Ecologically orientated planning:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]
Lang
2000
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| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007992236&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XXIV, 359 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 3631331878 0820435767 |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Applied ecology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Land use |x Environmental aspects | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819303249571741696 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Ecologically orientated planning
Autor: Kaule, Giselher
Jahr: 2000
Ecologically Oriented Planning
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Figures .....................................................................................................................................X
Tables ..............................................................................................................................XVin
Preface ..............................................................................................................................XXm
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Objectives, Issues, Concepts.........................................................................................1
1.2 Ecosystem Theory........................................................................................................2
1.3 -From a Natural to a Man-Made Landscape..................................................................8
1.4 The Environmental Crisis or The Price of Progress and Economic Growth................9
1.5 Site-Adapted, Differentiated Land Use......................................................................11
1.6 The Planning Approach..............................................................................................12
2. Geology.............................................................................................................................17
2.1 The Classification of Rocks........................................................................................17
2.2 Geological Structures..................................................................................................18
2.3 Geological Hazards.....................................................................................................22
2.3.1 Special problems associated with karstic areas..........................................................25
2.4 Geological Resources.................................................................................................26
2.5 Geological Interpretation for Planning Purposes........................................................27
2.5.1 Geological Maps.........................................................................................................28
2.5.2 Geological Cross-sections..........................................................................................28
2.5.3 Geological Classification for Various Planning Scenarios.........................................29
2.5.3.1 Slope stability.............................................................................................................29
2.5.3.2 Pollution sensitivity....................................................................................................31
2.5.3.3 Building suitability.....................................................................................................32
2.5.3.4 Resource exploitation.................................................................................................32
3. Groundwater...................................................................................................................36
3.1 Characteristics.............................................................................................................36
VI ____ _______________________________________________________________Table of Contents
3.2 Groundwater Renewal and Classification of Aquifers...............................................38
3.3 Groundwater Quality and Impact...............................................................................44
3.3.1 Geological Characteristics.........................................................................................44
3.3.2 Anthropogeneous Impact...........................................................................................45
3.3.3 Sensitivity of Groundwater Basins to Pollution.........................................................49
3.3.4 Groundwater Protection as a Planning Factor............................................................51
4. Soils..................................................................................................................................54
4.1 The Weathering Process.............................................................................................54
4.2 Soil Genesis, Characteristics and Classification........................................................56
4.3 Soil Fertility...............................................................................................................62
4.4 The Function of Soils in Ecosystems.........................................................................64
4.5 Soil Destruction and Pollution...................................................................................65
4.5.1 Soil Erosion.................................................,..............................................................65
4.5.2 Urbanisation, Transportation Systems.......................................................................67
4.5.3 Soil Pollution..............................................................................................................68
4.5.4 Denitrification............................................................................................................71
4.5.5 Salinisation and Alkalisation......................................................................................72
4.5.6 Desertification............................................................................................................74
4.5.7 The Necessity of Soil Conservation...........................................................................75
4.6 Classification of Soils for Spatial Planning...............................................................75
4.6.1 Suitability of Soils for Agricultural Land Use...........................................................76
