Verfügbarkeit: Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Beteiligte Personen:	Fultz, Brent 1955- (VerfasserIn), Howe, James M. 1955- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2002
Ausgabe:	2. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	Physics and astronomy online library
Schlagwörter:	Röntgendiffraktometrie Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskopie
Links:	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009873333&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
Beschreibung:	Literaturangaben
Umfang:	XXI, 748 S. zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3540437649 3540678417

Internformat

MARC


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245	1	0	\|a Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials \|b with numerous exercises \|c Brent Fultz ; James Howe
250			\|a 2. ed.
264		1	\|a Berlin [u.a.] \|b Springer \|c 2002
300			\|a XXI, 748 S. \|b zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst.
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Datensatz im Suchindex

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DE-BY-UBR_location	UB Lesesaal Physik
DE-BY-UBR_media_number	069030783839
_version_	1835107931837693952
adam_text	CONTENTS 1. DIFFRACTION AND THE X-RAYPOWDER DIFFRACTOMETER ........ 1 1.1 DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 BRAGGS LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3 STRAIN EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.1.4 SIZE EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.1.5 A SYMMETRY CONSIDERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.1.6 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2 THE CREATION OF X-RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.2.1 BREMSSTRAHLUNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.2.2 CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.2.3 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.3 THE X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTOMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.1 PRACTICE OF X-RAY GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.2 GONIOMETER FOR POWDER DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.3.3 MONOCHROMATORS AND FILTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.4 X-RAY DETECTORS FOR XRD AND TEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.4.1 DETECTOR PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.4.2 POSITION-SENSITIVE DETECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.4.3 CHARGE SENSITIVE PREAMPLIFIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.4.4 OTHER ELECTRONICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.5 EXPERIMENTAL X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.5.1 INTENSITIES OF POWDER DIFFRACTION PEAKS . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.5.2 PHASE FRACTION MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 1.5.3 LATTICE PARAMETER MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 1.5.4 * REFINEMENT METHODS FOR POWDER DIFFRACTION DATA . . . 52 1.5.5 * PAIR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2. THE TEM AND ITS OPTICS .................................. 63 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE . . . . . . . 63 2.2 WORKING WITH LENSES AND RAY DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.2.1 SINGLE LENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 XIV CONTENTS 2.2.2 MULTI-LENS SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.3 MODES OF OPERATION OF A TEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2.3.1 CONVENTIONAL MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2.3.2 CONVERGENT-BEAM ELECTRON DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 2.3.3 HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.4 REAL LENS SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 2.4.1 ILLUMINATION LENS SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 2.4.2 IMAGING LENS SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2.5 GLASS LENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2.5.1 INTERFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2.5.2 LENSES AND RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2.5.3 LENSES AND PHASE SHIFTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.6 MAGNETIC LENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 2.7 LENS ABERRATIONS AND OTHER DEFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 2.7.1 SPHERICAL ABERRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2.7.2 CHROMATIC ABERRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2.7.3 DIFFRACTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 2.7.4 ASTIGMATISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 2.7.5 GUN BRIGHTNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 2.8 RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 3. SCATTERING ................................................ 123 3.1 COHERENCE AND INCOHERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3.1.1 PHASE AND ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3.1.2 WAVE AMPLITUDES AND CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 3.2 X-RAY SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.2.1 ELECTRODYNAMICS OF X-RAY SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.2.2 * INELASTIC COMPTON SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3.2.3 X-RAY MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 3.3 COHERENT ELASTIC SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 3.3.1 * BORN APPROXIMATION FOR ELECTRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 3.3.2 ATOMIC FORM FACTORS * PHYSICAL PICTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3.3.3 * SCATTERING OF ELECTRONS BY MODEL POTENTIALS . . . . . . . . 