Understanding semantics:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Arnold [u.a.]
2002
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Series: | Understanding language series
|
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=008407936&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Item Description: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Physical Description: | XII, 260 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0340731982 0340731974 9780340731987 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Understanding semantics |c Sebastian Löbner |
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| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Arnold [u.a.] |c 2002 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Semantik | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1819340300199395328 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
«Şi«:
Preface
xi
PART I BASIC CONCEPTS AND PHENOMENA
ι
1
Meaning and semantics
3
1.1
Levels of meaning
3
1.1.1
Expression meaning
4
1.1.2
Utterance meaning
7
1.1.3
Communicative meaning
9
1.2
Sentence meaning and compositionality
11
1.2.1
Grammatical meaning
12
1.2.2
Syntactic structure and combination rules
13
1.2.3
The principle of compositionality
14
Checklist
16
Further reading
17
Notes
17
2
Descriptive, social and expressive meaning
19
2.1
Meanings are concepts
19
2.1.1
The meaning of a word
19
2.1.2
The meaning of a sentence
21
2.2
Descriptive meaning
22
2.2.1
Descriptive meaning and reference
22
2.2.2
Denotations and truth conditions
25
2.2.3
Proposition and sentence type
26
2.3
Meaning and social interaction: social meaning
27
2.3.1
Expressions with social meaning
27
2.3.2
Social meaning in Japanese
30
2.4
Meaning and subjectivity: expressive meaning
31
2.4.1
Expressive meaning
32
2.4.2
Social versus expressive meaning
34
2.5
Connotations
35
Checklist
36
Exercises
37
Further reading
37
Notes
38
3
Meanings and readings
39
3.1
Lexemes
39
3.2
Homonymy, polysemy and vagueness
42
3.2.1
Homonymy
43
3.2.2
Polysemy
44
3.2.3
Vagueness
45
3.3
Synonymy
46
3.4
Sentence readings and meaning shifts
46
3.4.1
Syntactic ambiguity
46
3.4.2
Interpretation in context
47
3.4.3
Disambiguation and elimination
47
3.4.4
Metonymical shift
48
3.4.5
Metaphorical shift
49
3.4.6
Differentiation
. 50
3.5
The Principle of Consistent Interpretation
52
3.6
Meaning shifts and polysemy
53
Checklist
54
Exercises
54
Further reading
55
Notes
55
4
Meaning and logic
57
4.1
Logical basics
57
4.1.1
Donald Duck and Aristotle
57
4.1.2
The Principle of Polarity
60
4.1.3
Negation
61
4.2
Logical properties of sentences
62
4.3
Logical relations between sentences
64
4.3.1
Logical entailment
64
4.3.2
Logical equivalence
67
4.3.3
Logical contrariety
67
4.3.4
Logical contradiction
68
4.3.5
Logical relations involving logically true or
false sentences
69
4.3.6
Logical relations under the assumption of contingency
71
4.4
Sentential logic
73
4.5
Logical relations between words
74
4.6
Logic and meaning
77
4.6.1
The semantic status of logical equivalence
77
4.6.2
The semantic status of logical entailment
80
4.6.3
Logic
and semantics
81
Checklist
82
Exercises
82
Further reading
83
Notes
84
5
Meaning relations
85
5.1
Hyponymy
85
5.1.1
The meaning relation
85
5.1.2
Regular compounds
86
5.2
Oppositions
87
5.2.1
Antonyms
88
5.2.2
Directional opposites
90
5.2.3
Complementaries
91
5.2.4
Heteronyms
91
5.2.5
Converses
92
5.3
Lexical fields
94
5.3.1
The notion of a lexical field
94
5.3.2
Small fields
94
5.3.3
Taxonomies
95
5.3.4
Meronymies
96
Checklist
97
Exercises
97
Further reading
98
Notes
98
6
Predication
99
6.1
Predications contained in a sentence
99
6.2
Predicates and arguments
101
6.3
Verbs
102
6.3.1
Major types of verbs
103
6.3.2
Referential verb arguments
104
6.3.3
Deciding on the number of arguments
105
6.4
Nouns and adjectives
106
6.4.1
Major types of nouns
106
6.4.2
Major types of adjectives
107
6.4.3
Arguments of nouns and adjectives in
predicative use
109
6.5
Predicate logic notation
110
6.6
Thematic roles 111
6.7
Selecţionai
restrictions
114
6.7.1
Selecţionai
restrictions of verbs
114
6.7.2
The process of fusion
116
6.7.3
Selecţionai
restrictions and meaning shifts
117
6.7.4
Semantic
irregularity
118
6.8
Summary
119
Checklist
* 120
Exercises
120
Further reading
121
Notes
121
PART II THEORETICAL APPROACHES
_____ 123
7
Meaning components
125
7.1
The structuralist approach
127
7.1.1
Language as a system of signs
127
7.1.2
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations
129
7.2
Applying the structuralist approach to meaning
130
7.2.1
Semantic units: morphemes and lexemes
130
7.2.2
Paradigmatic and syntagmatic semantic relations
131
7.3
Semantic features
132
7.3.1
Binary semantic features
132
7.3.2
Application to paradigmatic relations
134
7.3.3
Application to combinatorial meaning properties
134
7.3.4
Ideal properties of semantic features
135
7.3.5
Evaluation of the binary feature approach
138
7.4
Semantic formulae
140
7.4.1
Dowty s decompositional semantics
141
7.4.2
Jackendoff s Conceptual Semantics
142
7.5
Semantic primes: Wierzbicka s Natural
Semantic Metalanguage
145
7.6
Summary and evaluation of the approaches to
decomposition
148
Checklist
150
Exercises
150
Further reading
151
Notes
151
8
Meaning and language comparison
153
8.1
Translation problems
153
8.2
Headache, international
156
8.3
Relativism and
universalism
161
8.4
Berlin and Kay s investigation of colour terms
163
8.5
Consequences
167
Checklist
168
Exercises
168
Further reading
169
Notes
169
9
Meaning and cognition
171
9.1
Categories and concepts
172
9.2
Prototype Theory
174
9.2.1
The traditional model of categorization
174
9.2.2
Prototypes
175
9.2.3
Fuzzy boundaries
176
9.2.4
Family resemblance
177
9.2.5
Degrees of membership
178
9.2.6
The prototype model of categorization
178
9.2.7
What kinds of entities are prototypes?
180
9.2.8
Which features make up the prototype?
181
9.2.9
Similarity
182
9.3
The hierarchical organization of categories
183
9.3.1
The basic level
183
9.3.2
Properties of the basic level
185
9.4
Challenges to Prototype Theory
186
9.4.1
Graded membership vs graded structure
186
9.4.2
Fuzzy boundaries
188
9.4.3
Summary
191
9.5
Semantics and Prototype Theory
191
9.5.1
Cognitive semantics
191
9.5.2
Polarization
192
9.5.3
Flexible concepts: vagueness
194
9.5.4
Means of differentiation
196
9.5.5
Summary
199
9.6
Semantic knowledge
200
9.6.1
Personal knowledge vs cultural knowledge
200
9.6.2
The apple juice question
201
9.6.3
Cultural knowledge vs semantic knowledge
203
9.7
Summary
206
Checklist
208
Exercises
208
Further reading
209
Notes
209
10
Sentence meaning and formal semantics
211
10.1
Japanese numerals: a simple example of a
compositional analysis
211
10.1.1
The system of numerals
211
10.1.2
Formal description
212
10.1.3
The general scheme
214
10.2
A small fragment of English
215
10.2.1
The grammar of the fragment
216
10.2.2
The predicate logic language PL-F: its grammar
219
10.2.3
Translating the
fragment
into
predicate logic
222
10.3
Model-theoretic semantics
227
10.3.1
A model for PL-F
227
10.3.2
Interpretation rules for PL-F
231
10.3.3
Application to the translations of fragment sentences
234
10.3.4
Model-theoretic semantics
235
10.4
Possible-world semantics
236
10.4.1
Possible worlds
236
10.4.2
Intensions
238
10.4.3
Intensional models
240
10.4.4
Logical properties and relations
241
10.5
The scope and limits of possible-world semantics
243
10.5.1
Scope and potential
243
10.5.2
Limits
244
10.5.3
Possible-world semantics vs mentalistic semantics
245
10.5.4
The development of possible-world semantics
246
Checklist
247
Exercises
248
Further reading
249
Notes
249
References
251
Index
255
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T10:29:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0340731982 0340731974 9780340731987 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XII, 260 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2002 |
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| publisher | Arnold [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Understanding language series |
| spellingShingle | Löbner, Sebastian 1949- Understanding semantics Semantiek gtt Sémantique Semantik Semantics Semantik (DE-588)4054490-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054490-4 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Understanding semantics |
| title_auth | Understanding semantics |
| title_exact_search | Understanding semantics |
| title_full | Understanding semantics Sebastian Löbner |
| title_fullStr | Understanding semantics Sebastian Löbner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding semantics Sebastian Löbner |
| title_short | Understanding semantics |
| title_sort | understanding semantics |
| topic | Semantiek gtt Sémantique Semantik Semantics Semantik (DE-588)4054490-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Semantiek Sémantique Semantik Semantics Lehrbuch |
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