The third sector as a job machine?: conditions, potentials and policies for job creation in German nonprofit organizations
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis/Dissertation Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frankfurt am Main ; Berlin ; Bern ; Bruxelles ; New York ; Oxfor
Lang
2001
|
| Series: | Europäische Hochschulschriften
Reihe 5, Volks- und Betriebswirtschaft ; 2805 |
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009484214&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Physical Description: | 354 S. graph. Darst. : 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 3631384653 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction: Objectives and Theoretical
Framework 17
1.1. Context and Objectives of the Dissertation 17
1.1.1. Context of the Dissertation: The NETS Project 17
1.1.2. Objectives and Structure of the Dissertation 21
1.2. Theoretical and Empirical Framework of Third Sector
Research 23
1.2.1 Explanatory Approaches of a Third Sector 24
1.2.1.1. Definitions and Terminology 24
1.2.1.2. Theoretical Approaches 30
1.2.2. Empirical Research on the Geman Third Sector 37
1.2.3. Trend of Tertiarization as Major Factor for Employment
Growth in the Third Sector 45
1.2.3.1. Definitory and Classificatory Difficulties 45
1.2.3.2. Overview of the Quantitative Process of Tertiarization 52
1.2.3.3. Dynamics Affecting Personal Social Services and the Third
Sector 56
Chapter 2 Review of the German Third Sector s Legal Basis 61
2.1. Legal Forms Eligible for Nonprofit Purposes 61
2.1.1. Voluntary Associations (Vereine) 62
2.1.2. Foundations (Stiftungen) 66
2.1.3. Cooperatives (Genossenschaften) 70
2.1.4. Limited Liability Companies (GmbH) 73
2.2. Tax Treatment of NPOs 76
2.2.1. Tax Treatment of Organizations 76
2.2.2. Tax Treatment of Contributions to Domestic NPOs 79
2.2.3. Taxation of Business Activities 80
2.3. Law Regulating Public Grant Giving 80
2.3.1. Types of Grant Giving and Forms of Subsidizing 82
9
2.3.2. Application Procedures 83
2.3.3. Use and Proof of Public Grants 84
Chapter 3 Empirical Part: The Survey 87
3.1. Objectives and Methodology 87
3.1.1. Objectives of the Survey and Choice of Methods 87
3.1.1.1. Objectives of the Survey 87
3.1.1.2. Choice of Methods 88
3.1.2. Methodology of the Written Survey 89
3.1.2.1. Designing the Questionnaire 89
3.1.2.2. Sampling 92
3.1.2.2.1. Defining and Classifying the Third Sector 92
3.1.2.2.2. Sampling Procedure 95
3.1.2.3. Realization of the Survey and Return Rate 99
3.1.2.4. Comparing the Sampling Quota With Found Characteristics 101
3.1.2.5. Coding of the Questionnaire and Data Input 104
3.1.2.6. Evaluation Process and Presentation of Results 105
3.1.3. Methodology of the Expert Interviews 105
3.1.3.1. Development of the Interview Guide 105
3.1.3.2. Choice of the Interview Partners 108
3.1.3.3. Conduction of the Interviews 112
3.1.3.4. Evaluation Process 113
3.2. Univariate Results of the Questionnaire 115
3.2.1. Characteristics of the Organizations 115
3.2.2. Revenues and Expenses in the Budgets of TSOs 120
3.2.2.1. Amounts of Budget, Revenue Forms and Financial
Dependencies 120
3.2.2.2. Compositions of Expenses and Use of Surplus 124
3.2.2.3. Marketing Policies and Pricing Strategies of NPOs 126
3.2.3. Employment and Personnel Management 127
3.2.3.1. Employment Situation in 1997 127
3.2.3.2. Trends of Employment Between 1995 and 1997 131
3.2.3.3. Personnel Policies, Skill Needs, and Participation 132
3.2.4. Present and Future Policies for the Third Sector 136
3.2.4.1. Assessments of Present Policies 137
3.2.4.2. Demands for Future Policies 138
3.2.4.3. Assessments of General Social and Economic Policies for the
Third Sector 139
10
3.3. Bivariate Analysis of the Results 140
3.3.1. Characteristics Regarding Main Fields of Activity 140
3.3.1.1. Main Fields of Activity and Age of Organizations 140
3.3.1.2. Main Fields of Activity and Legal Forms 141
3.3.2. Determinants of the Budget Size 142
3.3.2.1. Budget Size and Main Fields of Activity 142
3.3.2.2. Budget Size and Legal Forms 143
3.3.3. Determinants of the Composition of Budgets 144
3.3.3.1. Budget Size and Composition of Budgets 144
3.3.3.2. Main Fields of Activity and Composition of Budgets 145
3.3.3.3. Legal Forms and Composition of Budgets 147
3.3.4. Structure of Expenses and Macro Areas of Activity 148
3.3.5. Use of Surplus and Macro Areas of Activity 149
3.3.6. Marketing Policies and Legal Forms 151