146 3.3.4 * * ATOMIC FORM FACTORS * GENERAL FORMULATION . . . . . . 150 3.4 * NUCLEAR SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 3.4.1 PROPERTIES OF NEUTRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 3.4.2 * INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 3.4.3 * M¨ OSSBAUER SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 CONTENTS XV 4. INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING AND SPECTROSCOPY ........... 167 4.1 INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 4.2 ELECTRON ENERGY-LOSS SPECTROMETRY (EELS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4.2.1 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4.2.2 GENERAL FEATURES OF EELS SPECTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.2.3 * FINE STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4.3 PLASMON EXCITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.3.1 PLASMON PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.3.2 * PLASMONS AND SPECIMEN THICKNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 4.4 CORE EXCITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 4.4.1 SCATTERING ANGLES AND ENERGIES * QUALITATIVE . . . . . . . . 182 4.4.2 * INELASTIC FORM FACTOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 4.4.3 * * DOUBLE-DIFFERENTIAL CROSS-SECTION, D 2 * IN / D * D E . . . 188 4.4.4 * SCATTERING ANGLES AND ENERGIES * QUANTITATIVE. . . . . . 190 4.4.5 * * DIFFERENTIAL CROSS-SECTION, D * IN / D E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 4.4.6 * PARTIAL AND TOTAL CROSS-SECTIONS, * IN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 4.4.7 QUANTIFICATION OF EELS CORE EDGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 4.5 * ENERGY-FILTERED TEM IMAGING (EFTEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 4.5.1 * ENERGY FILTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 4.5.2 * CHEMICAL MAPPING WITH ENERGY-FILTERED IMAGES . . . . 200 4.5.3 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS WITH HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION . . . . . . 202 4.6 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROMETRY (EDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 4.6.1 ELECTRON TRAJECTORIES THROUGH MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 4.6.2 FLUORESCENCE YIELD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 4.6.3 EDS INSTRUMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 4.6.4 THIN-FILM APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 4.6.5 * ZAF CORRECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 4.6.6 LIMITS OF MICROANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 5. DIFFRACTION FROM CRYSTALS ................................. 225 5.1 SUMS OF WAVELETS FROM ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 5.1.1 ELECTRON DIFFRACTION FROM A MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 5.1.2 WAVE DIFFRACTION FROM A MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 5.2 THE RECIPROCAL LATTICE AND THE LAUE CONDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 5.2.1 DIFFRACTION FROM A SIMPLE LATTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 5.2.2 RECIPROCAL LATTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 5.2.3 LAUE CONDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 5.2.4 EQUIVALENCE OF THE LAUE CONDITION AND BRAGGS LAW . . 235 5.2.5 RECIPROCAL LATTICES OF CUBIC CRYSTALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 5.3 DIFFRACTION FROM A LATTICE WITH A BASIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 5.3.1 STRUCTURE FACTOR AND SHAPE FACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 5.3.2 STRUCTURE FACTOR RULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 5.3.3 SYMMETRY OPERATIONS AND FORBIDDEN DIFFRACTIONS . . . . 244 XVI CONTENTS 5.3.4 SUPERLATTICE DIFFRACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 5.4 CRYSTAL SHAPE FACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 5.4.1 SHAPE FACTOR OF RECTANGULAR PRISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 5.4.2 OTHER SHAPE FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 5.4.3 SMALL PARTICLES IN A LARGE MATRIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 5.5 DEVIATION VECTOR (DEVIATION PARAMETER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 5.6 EWALD SPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 5.6.1 EWALD SPHERE CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 5.6.2 EWALD SPHERE AND BRAGGS LAW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 5.6.3 TILTING SPECIMENS AND TILTING ELECTRON BEAMS . . . . . . . 261 5.7 LAUE ZONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 5.8 * EFFECTS OF CURVATURE OF THE EWALD SPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 6. ELECTRON DIFFRACTION AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY ................. 275 6.1 INDEXING DIFFRACTION PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 6.1.1 ISSUES IN INDEXING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 6.1.2 METHOD 1 * START WITH ZONE AXIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 6.1.3 METHOD 2 * START WITH DIFFRACTION SPOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 6.2 STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS AND THEIR MANIPULATION . . . . . . . . . . 