4.6.2 Erosion Risk...............................................................................................................76
4.6.3 Filter and Buffer Capacity..........................................................................................77
5. Surface Waters...............................................................................................................81
5.1 Lentic Ecosystems......................................................................................................82
5.1.1 Water Circulation in Lakes........................................................................................83
5.1.2 Classification of Lakes...............................................................................................85
5.2 Lotic Ecosystems.......................................................................................................87
5.3 Oceans........................................................................................................................93
5.4 Saltwater and Coastal Ecosystems.............................................................................94
5.5 Pollution and Self-purification...................................................................................97
5.6 Evaluation of Surface Water Systems for Spatial Planning.....................................106
6. Climate..........................................................................................................................112
6.1 Climatic Factors.......................................................................................................112
6.1.1 Primary Climatic Factors and Secondary Effects....................................................112
6.1.2 Secondary Climatic Factors.....................................................................................114
6.2 Hierarchic Structure of Climatic Zonation...............................................................117
Ecologically Oriented Planning____________________________________________________________VII
6.2.1 Macro Climate..........................................................................................................117
6.2.2 Meso Climate............................................................................................................120
6.2.3 Microclimate...........................................................................................................123
6.3 Climatically Adapted Housing Types.......................................................................125
6.4 Urban Climate and Air Pollution..............................................................................127
6.5 Precipitation..............................................................................................................129
6.6 Major Components and Sources of Air Pollution....................................................129
6.7 Spatial Evaluation of Pollution Risk........................................................................132
6.7.1 Regional Evaluation of Pollution Risk.....................................................................132
6.7.2 Classification of Climatopes to Improve Local Air Exchange..............................135
6.8 City level and Improvement of Urban Climate........................................................143
6.9 Summary of Air Pollution and Counter Measures...................................................147
7. Plants, animals and Habitats.......................................................................................150
7.1 Plants and Animals as Components in Ecosystems and Species Distribution.........150
7.1.1 Vegetation Pattern in Central Europe.......................................................................153
7.1.2 Ecological Niches of Sea Bird Species.....................................................................154
7.1.3 Territorial Behaviour, Predation and Bird Distribution Patterns..............................156
7.1.4 Model of a Beech Forest...........................................................................................156
7.1.5 Traditional European Agrarian Landscapes.............................................................156
7.2 Traditional Human Societies and Environment........................................................160
7.3 The Necessity of Species Diversity and Biotope Protection....................................163
7.4 Causes Behind the Reduction of Species Diversity..................................................166
7.5 Evaluation of Biological Resources for Spatial Planning.........................................169
7.5.1 Regional Natural Units as Reference Areas to Assess the Potential Distribution
of Species..................................................................................................................173
7.5.2 Identification and Evaluation of Selected Habitats (or Landscapes) of Special
Importance for Protecting Biodiversity (Selective Habitat Mapping)......................173
7.5.3 Historical Analysis....................................................................................................179
7.5.4 The Comparative Assessment of the Plant and Animal Communities Present
in a Study Area.........................................................................................................181
7.5.5 Evaluation and Goal Development Based on Target Species*................................186
7.5.5.1 The analysis of Maculinea arion, the Large Blue Butterfly......................................191
7.5.5.2 The analysis of Maculinea nausithous, the Dusky Large Blue Butterfly.................195
7.5.5.3 The European Bear (Ursus arctos L.) in Southern Tiro], Italy
(from Schroder, 1992)..............................................................................................198
7.5.6 Integrated Evaluation of Species and Habitats.........................................................202
8. Analysis of Current Land use Systems and Their Impact........................................211
8.1 Forestry.....................................................................................................................211
8.2 Agriculture................................................................................................................215
8.2.1 Grassland..................................................................................................................215
Figures
Figures
1. Introduction
Figure 1.1: Basic model of ecosystems.................................................................................4
Figure 1.2: Diagram of the pond ecosystem.........................................................................5
