |
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| physical | 433 S. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Lang |
| record_format | marc |
| series | European university studies: Series V, Economics and management |
| series2 | European university studies: Series V, Economics and management |
| spelling | Triebswetter, Ursula 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)11449066X aut The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry a comparison with other countries of the European Union Ursula Triebswetter Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] Lang 2004 433 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier European university studies: Series V, Economics and management 3090 Includes bibliographical references (p. 409-433) Zugl.: Belfast, Univ., Diss., 2003 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Umweltpolitik Environmental policy Economic aspects Germany Environmental law Compliance costs Germany Environmental policy Economic aspects European Union countries Environmental law Compliance costs European Union countries Competition, International Internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4027386-6 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutzkosten (DE-588)4055735-2 gnd rswk-swf Verarbeitendes Gewerbe (DE-588)4127067-8 gnd rswk-swf Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 s Verarbeitendes Gewerbe (DE-588)4127067-8 s Umweltschutzkosten (DE-588)4055735-2 s Internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4027386-6 s Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b DE-604 European university studies: Series V, Economics and management 3090 (DE-604)BV000001798 3090 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013048123&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Triebswetter, Ursula 1967- The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry a comparison with other countries of the European Union European university studies: Series V, Economics and management Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Umweltpolitik Environmental policy Economic aspects Germany Environmental law Compliance costs Germany Environmental policy Economic aspects European Union countries Environmental law Compliance costs European Union countries Competition, International Internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4027386-6 gnd Umweltschutzkosten (DE-588)4055735-2 gnd Verarbeitendes Gewerbe (DE-588)4127067-8 gnd Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4027386-6 (DE-588)4055735-2 (DE-588)4127067-8 (DE-588)4078523-3 (DE-588)4011882-4 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry a comparison with other countries of the European Union |
| title_auth | The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry a comparison with other countries of the European Union |
| title_exact_search | The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry a comparison with other countries of the European Union |
| title_full | The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry a comparison with other countries of the European Union Ursula Triebswetter |
| title_fullStr | The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry a comparison with other countries of the European Union Ursula Triebswetter |
| title_full_unstemmed | The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry a comparison with other countries of the European Union Ursula Triebswetter |
| title_short | The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry |
| title_sort | the impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the german manufacturing industry a comparison with other countries of the european union |
| title_sub | a comparison with other countries of the European Union |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Umweltpolitik Environmental policy Economic aspects Germany Environmental law Compliance costs Germany Environmental policy Economic aspects European Union countries Environmental law Compliance costs European Union countries Competition, International Internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4027386-6 gnd Umweltschutzkosten (DE-588)4055735-2 gnd Verarbeitendes Gewerbe (DE-588)4127067-8 gnd Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Umweltpolitik Environmental policy Economic aspects Germany Environmental law Compliance costs Germany Environmental policy Economic aspects European Union countries Environmental law Compliance costs European Union countries Competition, International Internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Umweltschutzkosten Verarbeitendes Gewerbe Deutschland Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013048123&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000001798 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT triebswetterursula theimpactofenvironmentalregulationoncompetitivenessinthegermanmanufacturingindustryacomparisonwithothercountriesoftheeuropeanunion |