284 6.2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF A STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . 284 6.2.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS AND ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERNS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 6.2.3 MANIPULATIONS OF STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . 286 6.3 KIKUCHI LINES AND SPECIMEN ORIENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 6.3.1 ORIGIN OF KIKUCHI LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 6.3.2 INDEXING KIKUCHI LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 6.3.3 SPECIMEN ORIENTATION AND DEVIATION PARAMETER . . . . . . 298 6.3.4 THE SIGN OF S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 6.3.5 KIKUCHI MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 6.4 DOUBLE DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 6.4.1 OCCURRENCE OF FORBIDDEN DIFFRACTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 6.4.2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CRYSTALLITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 6.5 * CONVERGENT-BEAM ELECTRON DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 6.5.1 CONVERGENCE ANGLE OF INCIDENT ELECTRON BEAM . . . . . . . 308 6.5.2 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE THICKNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 6.5.3 MEASUREMENTS OF UNIT CELL PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 6.5.4 * * DETERMINATION OF POINT GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 6.5.5 * * DETERMINATION OF SPACE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 6.6 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 CONTENTS XVII 7. DIFFRACTION CONTRAST IN TEM IMAGES ...................... 339 7.1 CONTRAST IN TEM IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 7.2 A REVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND SHAPE FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 7.3 EXTINCTION DISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 7.4 THE PHASE-AMPLITUDE DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 7.5 FRINGES FROM SAMPLE THICKNESS VARIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 7.5.1 THICKNESS AND PHASE-AMPLITUDE DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . 348 7.5.2 THICKNESS CONTOURS IN TEM IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 7.6 BEND CONTOURS IN TEM IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 7.7 DIFFRACTION CONTRAST FROM STRAIN FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 7.8 DISLOCATIONS AND BURGERS VECTOR DETERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 7.8.1 DIFFRACTION CONTRAST FROM DISLOCATION STRAIN FIELDS . . . 361 7.8.2 THE G B RULE FOR NULL CONTRAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 7.8.3 IMAGE POSITION AND DISLOCATION PAIRS OR LOOPS . . . . . . . 367 7.9 SEMI-QUANTITATIVE DIFFRACTION CONTRAST FROM DISLOCATIONS . . . . 370 7.10 WEAK-BEAM DARK-FIELD (WBDF) IMAGING OF DISLOCATIONS . . . . 378 7.10.1 PROCEDURE TO MAKE A WBDF IMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 7.10.2 DIFFRACTION CONDITION FOR A WBDF IMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 7.10.3 ANALYSIS OF WBDF IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 7.11 FRINGES AT INTERFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 7.11.1 PHASE SHIFTS OF ELECTRON WAVELETS ACROSS INTERFACES . . . 385 7.11.2 MOIR´ E FRINGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 7.12 DIFFRACTION CONTRAST FROM STACKING FAULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 7.12.1 KINEMATICAL TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 7.12.2 RESULTS FROM DYNAMICAL THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 7.12.3 DETERMINATION OF THE INTRINSIC OR EXTRINSIC NATURE OF STACKING FAULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 7.12.4 PARTIAL DISLOCATIONS BOUNDING THE FAULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 7.12.5 AN EXAMPLE OF A STACKING FAULT ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 7.12.6 SETS OF STACKING FAULTS IN TEM IMAGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 7.12.7 RELATED FRINGE CONTRAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 7.13 ANTIPHASE ( * ) BOUNDARIES AND * BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 7.13.1 ANTIPHASE BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 7.13.2 * BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 7.14 CONTRAST FROM PRECIPITATES AND OTHER DEFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 7.14.1 VACANCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 7.14.2 COHERENT PRECIPITATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 7.14.3 SEMICOHERENT AND INCOHERENT PARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 XVIII CONTENTS 8. DIFFRACTION LINESHAPES .................................... 423 8.1 DIFFRACTION LINE BROADENING AND CONVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 8.1.1 CRYSTALLITE SIZE BROADENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 8.1.2 STRAIN BROADENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 8.1.3 INSTRUMENTAL BROADENING * CONVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 8.2 FOURIER TRANSFORM DECONVOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 8.2.1 MATHEMATICAL FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 8.2.2 EFFECTS OF NOISE ON FOURIER TRANSFORM DECONVOLUTIONS . 