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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Preston, Thomas (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	London [u.a.] Macmillan 1894
Subjects:	Heat Thermodynamics Thermodynamik Wärme
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010223858&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Physical Description:	XVI, 719 S. Ill.

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adam_text	CONTENTS CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY SKETCH PAGE Section I.—Introductory .....·· ® Section II.—Preliminary Remarks on tie General Effects of Heat, and on the Meaning of the Terms used in the Subject. On the sense of heat and definition of temperature 12 Expansion 11 Change of state ......·■ 1® The meremy-in-glass thermometer . . . ■ 16 Expansion of the thermometric substance 19 Temperature equilibrium and quantity of heat . . . . 20, 21 Sensible heat and latent heat . . . - · 2® Specific heat and thermal capacity .... - 20 Thermometry by quantities of heat . .... 27 Thermometry by the sense of heat ..... 29 Remarks on the definition of temperature .... 30 Section III.—Early Theories of Heat. The caloric theory ....... 34 Section IV.—The Dynamical Generation of Ileat. The fire syringe ........ 37 Explanation of the calorists ...... 38 Rumford’s experiment ....... 39 Davy’s experiment ....... 42 The dynamical equivalent—Joule’s experiments ... 44 Transformation of heat into work ..... 46 The two laws of thermodynamics—Meaning of the term law in physical science ........ 48 Section V.—The Dynamical or Wave Theory of Heat. Antiquity of the idea ....... »1 The ether ........ 51 Heat and light reducible to the same agency .... 53 Waves beyond the limits of the senses ..... 55 Common theory of light and heat ..... 56 x THEORY OF HEAT Section VI.·—On Matter. Definitions . . - Divisibility of matter .... Atoms and molecules .... Idea of a fundamental medium . Continuity and heterogeneity . Three states of matter—Molecular theory Encounter and free path The dynamical theory of gases . Influence of the size and collisions of the molecules Molecular kinetic energies Structure of atoms—Rankine’s theory . Matter considered as due to motion in a medium The vortex atom .... Section VII.—On Energy. Motion the primary basis of all phenomena Relativity of motion and energy Conservation of energy .... History ...... On potential energy—All energy probably kinetic Perpetual motion—Indestructibility of matter . Indicator diagrams .... Graphic representation of work . Energy of a system in stationary motion CHAPTER II THERMOMETRY Section I.—Liquid Thermometers. Discontinuous thermoscopes Continuous thermoscopes and thermometers Determination of the fixed points Graduation of the thermometer . Calibration of the tube .... Displacements of the zero point. Choice of a thermometric substance Overflowing thermometers Maximum and minimum thermometers. Section II.—Gas and Vapour-Pressure Thermometers. Thermométrie substance obeying Boyle’s law . Air thermometers .... Calendar s compensated air thermometer Vapour-pressure thermometers . Comparison of thermometers Section III.—Pyrometry. Measurement of high temperatures . The method of cooling .... Vapour density pyrometers I AGIS 58 59 60 62 64 65 67 68 71 73 74 75 77 81 81 82 87 89 91 91 93 96 101 102 105 108 110 115 118 121 121 127 129 133 135 136 142 143 144 CONTENTS Platinum resistance pyrometers . Other methods · Strain thermometers Joule’s air-temperature thermometer . CHAPTER III DILATATION Section I.—Dilatation of Solids. Cubical expansion .... Linear and superficial expansion Determination of linear expansion Section II.—Dilatation of Liquids. Comparison of densities . . . ■ Method of equilibrating columns Kegnault’s experiments . . . . Application of the weight thermometer . The dilatometer . Study of the dilatation of water Maximum density of solutions . Dilatation of liquids at high temperatures Section III.—Dilatation of Gases. Dilatation of the thermometric substance Dilatation under constant pressure Kegnault’s experiments . . . . The pressure coefficient .... Method of variable pressure and volume Section IV.