Figure 1.3: Components of a universal model of energy flow...........................................6
Figure 1.4: The flow of energy and matter in a natural ecosystem (above) and in a
traditional agricultural ecosystem.......................................................................7
Figure 1.5: The flow of energy and matter in an intensive farming ecosystem....................8
Figure 1.6: Site-adapted land use........................................................................................11
Figure 1.7: A general overview of the steps taken during spatial environmental
planning............................................................................................................13
2. Geology
Figure 2.1: Schematic representation of the main types of geological structures...............21
Figure 2.2: Examples of geological hazards which have led to failure of planning
projects..............................................................................................................24
Figure 2.3: The construction of a geological cross-section.................................................30
Figure 2.4: Environmental Development Plan for Baden-WUrttemberg............................34
3. Groundwater
Figure 3.1: Water cycle (Heinrich Hergt, 1990).............................................................37
Figure 3.2: Water cycle scheme (Knodel Kull, 1981, p. 135)........................................39
Figure 3.3: Geology and groundwater landscapes (Behmel, 1990)....................................41
Figure 3.4a: Geological column of Baden-WUrttemberg (Geyer Gwinner, 1986) ..........42
Figure 3.4b: Geological column of Baden-WUrttemberg (Geyer Gwinner, 1986)..........43
Figure 3.5: Well receiving contaminated drainage, (from: Longwell, Knopf
Flint, 1934, p.109)............................................................................................45
Figure 3.6a: Sampling points for organic pollutants along a transect, downgradient
of the Grindsted Landfill................................................................................46
Figure 3.6b: Distribution of the dissolved organic matter (NVOC) along a transect,
downgradient of the Grindsted Landfill (Rugge, Bjerg Christensen,
1995)...............................................................................................................46
Figure 3.6c: Isoconcentration plots of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and
camphor along transect I down gradient of the Grindsted Landfill
(RUgge, Bjerg Christensen, 1995)...............................................................47
Figure 3.7: Criteria for groundwater sensitivity in geological strata. Permeability
of strata in the surface near the zone of the strata (Behmel, 1985)...................49
Ecologically Oriented Planning
XI
Figure 3.8: Criteria for groundwater sensitivity in sediments. Sediment particle
size and permeability of strata. (Lincoln, Boxshall Clark, 1982).................50
4. Soils
Figure 4.1: Interaction between the factors influencing soil genesis, (adapted from
Schroeder, 1972, p. 81).....................................................................................57
Figure 4.2: Water balance in humid and arid zones............................................................58
Figure 4.3: Primary zonal soil types of the world (from: Odum, 1971, p. 132)..................59
Figure 4.4: The climatic zones of the earth (adapted from Koppen Geiger,
1961)..................................................................................................................60
Figure 4.5: General separation of soil texture classes (Forman- Godron, 1986,
p. 433)................................................................................................................63
Figure 4.6: Soil plant ecosystem scheme (Schroeder, 1972, p. 123)...................................65
Figure 4.7: Example of soil erosion, (adapted from: Odum, 1971, p.129).........................66
Figure 4.8: Uncompacted and compacted soil, a comparison (from: Whiston
Spirn,1984,p. 104).............................................................................................67
Figure 4.9: The behaviour of contaminants in the soil (adapted from: Scheffer
Schachtschabel, 1982, p. 274)...........................................................................69
Figure 4.10: Denitrification process; the loss of nitrogen from the aerobic-
anaerobic layer of a flooded soil system e.g. paddy fields (after Brady,
N., 1990 p.326)..................................................................................................71
Figures 4.11.1-4.11.3: Development scheme of catchments in the Western Austral-
ian wheat belts (Lefroy et al, 1991)...................................................................73
5. Surface Waters
Figure 5.1: The three major zones in a lake (Odum 1971, p. 301).....................................82
Figure 5.2: Water circulation in a eutrophic lake in the temperate zone.............................84
Figure 5.3: August temperature depth for two lakes in Montana (Odum, 1971,
p.314)................................................................................................................86
Figure 5.4: Scheme of river types (Hindrich Hergt, 1990)..............................................90
Figure 5.5: Section through a lowland river with high river bank, and through a
regulated river with floodplain (Kaule, 1986)..................................................92
Figure 5.6: Zonation in a tropical mangrove swamp (Odum, 1971, p. 347).......................96
Figure 5.7: Biological purification plant (Wissing, F, 1995)...............................................99
Figure 5.8: Chloride inputs for the Rhine river in 1981 between Lake Constance
and the German-Dutch frontier (Bemhardt Schmidt, 1988).......................101
Figure 5.9: Level of untreated effluent from the total figure in 1975 and 1987................104
Figure 5.10: Quality of surface water in Baden-Wurttemberg............................................105
Figure 5.11: Criteria for evaluating river sections in Baden-WUrttemberg.........................107
xn
Figures
Figure 5.12: Morphological evaluation of river sections in Baden-Wiirttemberg..............109
6. Climate
Figure 6.1: Solar radiation, absorption, and its effects, (figure adapted from
Griffiths,1976, p. 5.).......................................................................................113
Figure 6.2: Average surface pressure and wind flow patterns in January and July.