3.3.7. Determinants of Employment 151
3.3.7.1. Employment and Legal Form 151
3.3.7.2. Employment and Main Fields of Activity 154
3.3.7.3. Employment in East and West Germany 156
3.3.7.4. Employment and Budget Size 159
3.3.7.5. Employment and Composition of Budgets 161
3.3.8. Demanded Policies for Employment: Cross Analyses 163
3.3.8.1. Preferences in Different Macro Areas 163
3.3.8.2. Preferences According to the Budget Size 163
3.3.8.3. Preferences According to the Size of Labour Force 164
3.4. Results of the Interviews 164
3.4.1. Future Employment Prospects of the Third Sector 165
3.4.2. Assessment of the Legal Framework of the Third Sector 170
3.4.3. Economic Conditions: How to Achieve More Autonomy
From the State 176
3.4.4. Assessment of Public Support for Nonprofit Start Ups 181
3.4.5. Looking for Fresh Money: Should Banks and Foundations be
More Committed? 183
3.4.6. Internal NPO Affairs: Need of Action Regarding Working
Conditions? 185
3.4.7. Assessment of Needs for Further Training in the Third Sector 187
3.4.8. Relevance of Internal and External Participation for
Innovation in the TS 190
3.4.9. Assessment of the European Common Market for the TS 193
3.4.10. Demands on Politics: Most Urgent Reforms 195
11
Chapter 4 Employment Potentials of the Third Sector:
Key Factors, Prospects, Policy Proposals 199
4.1. Key Factors for Employment 199
4.1.1. Legal Form as a Key Factor 200
4.1.2. Fields of Activity as Key Factors 201
4.1.3. Amount of Budget as a Key Factor 202
4.1.4. Composition of Budget as a Key Factor 203
4.2. Employment Perspectives: Hypotheses of the Future 204
4.2.1. Slowed Down Job Machine in Publicly Financed Fields 204
4.2.2. Possible Job Prospects in New Services and Ecological Fields 204
4.2.3. Urgent Need for Removing Obstacles for Job Creation 205
4.2.4. More Reliable Financial Basis Instead of Patchwork Funding 205
4.3. Proposals for Active, Job Promoting Policies for the
Third Sector 206
4.3.1. Proposals for Improving the Legal Framework of the TS 206
4.3.1.1. Reforms Concerning the Legal Forms of NPOs 206
4.3.1.1.1. The Legal Framework for Associations 206
4.3.1.1.2. The Legal Basis for Foundations 209
4.3.1.1.3. The Legal Basis for Cooperatives 211
4.3.1.2. Reforms Concerning the Economic Situation of NPOs 213
4.3.1.2.1. Taxation Laws Regulating the Public Benefit Status 213
4.3.1.2.2. Law Regulating Public Grant Giving (Zuwendungsrecht) 215
4.3.1.2.3. Employment Promotion Act (ArbeitsfSrderungsgesetz) 216
4.3.2. Proposals for Direct Job Promotion in the Third Sector 218
4.3.2.1. Job Promotion in Promising New Fields of Activity 218
4.3.2.2. Combining Employment Promotion and Economic Aids 220
Chapter 5 Impact of Policies on National Public Expenditure 223
5.1. Objectives and Contents of the Analysis 223
5.2. Realization 224
5.2.1. Operationalization 224
5.2.1.1. Public Promotion of Employment by Active Labour Market
Policy 224
5.2.1.2. Expansion of Public Demand for Services of the Third Sector 225
5.2.1.3. Quantitative Comparison of Subsidies for the Sectors of
Public Benefit and Private Industry 226
12
5.2.2. Selection of Exemplary City States and Subcontracting 227
5.3. Results of the Evaluation 228
5.3.1. Public Promotion of Employment 229
5.3.1.1. Background Information on Employment and Unemployment
in the FRG 229
5.3.1.1.1. Basic Data on the Employment Situation in the FRG and the
City States 229
5.3.1.1.2. Employment Promotion: Financing and Number of Jobs 234
5.3.1.1.3. Employment Policy and Third Sector 242
5.3.1.2. Cost Benefit Analysis of Active Employment Promotion 248
5.3.2. Expansion of the Public Demand for Child Care Services 250
5.3.2.1. General Situation of Child Care Services in the FRG 250
5.3.2.2. Results of the Exemplary Studies in Bremen and Berlin 256
5.3.2.2.1. Methodical Problems 257
5.3.2.2.2. Supply Situation 258
5.3.2.2.3. Additional Demand 259
5.3.2.2.4. Employment Potential of an Expansion of Child Care in
Bremen 261
5.3.2.2.5. Cost Effects 263
5.3.2.2.6. Projection of the Bremen Data to the Western Laender 264
5.3.2.2.7. Conclusions 264
5.3.3. Comparative Analysis of Public Funds for the Third Sector
and the Private Sector 265
5.3.3.1. General Methodical Problems 265
5.3.3.2. Results of the Exemplary Studies in Bremen and Berlin 268
5.4. Conclusion 270
Chapter 6 Final Conclusions 273
Appendix 279
References 280
Tables and Graphs Illustrating the Empirical Survey 305
Questionnaire of Postal Survey 343
Interview Guide 352