—Dilatation of Crystals. Three principal dilatations Change of the dihedral angles . Linear expansion in any direction Fizoau’s optical method . . . . CHAPTER IV CALORIMETRY Section I.—Introductory. The general methods of calorimetry Units and quantities of heat Specific heat ..... Absolute specific heat .... Section II.—The Method of Melting Ice. Black’s ice calorimeter .... Lavoisier and Laplace’s ice calorimeter . Bunsen’s ice calorimeter XI PA GO 146 150 151 152 157 159 160 164 165 168 173 175 177 183 184 186 188 191 194 195 199 200 201 202 207 208 211 213 215 216 217 TH KOKY OF HEAT xii Section III.—TIio Method of Mixtures. PAGE Preliminary considerations ...... 221 The water calorimeter ....... 222 The radiation correction . . . · ■ .223 Regnault’s apparatus ....... 226 Specific heats of liquids ....... 229 Favre and Silbermann’s calorimeter ..... 230 Section IV.·—The Method of Cooling. Apparatus of Dulong and Petit...... 233 Regnault’s experiments ....... 234 Section V.—The Method of Condensation. The steam calorimeter ....... 236 Differential steam calorimeter ...... 239 Section VI.—On the Specific Heats of Gases. The two specific heats of a gas ...... 243 Specific heat under constant pressure ..... 244 Method of stationary temperature ..... 248 Influence of pressure and temperature . . . . . 249 Difference of the two specific heats ..... 249 Internal energy of a gas—Joule’s law ..... 2.50 Fundamental equation for a perfect gas .... 251 Ratio of the two specific heats ...... 252 Method of Clement and Desormcs ..... 253 Method of Jamin and Richard ...... 255 Section VII.—On Atomic and Molecular Thermal Capacities, and the Variations of Specific Heat with Temperature. Dulong and Petit’s law7 ....... 256 Extensions of Dulong and Petit’s law ..... 257 Variation of specific heats with temperature .... 258 Influence of change of density and state .... 261 Specific heat of water ....... 262 CHAPTER V CHANGE OP STATE Section I.—Fusion. Normal fusing point ....... 269 Laws of fusion—Suvfusiun . . . . . .270 Fusion of alloys ........ 272 Change of volume during fusion ..... 273 Influence of pressure on the melting point . . . .275 Properties of ice, glacier motion, and rcgelation . . . 279 Latent heat of fusion ....... 283 Case if ice . . . . . · . 284 Fusion of amorphous solids ...... 286 Section II.—Evaporation and Ebullition- Molecular motion in liquids ...... 288 Evaporation in a closed space ...... 289 CONTENTS xiii PAGE Evaporation in an open space ...... 290 Ebullition . . . . , . .291 Variation of the boiling point—Conditions which determine ebullition 293 The spheroidal state ....... 297 Sublimation ........ 299 Freezing machines ....... 300 Latent heat of vaporisation ...... 304 Section III.—On the Pressure of Saturated Vapours. Determination of maximum vapour pressures .... 319 Regnault’s experiments ....... 322 Vapour pressure of mixed liquids ..... S29 Empirical formulae ....... 330 Section IV.—Vapour Densities. Gay-Lussac’s method ....... 335 Regnault’s experiments ....... 337 Mayer’s method ........ 338 Dumas’s method ....... 338 Experiments of Fairbaim and Tate ..... 341 Recent Experiments . . · · ■ ■ .344 Section V.—Mixtures of Gases and Vapours. Dalton’s experiment ....... 346 Dalton’s law ........ 350 Hygromctry ........ 353 Dew-point hygrometers 355 The chemical hygrometer ...... 360 Ilygroscopes or empiric hygrometers ..... 362 The wet and dry bulb hygrometer ..... 363 Section VI.—On the Continuity of State. Critical temperature ....... 368 Liquefaction of gases ....... 371 Experiments of Andrews . . . 372 State of matter near the critical point ..... 377 Determination of the critical constants .... 382 Distinction between gases and vapours ..... 385 Critical point of mixtures ...... 386 Liquid and vapour densities up to the critical point . . 388 .lames Thomson’s isothermal . . . ■ .394 Section VII.—On Equations relating to the Fluid State of Matter. Early experiments on Boyle’s law ..... 399 Amagat’s experiments ....... 403 Compressibility of gases under high pressures .... 410 Properties of vapours ....-·■ 412 Influence of intermolecular actions . . ■ .416 Van der IVaals’s equation ...... 419 Clausius’s equation ....... 