(From: Griffiths, 1976, pp. 26 27)..............................................................115
Figure 6.3: The Climatic zones of the earth (adapted from: Koppen et al., 1961)...........119
Figure 6.4: Land-sea breeze circulation (Barry,R.G. Chorley, R.J., 1982)...................121
Figure 6.5: Mountain and valley winds, adapted from: Griffiths, 1976, p. 57..................122
Figure 6.6: The development of Foehn winds (Griffiths, 1976, p. 58).............................122
Figure 6.7: Temperatures on a calm, clear and dry morning in the Gstettneralm
frost hollow, (adapted from Griffiths, 1976, p.61)........................................124
Figure 6.8: Wind flow in wooded areas (Griffiths, 1976 p. 64)........................................125
Figure 6.9: Air flow around two buildings of different size and shape. ( Barry,
R. G. Chorley, R.J., 1982, p.316)...............................................................126
Figure 6.10: Photaic cycle of the nitrous oxides in the atmosphere (after U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1970)...................................131
Figure 6.11: Dispersal of smoke trails by different temperature stratifications
(Reuter, U.et al.,1991)....................................................................................134
Figure 6.12: Average wind speeds in Baden-Wiirttemberg................................................136
Figure 6.13: Frequency of temperature inversions in Baden-Wiirttemberg........................137
Figure 6.14: Model of cold air flow in periods of wind absence in Baden-Wiirttem-
berg.................................................................................................................138
Figure 6.15: Air exchange in Baden-Wiirttemberg.............................................................139
Figure 6.16: Emission values in Baden-Wurttemberg........................................................140
Figure 6.17: Integrated evaluation of pollution risk in Baden-Wtirttemberg......................141
Figure 6.18: Typical climatic-topographic situations (Standortvorsorge und
Flachen-sicherung in Baden-Wurttemberg, 1990).........................................142
Figure 6.19: Comparison of lapse rates in rural and urban environments (Griffiths,
1976)...............................................................................................................144
Figure 6.20: Industrial site selection considering main and inversion wind
directions
(adapted from: Stadtebauliche Klimafibel 1992/93, p. 48)............................144
Figure 6.21: Embankments, trees and buildings may block the flow of fresh air,
bridges may allow it to pass unhindered. (Stadtebauliche Klimafibel,
1992/93, p. 43/44)...........................................................................................145
Figure 6.22: Fresh air-producing areas and the passage of the downhill air flow
(Stadtebauliche Klimafibel, 1992/93, p. 45)...................................................146
Ecologically Oriented Planning
XIII
Figure 6.23: The flow of cold air can be directed (Stadtebauliche Klimafibel,
1992/93, p. 46)................................................................................................146
Figure 6.24: New pathways for fresh air can be created by blocking previous routes
and opening new ones (Stadtebauliche Klimafibel, 1992/93, p. 47)...............147
7. Plants, animals and Habitats
Figure 7.1: General scheme of an ecosystem. The individual components and pro-
cesses may be of varying importance (Ellenberg, 1971)................................151
Figure 7.2: Comparative analysis of the similarity of flora and fauna in different
biomes. (Odum, 1971)....................................................................................152
Figure 7.3: Simplified vegetation zonation in Central European Lowlands......................154
Figure 7.4a: Each bird has its own niche.............................................................................155
Figure 7.4b: The food habits of cormorant and shag (Odum, 1971, p. 219).......................155
Figure 7.5: Distribution model of territorial goshawks and its influence on the
pattern of common prey bird species..............................................................157
Figure 7.6: Quantitative significance of food relationships in the Soiling (high-
lands near Hannover) (Ellenberg et al., 1986)................................................158
Figure 7.7: Reconstruction of the change in the total no. of species of vascular
plants in Central Europe between 5.000BC and 1975AD. (after
Fukarek et al., 1980 in Erdmann, Kastenholz, 1995)..................................160
Figure 7.8: General relationship between the number of species (S) and the num-
ber of individuals per species (N/S). (From: Odum, 1971, p. 149.)................165
Figure 7.9: The species structure of the diatom components of two estuarine
communities in Texas (Odum, 1971, p. 151).................................................166
Figure 7.10a: Flood plain forests in Bavaria (Kaule et al., 1979, Keller (Ed.) 1978)............175
Figure 7.10b: Gallery forests and surface water networks in Bavaria (Kaule et al.,
1979, Keller (Ed.), 1978)................................................................................176
Figure 7.11: Special habitats in land consolidation areas in Baden-Wurttemberg.