437 8.3 SIMULTANEOUS STRAIN AND SIZE BROADENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 8.4 * FOURIER METHODS WITH MULTIPLE ORDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 8.4.1 * * FORMULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 8.4.2 * STRAIN HETEROGENEITY AND PEAK ASYMMETRY. . . . . . . . . 452 8.4.3 * COLUMN LENGTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 8.4.4 * * SIZE COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 8.4.5 * PRACTICAL ISSUES IN WARRENAVERBACH ANALYSIS . . . . . . 458 8.5 COMMENTS ON DIFFRACTION LINESHAPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 9. PATTERSON FUNCTIONS AND DIFFUSE SCATTERING ............... 465 9.1 THE PATTERSON FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 9.1.1 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 9.1.2 ATOM CENTERS AT POINTS IN SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 9.1.3 DEFINITION OF THE PATTERSON FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 9.1.4 PROPERTIES OF PATTERSON FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 9.1.5 PERFECT CRYSTALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 9.2 PATTERSON FUNCTIONS FOR HOMOGENEOUS DISORDER AND ATOMIC DISPLACEMENT DIFFUSE SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 9.2.1 DEVIATIONS FROM PERIODICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 9.2.2 UNCORRELATED DISPLACEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 9.2.3 * CORRELATED DISPLACEMENTS: ATOMIC SIZE EFFECTS . . . . . . 478 9.2.4 * TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 9.3 DIFFUSE SCATTERING FROM CHEMICAL DISORDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 9.3.1 RANDOMNESS * UNCORRELATED CHEMICAL DISORDER . . . . . . 485 9.3.2 * * SRO PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 9.3.3 * * PATTERSON FUNCTION FOR CHEMICAL SRO . . . . . . . . . . . 491 9.3.4 SHORT-RANGE ORDER DIFFUSE INTENSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 9.3.5 * * ISOTROPIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 9.3.6 * POLYCRYSTALLINE AVERAGE AND SINGLE CRYSTAL SRO . . . . 494 9.4 * AMORPHOUS MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 9.4.1 * * ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 9.4.2 * * RADIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 9.4.3 * * PARTIAL PAIR CORRELATION FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 9.5 SMALL ANGLE SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 9.5.1 CONCEPT OF SMALL ANGLE SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 CONTENTS XIX 9.5.2 * GUINIER APPROXIMATION (SMALL K ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 9.5.3 POROD LAW (LARGE K ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 9.5.4 * DENSITY-DENSITY CORRELATIONS (ALL K ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 10. HIGH-RESOLUTION TEM IMAGING ........................... 521 10.1 HUYGENS PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 10.1.1 WAVELETS FROM POINTS IN A CONTINUUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 10.1.2 HUYGENS PRINCIPLE FOR A SPHERICAL WAVEFRONT FRESNEL ZONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 10.1.3 * FRESNEL DIFFRACTION NEAR AN EDGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 10.2 PHYSICAL OPTICS OF HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 10.2.1 * WAVEFRONTS AND FRESNEL PROPAGATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 10.2.2 * LENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 10.2.3 * MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 10.3 EXPERIMENTAL HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 10.3.1 DEFOCUS AND SPHERICAL ABERRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 10.3.2 * LENSES AND SPECIMENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 10.3.3 LENS CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 10.4 * SIMULATIONS OF HIGH-RESOLUTION TEM IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 10.4.1 PRINCIPLES OF SIMULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 10.4.2 * PRACTICE OF SIMULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 10.5 ISSUES AND EXAMPLES IN HIGH-RESOLUTION TEM IMAGING . . . . . . 566 10.5.1 IMAGES OF NANOSTRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 10.5.2 EXAMPLES OF INTERFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 10.5.3 * EFFECTS OF SOLUTE MISFIT AND SCATTERING FACTOR DIFFERENCES ON SPOT INTENSITIES . . 572 10.5.4 * SPECIMEN AND MICROSCOPE PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 10.5.5 * HINTS AND TRICKS FOR HRTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 10.6 Z -CONTRAST IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 10.6.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF Z -CONTRAST IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 10.6.2 COMPARISON OF Z -CONTRAST IMAGING WITH HRTEM IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 10.6.3 Z -CONTRAST IMAGING WITH ATOMIC RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . 592 10.6.4 DEVELOPMENTS IN ATOMIC-RESOLUTION IMAGING . . . . . . . . . 594 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 11. DYNAMICAL THEORY ........................................ 597 11.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 11.2 * * MATHEMATICAL FEATURES OF HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRONS IN A PERIODIC POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 11.2.1 * * THE SCHR¨ ODINGER EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 11.2.2 * KINEMATICAL AND DYNAMICAL THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 XX CONTENTS 11.2.3 THE CRYSTAL AS A PHASE GRATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 11.3 FIRST APPROACH TO DYNAMICAL THEORY * BEAM PROPAGATION . . . 