421 Application of Clausius’s equation . . . . . 424 The critical constants ....... 428 Corresponding states ....... 430 XIV THEORY OF HEAT CHAPTER VI RADIATION՜ AND ABSORPTION SECTION I.—General Theoretical Considerations. PAQE Propagation of heat .....·· 435 Formation of a theory 436 Dynamical analogy . . . . . . .43/ The theory of exchanges .....· 440 Emissivity ........ 442 Section II.—Cooling. Empirical laws of cooling ...... 444 Experiments of Dulong and Petit ..... 446 Experiments of MM. De la Provostaye and Desains . . ■ 457 Stefan s law ........ 458 Emissivity in absolute measure ...... 460 Section III.—Diathermancy. Diathermancy of solids and liquids ..... 464 Diathermancy of gases and vapours—Tyndall s experiments . . 470 Case of aqueous vapour ....... 480 Experiments of Magnus ....... 483 Other experiments ....... 485 Section IV.—Radiometers. The differential thermometer ,....· 489 The thermopile ....... 491 The bolometer ........ 494 The radio-micrometer ....... 497 Other sensitive radiometers ...... 501 CHAPTER VII CONDUCTION Section I.—On the Conductivity of Solids. Preliminary considerations ...... 505 Comparison of conductivities . . ... . . 507 Rectilinear flow of heat . . . . . . . 509 Steady flow in a bar . . . . . . .511 Despretz’s experiments ....... 515 Experiments of Wiedemann and Franz ..... 517 Determination of absolute conductivity .... 518 Forbes’s method ........ 520 The guard-ring method ....... 527 Thermal and electric conductivity ..... 529 CONTENTS XV Periodic flow of heat in a bar Angstrom s experiments Conductivity of the earth’s crust General equations Conductivity of crystals , Experiments of M. do Senarmont Theory of crystalline conductivity Section II.—On the Conductivity of Fluids Despretz’s method Recent experiments Conductivity of gases Experiment of Andrews . Experiments of Magnus . Absolute conductivity of a gas . Simplest case of molecular convection PAGE 531 535 538 542 547 549 552 557 560 565 565 566 568 570 CHAPTER VIII THERMODYNAMICS Section I. —On the Dynamical Equivalent of Heat. Joule’s experiments .... Rowland’s experiments .... Experiments by various methods Section II.—The First Fundamental Principle. The first law and the energy equation . Cyclic transformations .... Integrating factor of the energy equation Section III.—The Second Fundamental Principle. The work of Sadi Carnot Carnot’s cycle ..... Carnot’s theorem .... The absolute scale of temperature Supposed violations of the second law . Section IV.—On Entropy and Available Energy. The theorem of Clausius Entropy ...... The theorem of Clausius considered as the second law Entropy of a system .... Available energy .... Dissipation of energy .... Graphic representations .... Work obtainable from an unequally heated body Section V.—Thermodynamic Formulae. Fundamental differential equations The four thermodynamic relations General relations .... 575 583 588 596 597 599 604 606 610 615 618 623 625 627 628 629 630 631 632 637 641 643 XVI THEORY OF HEAT Section VI,—Change of State. page The fundamental equations ...... 650 Internal and external latent heats ..... 654 Specific heat of saturated vapour ..... 655 The triple point ........ 661 Section VII.—Thermodynamic Potential. Characteristic functions ....... 668 Condition of the possibility of a transformation . . . 670 Thermodynamic potential at constant pressure and at constant volume 671 Thermodynamic potential of a mixture . . . . .673 Applications to change of state ...... 673 The triple point ........ 676 Applications ........ 678 Section VIII.—Geometrical Representations. Plane diagrams ........ 680 Characteristic surfaces ....... 683 Gibbs’s model ........ 685 Surface of stability ....... 690 Section IX.—On the Absolute Scale of Temperature. Introduction ........ 695 First example ........ 696 Second example ........ 697 The porous plug experiment, and graduation of gas thermometers ac- cording to the absolute scale ...... 699-710 Index 711
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title	The theory of heat
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title_full	The theory of heat Th. Preston
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