(Kaule, 1991)...................................................................................................179
Figure 7.12: The effects of a fall in the groundwater level on a grassland ecosystem
from 1957 to 1974, in Emstales, South of Haren (after Ellenberg,
1982)................................................................................................................181
Figure 7.13: An example of the delineation of habitats from point samples (after
Riedl, 1995).....................................................................................................184
Figure 7.14: A decision tree for the analysis of habitat patches (Kleyer, 1994).................187
Figure 7.15: Steps to define target species..........................................................................188
Figure 7.16a: Distribution of Maculinea arion in Baden-Wilrttemberg (after Ebert
Rennwald, 1991 in Kaule, 1996).....................................................................189
Figure 7.16b: Potential habitats suited for Maculinea arion in Baden-Wurttemberg
(Kaule, 1996)...................................................................................................190
XIV
Figures
Figure 7.17: Life cycle of Maculinea arion, the large butterfly (Kaule, 1996)...................191
Figure 7.18: Cross section, Swabian Jura in Baden-Wiirttemberg; (Kaule, 1996).............193
Figure 7.19: Potential development of dry grassland in the Swabian Jura at the
regional scale (Kaule, 1996)...........................................................................196
Figure 7.20a: Distribution of Maculinea nausithous in Baden-Wiirttemberg (Kaule,
1996)...............................................................................................................199
Figure 7.20b: Potential habitats in Baden-Wiirttemberg suited for Maculinea nausi-
thous (Kaule, 1996)........................................................................................200
Figure 7.21: 20 Simulations with a start number of 50 individuals of Ursus arctos
over a period of 50 years (Schroder, 1992)....................................................202
8. Analysis of Current Land use Systems and Their Impact
Figure 8.1: Potential impacts of deforestation on soils and hydrological properties
(from Hamilton King, 1983).......................................................................212
Figure 8.2: Habitat structure of primary forest and managed forest (Scherzinger,
1976)...............................................................................................................213
Figure 8.3: Development of species diversity in forests according to the
succession in Burgundian Oak Forests (after, Ferry Frochot in
Schmidt, 1991)................................................................................................214
Figure 8.4: The influence of intensification on biodiversity and function in
agricultural ecosystems (Swift Anderson, 1993)........................................216
Figure 8.5: Correlation between meadow type and nitrogen levels in the soil
(Briemle.Fjkhoff Wolf, modified in 1991)...............................................217
Figure 8.6: Correlation between number of grass cuttings made per year and the
diversity of grassland species. (Briemle, Eikhoff Wolf, modified in
1991)...............................................................................................................218
Figure 8.7: Reduction of edge habitats associated with agricultural land over the
last 120 years in Schleswig-Holstein (Knauer, 1993)....................................223
Figure 8.8: Average field size in Baden-Wurttemberg.....................................................224
Figure 8.9: Crossing over and entering of birds in traditional orchards and
intensive fruit plantation (Mader, 1982).........................................................225
Figure 8.10: Classification of agricultural systems on the basis of their biological
diversity and complexity (Swift Anderson, 1993)......................................228
Figure 8.11: Map of green coverage rate in an urban area; the example of Shanghai
City (Zhang, 1990)..........................................................................................229
Figure 8.12a: Example of an urban land use type including characteristic species and
vegetation units: buildings of the dense inner city areas (Brande,
Bocker Graf.1990)......................................................................................230
Figure 8.12b: Example of an urban land use type including characteristic species and
vegetation units (Brande, Bocker Graf ,1990)............................................230
Ecologically Oriented Planning
XV
Figure 8.13: Run-off rate of several surface types in situation of high rainfall (Lehr,
1981)................................................................................................................233
Figure 8.14: Range of sealing rates in different housing areas in Germany (Duhme
Pauleit, 1992)..............................................................................................233
Figure 8.15 a: Deduced comfort in different areas of Frankfurt on a summer s day
(Jendritzkyetal, 1979)....................................................................................235
Figure 8.15 b: Heat stress in different structural situations on a summer s day in
Frankfurt/M, (Jendritzky et al, 1979)..............................................................237
Figure 8.16: Emission rate and total amount of emissions in 5 towns in Baden-
Wiirttemberg caused by combustion of households, small scale
industries, and all processes without the influence of traffic..........................239
Figure 8.17: Schematic illustration of the impacts of a waste management plant...............241
Figure 8.18: Generalised mass balance of a waste management plant involved in
the incineration of waste from households and small industries
according to the actual state of the technology...............................................242
Figure 8.19: Comparative analysis of waste incineration systems and waste gases
from individual transport systems. (T0V Rheinland, 1989)...........................243
Figure 8.20: Comparative analysis of the specific emissions from waste
management plants and large coal fired pants (TUV Rheinland, 1989)........244
Figure 8.21: Emission prediction of an incineration waste management plant (SO2)