609 11.4 * SECOND APPROACH TO DYNAMICAL THEORY * BLOCH WAVES AND DISPERSION SURFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 11.4.1 DIFFRACTED BEAMS, { * G } , ARE BEATS OF BLOCH WAVES, { * ( J ) } . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 11.4.2 CRYSTAL PERIODICITY AND DISPERSION SURFACES . . . . . . . . . . 619 11.4.3 ENERGIES OF BLOCH WAVES IN A PERIODIC POTENTIAL . . . . . . 623 11.4.4 * GENERAL TWO-BEAM DYNAMICAL THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . 626 11.5 ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KINEMATICAL AND DYNAMICAL THEORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 11.6 * DIFFRACTION ERROR, S G , IN TWO-BEAM DYNAMICAL THEORY . . . . 637 11.6.1 BLOCH WAVE AMPLITUDES AND DIFFRACTION ERROR. . . . . . . . 637 11.6.2 DISPERSION SURFACE CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 11.7 DYNAMICAL DIFFRACTION CONTRAST FROM CRYSTAL DEFECTS . . . . . . . 641 11.7.1 DYNAMICAL DIFFRACTION CONTRAST WITHOUT ABSORPTION . . 641 11.7.2 * * TWO-BEAM DYNAMICAL THEORY OF STACKING FAULT CONTRAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646 11.7.3 DYNAMICAL DIFFRACTION CONTRAST WITH ABSORPTION . . . . . 650 11.8 * * MULTI-BEAM DYNAMICAL THEORIES OF ELECTRON DIFFRACTION . . 655 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................. 663 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 REFERENCES AND FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 A. APPENDIX ................................................. 677 A.1 INDEXED POWDER DIFFRACTION PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 A.2 MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS FOR CHARACTERISTIC K* X-RAYS . 678 A.3 ATOMIC FORM FACTORS FOR X-RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 A.4 X-RAY DISPERSION CORRECTIONS FOR ANOMALOUS SCATTERING . . . . . 683 A.5 ATOMIC FORM FACTORS FOR 200 KEV ELECTRONS AND PROCEDURE FOR CONVERSION TO OTHER VOLTAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 A.6 INDEXED SINGLE CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION PATTERNS: FCC, BCC, DC, HCP . 689 A.7 STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 A.8 EXAMPLES OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 A.9 K* 1 , K* 2 SPLITTING AND THE RACHINGER CORRECTION . . . . . . . . . . 706 A.10 NUMERICAL APPROXIMATION FOR THE VOIGT FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . 707 A.11 DEBYEWALLER FACTOR FROM WAVE AMPLITUDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708 A.12 REVIEW OF DISLOCATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 A.13 TEM LABORATORY EXERCISES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 A.13.1 PRELIMINARY JEOL 2000FX DAILY OPERATION . . . . . . . . 716 A.13.2 PRELIMINARY * PHILIPS 400T DAILY OPERATION . . . . . . . . . 720 CONTENTS XXI A.13.3 LABORATORY 1 * MICROSCOPE PROCEDURES AND CALIBRATION WITH AU AND MOO 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 A.13.4 LABORATORY 2 * DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF * * PRECIPITATES . 726 A.13.5 LABORATORY 3 * CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF * * PRECIPITATES . . 729 A.13.6 LABORATORY 4 * CONTRAST ANALYSIS OF DEFECTS . . . . . . . . . 730 A.14 FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED CONSTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 INDEX ......................................................... 735 IN SECTION TITLES, THE ASTERISK, *, DENOTES A MORE SPECIALIZED TOPIC. THE DOUBLE DAGGER, * * ,* WARNS OF A HIGHER LEVEL OF MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS, OR CRYS- TALLOGRAPHY.
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illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-12-20T11:04:20Z
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language	English
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spellingShingle	Fultz, Brent 1955- Howe, James M. 1955- Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises Röntgendiffraktometrie (DE-588)4336833-5 gnd Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskopie (DE-588)4215608-7 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4336833-5 (DE-588)4215608-7
title	Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises
title_auth	Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises
title_exact_search	Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises
title_full	Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises Brent Fultz ; James Howe
title_fullStr	Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises Brent Fultz ; James Howe
title_full_unstemmed	Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises Brent Fultz ; James Howe
title_short	Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials
title_sort	transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises
title_sub	with numerous exercises
topic	Röntgendiffraktometrie (DE-588)4336833-5 gnd Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskopie (DE-588)4215608-7 gnd
topic_facet	Röntgendiffraktometrie Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskopie
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009873333&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT fultzbrent transmissionelectronmicroscopyanddiffractometryofmaterialswithnumerousexercises AT howejamesm transmissionelectronmicroscopyanddiffractometryofmaterialswithnumerousexercises

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