13
Index of Tables
Tables Included in the Text
Chapter 1
Table 1 Employment and Expenditures in the German Nonprofit
Sector in 1990/1995 41
Table 2 ICNPO Classification of Main Fields 42
Table 3 Types of Organizations Included in the German Study of JHP 42
Table 4 Tertiarization: Proportions of Employment in Economic
Sectors 52
Table 5 Trends Within Single Service Branches 1985 1994 in
West Germany 53
Table 6 Growing Activity Rate of Women in West Germany 54
Chapter 2
Table 1 Distinction Between Ideal and Commercial Association 64
Chapter 3
Table 1 Structural Functional Definition of the Third Sector: Defining
Criteria 93
Table 2a Main Fields of Third Sector Activities: NETS Classification 94
Table 2b Main Fields of Third Sector Activities: ICNPO Classification 95
Table 3 Distribution of Associations Across Main Fields of Activity 102
Table 4 East / West Distribution of the Sample 103
Table 5 Distribution Across Federal States in East and West Germany 103
Table 6 Distribution Among Legal Forms 104
Chapter 5
Table 1 Dynamics of Unemployment in the FRG 1995 2000 230
Table 2 Unemployment in Berlin and Bremen 1998 2000 231
Table 3 Proportions of Certain Groups on all Unemployed (Feb. 2000) 232
Table 4 Structure of Female and Male Unemployment (Feb. 2000) 233
Table 5 Funding of Discretionary Employment Promotion Measures 234
Table 6 Objectives and Conditions of Important Employment
Promotion Measures 237
Table 7 Annual Average Number of Promoted Persons / Target
Groups in 1998 240
Table 8 Employment Promotion Measures in Berlin / Bremen 242
Table 9 Employment Promotion Measures in the FRG 1990 1999 245
14
Table 10 Supply Situation of Day Care in 1994 253
Table 11 Cornerstones of Supply Situation in Berlin and Bremen in 98 258
Table 12 Estimated Additional Day Care Demand in Bremen 260
Table 13 Estimation of Additional Demand, Personnel and Costs in
West Germany 264
Table 14 Estimated Subsidies in Berlin, 1998 270
15
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| indexdate | 2024-12-20T10:54:53Z |
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| series2 | Europäische Hochschulschriften : Reihe 5, Volks- und Betriebswirtschaft |
| spellingShingle | Betzelt, Sigrid 1963- The third sector as a job machine? conditions, potentials and policies for job creation in German nonprofit organizations Europäische Hochschulschriften Job creation -- Germany Nonprofit organizations -- Germany Beschäftigungsförderung (DE-588)4112727-4 gnd Nonprofit-Bereich (DE-588)4115404-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4112727-4 (DE-588)4115404-6 (DE-588)4011882-4 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The third sector as a job machine? conditions, potentials and policies for job creation in German nonprofit organizations |
| title_auth | The third sector as a job machine? conditions, potentials and policies for job creation in German nonprofit organizations |
| title_exact_search | The third sector as a job machine? conditions, potentials and policies for job creation in German nonprofit organizations |
| title_full | The third sector as a job machine? conditions, potentials and policies for job creation in German nonprofit organizations Sigrid Betzelt |
| title_fullStr | The third sector as a job machine? conditions, potentials and policies for job creation in German nonprofit organizations Sigrid Betzelt |
| title_full_unstemmed | The third sector as a job machine? conditions, potentials and policies for job creation in German nonprofit organizations Sigrid Betzelt |
| title_short | The third sector as a job machine? |
| title_sort | the third sector as a job machine conditions potentials and policies for job creation in german nonprofit organizations |
| title_sub | conditions, potentials and policies for job creation in German nonprofit organizations |
| topic | Job creation -- Germany Nonprofit organizations -- Germany Beschäftigungsförderung (DE-588)4112727-4 gnd Nonprofit-Bereich (DE-588)4115404-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Job creation -- Germany Nonprofit organizations -- Germany Beschäftigungsförderung Nonprofit-Bereich Deutschland Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009484214&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000001798 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT betzeltsigrid thethirdsectorasajobmachineconditionspotentialsandpoliciesforjobcreationingermannonprofitorganizations |