(Goepfert, Reimer Partner, 1988)................................................................245
Figure 8.22: Emission prediction of an incineration waste management plant (NO2)
(Goepfert, Reimer Partner, 1988)................................................................245
Figure 8.23: Material balance of a chemical factory (Hogrefe, 1984)................................247
Figure 8.24: Dominant transportation systems in Germany as an indication of
impact..............................................................................................................250
Figure 8.25: Ecological impact of roads (construction and traffic).....................................251
Figure 8.26: Predicted change in NOx emissions from cars and lorries upto the year
2000, according to various road speeds (Steierwald Kiinne, 1994)............253
Figure 8.27: The range of road-borne impacts on the environment (selective
examples from Reck Kaule, 1992)..............................................................254
Figure 8.28: Criteria used to measure the impact of traffic systems at different
planning levels (Reck Kaule, 1992)............................................................256
9. Priority Sector Recognition and Recommendations for Resource
Management
Figure 9.1: Relationships between yield of food crops and requirements for
fertiliser (F), pesticides (P), and horsepower (H) used in cultivation
and harvest of crops. (Odum, 1971)...............................................................264
XVI
Figures
Figure 9.2: The input of small amounts of energy in the form of fertilisers,
pesticides, horsepower, etc. produces a substantial increase in the crop
production level. (Odum, 1971)......................................................................265
Figure 9.3: Schematic diagram of the site-adapted, differentiated land use
concept (Kaule, 1991.)..................................................................................266
10. Methods and Tools in Environmentally Orientated Planning
Figure 10.1: Potential alternative development scenarios for the future growth of
Stuttgart and its surrounding settlements........................................................276
Figure 10.2: Development scenarios for housing and transportation of Stuttgart and
its surrounding area.........................................................................................278
Figure 10.3: Assessment procedure and system of classes for land qualities
(assessment factors) and land suitability for the Netherlands Soil
Survey Institute, 1979 (Vink, 1983, p. 212)...................................................284
Figure 10.4: Diagram of an evaluation function.................................................................286
Figure 10.5: Schematic description of building indicators and stepwise aggregation
of indicators....................................................................................................287
Figure 10.6: Possible numbering system transformations (Jesorsky 1991)........................287
Figure 10.7: Derivation of an integrated emission situation from single noise
pollution values and single air pollution values (Jesorsky, 1991)..................288
Figure 10.8: Derivation of average ventilation from wind speed, frequency of
temperature inversion and cold air supply (influx) (Gerth, 1986)..................288
Figure 10.9: Subdivision in physical geographic units of Baden-Wiirttemberg and a
short description of sub-unit Mittlere Flachenalb (Konzeptgruppe
Landschaftsrahmenprogrammem 1979)........................................................292
Figure 10.10: Ratio of arable land to grassland - aggregated to the administrative
level community . (Bodennutzungshaupterhebung, 1991)...........................294
Figure 10.11: Typical cell sizes used for different scales (Jesorsky, 1991)..........................295
Figure 10.12: Normalized emission risk in Baden-WUrttemberg (German Weather
Office, Interpolation, IER)..............................................................................296
Figure 10.13: View of integration of data layer with a range of data selected from
different sources and subsequent derivation of new information for
decision making (Campbell, 1982).................................................................297
Figure 10.14: Figure 10.17: Possible steps in Geographic Information Systems data
handling routine (Campbell, 1982).................................................................299
Figure 10.15: Map overlay for categorial data......................................................................301
Figure 10.16: Integrated emission risk. NOx-emission near surface....................................303
11. Types And Levels Of Planning
Figure 11.1: Organisation scheme of nature conservation and landscape planning
in Germany. (SRU Umweltgutachten 1987, Abb. 2.18)................................312
Ecologically Oriented Planning________________________________________________________ XVII
Figure 11.2: The planning policy framework in England. (Cullingworth Nadin,
1997)................................................................................................................314
Figure 11.3: The Organisational Structure of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs
Agency (El-Derwi, November 1995)..............................................................318
Figure 11.4: Network landscapes dominated by shelter belts or by gallery forests of
streams and rivers (Forman Zonneveld,1990)............................................323
Figure 11.5: The organisation of soil protection in Baden Wiirttemberg. (State Soil
Conservation Law, 24th July, 1991)...............................................................331
Figure 11.6: The flow of expenditure in the UK on environmental conservation
(Ecotec Research And Consulting Ltd, 1993).................................................333
Figure 11.7: Structure of the nature conservation scheme in the Canton of Zurich,
Switzerland.(Kuhn, Meier, Nievergelt Pfaendler,1992).............................335
Figure 11.8: Priorities in the Zurich nature conservation scheme (Kuhn et al., 1992)........337
Figure 11.9: An integrated planning approach....................................................................340
Figure 11.10: The effects of a change to a new reality (after Allen-lecture,
University of Stuttgart, 28.04.95)....................................................................344
Figure 11.11: Examples of spatial units used in planning data analysis................................345
Figure 11.12: The European Community s checklists for projects which require an
EIA. (Gilpin, 1994).........................................................................................348
Figure 11.13: EIA procedures for the public sectors, NSW Department of Planning
(Gilpin, 1994)..................................................................................................350
xvm
Tables
Tables
1. Introduction
Table 1.1: Integration of environmental planning in the German planning system..........15
2. Geology
Table 2.1: Classification and examples of various rock types...........................................19
Table 2.2: A classification of primary geological structures.............................................20
Table 2.3: A classification of secondary geological structures..........................................22
Table 2.4: Environmental impacts associated with exploitation of various types
of geological resource.......................................................................................27
Table 2.S: A simple classification of geological factors which might have an
influence on slope stability...............................................................................31
Table 2.6: The risk of environmental pollution according to the geological
situation, with respect to common planning scenarios.....................................31
3. Groundwater
Table 3.1: Average flow rate from the various geological strata of Baden-
Wurttemberg.....................................................................................................40
Table 3.2: Potential aquifer size in Baden-Wurttemberg, as given by unit
thickness and lateral extent/size of catchment area..........................................44
Table 3.3: Common emissions into the ground can be indicated by the land use.............52
4. Soils
Table 4.1: Sensitivities of geological strata in relation to weathering processes...............55
Table 4.2: Soil Taxonomy, system of world soil classification, (USDA Soil
Conservaton Service, Soil Survey Staff.).........................................................61
Table 4.3: The significance of different physical criteria of soils to the potential
transfer of various substances to the sub-stratum.............................................78
5. Surface Waters
Table 5.1: Longitudinal dstribution of fish in Little Stony Creek (From: Odum,
1971. p. 321).....................................................................................................89
Table 5.2: Annual input (103 metric tons) of nitrogen to the Dutch part of the
North Sea in 1980 (actual) and 1990 (projected). (Moore. J. W., 1990;
p. 230).............................................................................................................101
Table 5.3: Intended purpose and emissions of heavy metals in surface water in
Germany (Katalyse, 1993; Bundesminister fllr Umwelt, Naturschutz
undReaktorsicherheit, 1990)..........................................................................103
Ecologically Oriented Planning
XIX
6. Climate
Table 6.1: Mean annual and coldest month temperatures of the Tiree,
Copenhagen and Moscow...............................................................................116
Table 6.2: Planning terminology and levels.....................................................................117
Table6.3: Eleven principal climatic regions according to Koppenetal.,1961...............118
Table 6.4: Climatic alterations produced by cities (adapted from: Griffiths 1976,
p. 127, and Landsberg, 1981, p. 258)..............................................................128
Table 6.5: Components of natural air (dry) (Reuter et al., 1991).....................................130
Table 6.6: Power stations and emissions (source: Umweltbundesamt ,1980).................131
Table 6.7.1: Periods of static air as a percentage of days per year......................................133
Table 6.7.2: eriods of consecutive wind-free days..............................................................133
Table 6.8: Air pollution in a spatial context.....................................................................147
7. Plants, animals and Habitats
Table 7.1: Estimated rate of increase of the world extinction of mammals (after
Klotzli, 1989)..................................................................................................159
Table 7.2: The consequences of tropical deforestation for biodiversity, (from
Global Biodiversity Assessment, 1995)..........................................................163
Table 7.3: Why do we need species diversity? (Arbeitsgruppe
Artenschutzprogrammem, 1984, in Kaule, 1986/91).....................................165
Table 7.4: Agents behind the decrease in plant species diversity (Sukopp, 1981,
in Kaule, 1986/91, p.19)..................................................................................167
Table 7.5: Ecological factors behind the reduction of plant species diversity
(Sukopp, 1981 in Kaule, 1986/91, p. 19)........................................................168
Table 7.6: Restitution capacity (after Kaule, 1991)........................................................171
Table 7.7: Questions and procedures to support conservation assessment......................172
Table 7.8: Statistical Interpretation (Kaule et al., 1979)..................................................177
Table 7.9: Statistical interpretation (continued)...............................................................178
Table 7.10: Evaluation table of special habitats of figure 7.12. (Kaule, 1991)..................180
Table 7.11: Spatial classification defined by importance in terms of species
diversity...........................................................................................................204
Table 7.12: Allocation of ranks within the target species concept, sub-programme
of the state environment development plan of Baden-Wurttemberg..............206
8. Analysis of Current Land use Systems and Their Impact
Table 8.1: Selected evaporation data from different land use types. (Schulzke
Hillmann, 1998)..............................................................................................214
Table 8.2: Average use of nitrogen and phosphorus per hectare on agricultural
land within the EEC. (Statistisches Jahrbuch, 1992)......................................219
XX
Tables
Table 8.3: The maximum nutrient demand of plants.......................................................220
Table 8.4: Correlation between manure and the nutrients necessary for soil
fertilisation......................................................................................................220
Table 8.5: Correlation between agri-ecological factors together with production
intensity and an increased risk of nitrogen leaching. (Strebel, 1989)...........221
Table 8.6: Average use of pesticides in Germany since 1970. (after Statistisches
Jahrbuch, 1992)...............................................................................................222
Table 8.7: Typical comparative emission rates of different sources of energy
(Ministerium fur Emahrung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, 1986)..................236
Table 8.8: Range of emission rates in housing areas of different densitiy and
types in a large town in Ger-many: Munich (Source: Duhme
Pauleit, 1992)..................................................................................................238
Table 8.9: Waste gas thresholds valid for waste incineration plants according to
Federal Emission Protection Law (23.11.90).................................................242
Table 8.10: Global, regional and local effects on the environment resulting from
emissions of transportation systems...............................................................248
Table 8.11: Planning level and data source.......................................................................255
9. Priority Sector Recognition and Recommendations for Resource
Management
Table 9.1: Priority areas for rehabilitation and associated counter measures..................262
Table 9.2: Example of a classification of environmental factors according to
priorities of protection, regeneration and degradation risk.............................271
10. Methods and Tools in Environmentally Orientated Planning
Table 10.1: Energy consumption in the planning area......................................................277
Table 10.2: NOx emissions in the planning area (* RP = road pricing)............................279
Table 10.3: Environmental impact resulting from the current trend, scenario A,
and scenario B. Results were obtained by overlaying impacted belts............280
Table 10.4: Selected legend for the 1:250 000 Soil Map of England and Wales
(Mackney et al., 1983)....................................................................................283
Table 10.5: Applicability of selected methods for the preparation of infrastructure
investments according to phases of the planning process.............................304
11. Types And Levels Of Planning
Table 11.1: The main objectives of the 19 statewide planning goals of the state of
Oregon (The Oregon and Use Information Center, 1996)..............................316
Table 11.2: Land use-related standards of air quality (Klihling, 1986).............................329
Table 11.3: Compilation of frequently used emission values (after Reuter et al.,
1991)...............................................................................................................330
Ecologically Oriented Planning
XXI
Table 11.4: UK expenditure on environmental conservation, 1990 (Ecotec
Research And Consulting Ltd, 1993)..............................................................334
Table 11.5: Estimated areas and costs in the 10 year plan of the Zurich nature
conservation programme (Kuhn et.al., 1992)..................................................336
Table 11.6: Overview of the working steps........................................................................353
Table 11.7: Positive and negative impacts of the Three Gorge Development
Project..............................................................................................................355
|
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| author | Kaule, Giselher 1942- |
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| dewey-search | 333.73/13 |
| dewey-sort | 3333.73 213 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften Geographie |
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| id | DE-604.BV011834419 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T10:19:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3631331878 0820435767 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-007992236 |
| oclc_num | 45388615 |
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| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 DE-12 DE-634 DE-11 |
| physical | XXIV, 359 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
| publishDateSort | 2000 |
| publisher | Lang |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Kaule, Giselher 1942- Ecologically orientated planning Ecologische aspecten gtt Ruimtelijke ordening gtt Umwelt Applied ecology Land use Environmental aspects Land use Planning Raumordnung (DE-588)4048590-0 gnd Landschaftsökologie (DE-588)4034352-2 gnd Umweltverträglichkeit (DE-588)4061655-1 gnd Planung (DE-588)4046235-3 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4048590-0 (DE-588)4034352-2 (DE-588)4061655-1 (DE-588)4046235-3 (DE-588)4043207-5 |
| title | Ecologically orientated planning |
| title_auth | Ecologically orientated planning |
| title_exact_search | Ecologically orientated planning |
| title_full | Ecologically orientated planning Giselher Kaule |
| title_fullStr | Ecologically orientated planning Giselher Kaule |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecologically orientated planning Giselher Kaule |
| title_short | Ecologically orientated planning |
| title_sort | ecologically orientated planning |
| topic | Ecologische aspecten gtt Ruimtelijke ordening gtt Umwelt Applied ecology Land use Environmental aspects Land use Planning Raumordnung (DE-588)4048590-0 gnd Landschaftsökologie (DE-588)4034352-2 gnd Umweltverträglichkeit (DE-588)4061655-1 gnd Planung (DE-588)4046235-3 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ecologische aspecten Ruimtelijke ordening Umwelt Applied ecology Land use Environmental aspects Land use Planning Raumordnung Landschaftsökologie Umweltverträglichkeit Planung Ökologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=007992236&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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