Cost effective strategies for an optimal intertemporal allocation of carbon dioxide emission reduction measures: global warming strategies on a national level for the Federal Republic of Germany
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis/Dissertation Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
1994
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| Edition: | Als Ms. gedr. |
| Subjects: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006708201&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Physical Description: | X, 306 S. graph. Darst. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Cost effective strategies for an optimal intertemporal allocation of carbon dioxide emission reduction measures |b global warming strategies on a national level for the Federal Republic of Germany |c von Peter Ruß |
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Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Greenhouse Issue at the Center of Attention 1
1.2 Approaches to Tackle the Problem 2
1.3 Objectives and Structure of This Study 3
2 The Greenhouse Effect 5
2.1 Scientific Background 5
2.2 C02 and Global Warming 7
3 Development of an Instrument for Energy Environmental Planning
the EFOM ENV Model and its Adaptation to the CO2 Issue 13
3.1 Requirements for an Adequate Tool for the Derivation of Global Warming
Mitigation Strategies 13
3.2 Energy Environment Modeling and the Greenhouse Issue 14
3.3 Outline of the EFOM ENV model 17
3.3.1 Basic Concept of the EFOM Model 17
3.3.2 Principle of the Mathematical Formulation 22
3.3.3 EFOM Software 25
3.4 Development of a Model Version Adapted to the Greenhouse Issue ... 25
3.4.1 Modifications of Model Equations 27
3.4.2 Introduction of Carbon Dioxide Emission Factors 28
3.4.3 Representation of the Structure of the Energy System 33
3.5 Limitations of the Approach 34
3.5.1 General Limitations 34
3.5.2 Restrictions for the Application of the Model to Derive Green¬
house Gas Reduction Strategies 35
4 Conventional Options for Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions 39
4.1 Energy Conservation 41
4.2 Interfuel Substitution 43
II
4.3 Renewable Energy Sources 45
4.3.1 Biomass 46
4.3.2 Solar Energy . . . 48
4.3.3 Hydro Power 50
4.3.4 Wind Energy 50
4.4 Nuclear Power 51
4.5 High Efficiency Energy Conversion 52
4.5.1 Conventional Steam Cycles 53
4.5.2 Combined Cycle Processes 54
4.5.3 Block Power Stations 63
4.5.4 Future Energy Conversion Techniques 63
4.5.5 Cogeneration 66
5 Non Conventional Options for Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Techniques for CO2 Retention 69
5.1 Gas Separation Processes 71
5.1.1 Absorption Processes 72
5.1.2 Chemical Absorption Processes 74
5.1.3 Physical Absorption Processes 81
5.1.4 Hybrid Processes 84
5.1.5 Cryogenic Fractionation 86
5.1.6 Refrigeration 88
5.1.7 CO2 Removal by Adsorption 88
5.1.8 Membrane Separation 89
5.2 CO2 Removal from Flue Gases 94
5.2.1 Amine scrubbing for CO2 Removal from Flue Gases 95
5.2.2 Design Studies 97
5.3 Recovery of CO2 from Synthesis Gas 99
5.3.1 IGCC with Partial CO2 Removal 102
5.3.2 IGCC with Total CO2 Removal 102
5.3.3 Design Studies 105
5.4 Pure Oxygen Combustion 108
5.4.1 Process Description 108
5.4.2 Design Study 109
5.5 Storage of Carbon dioxide 112
Ill
5.5.1 Substitution of Produced CO2 112
5.5.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery 113
5.5.3 Ocean Disposal 113
5.5.4 Terrestrial Disposal 118
5.5.5 The Disposal Scheme Introduced in the Model 119
6 Derivation of Mitigation Strategies 121
6.1 Introduction of CO2 Reduction Options 121
6.2 Economic Framework 123
6.3 The Reference Case 125
6.3.1 Evolution of the Energy Consumption 126
6.3.2 Evolution of Emissions 126
6.3.3 Importance of Different Reduction Options 128
6.4 The C02 Constrained Cases 132
6.4.1 Optimal Intertemporal Allocation of C02 Reduction Measures . 132
6.4.2 Cost of C02 Reduction 132
6.4.3 Evolution of Energy Consumption 132
6.4.4 Importance of the Different Reduction Options 134
6.4.5 Influence of CO2 Reduction on the Emissions of S02 and N0r . 136
6.5 Cost Effectiveness of C02 Retention and Disposal 136
6.5.1 Reduction Cost Curves With C02 Retention Options 139
6.5.2 Impact on the Intertemporal Allocation of C02 Reduction . . . 139
6.5.3 Critical Appraisal of C02 Removal 142
6.6 Exogenous Versus Endogenous Definition of Emission Reduction Paths 144
6.6.1 Scenario with Exogenous Definition of the Emission Pathway . . 145
6.6.2 Costs Associated with Different Strategies 146
6.7 Economic Interpretation of the Results 146
6.7.1 Marginal Cost of CO2 Reduction 146
6.7.2 Sensitivity of the Results Relative to the Discount Rate 148
6.7.3 Carbon Dioxide Taxes to Achieve C02 Reduction Targets .... 150
6.8 Comparison of the Reduction Scenarios with Extrapolation of Historic
Trends 154
7 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 157
7.1 Summary 157
7.2 Conclusions 159
IV
7.3 Recommendations for Future Research 160
References 163
A Appendix 181
V
List of Figures
2.1 A simplified diagram illustrating the greenhouse effect 6
2.2 Atmospheric CO2 increase in the past 250 years 7
2.3 Global annual emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement manu¬
facturing 9
2.4 Correlation of carbon dioxide concentrations with the temperature over
the last 160,000 years 10
2.5 Relation of CO2 emissions, atmospheric concentrations and temperature
for two scenarios 11
3.1 Example of different strategies for mitigation of global warming .... 16
3.2 Modular structure of EFOM ENV 18
3.3 The main parts of the CENTELEC subsystem as an example of the
representation of the energy system in the of EFOM ENV model ... 20
3.4 Modules of the EFOM model software 26
4.1 Historical trends in energy and carbon intensity of various countries . . 40
4.2 Marginal cost and potential of electricity saving measures in the tertiary
and domestic sector for Germany 42
4.3 Marginal cost and potential of electricity saving measures in the trans¬
port sector for Germany 43
4.4 Carbon dioxide emission factors for different fossil fuels 45
4.5 Evolution of nuclear power plant capacity in Germany 51
4.6 Rankine Cycle with reheating 53
4.7 Combined cycle process 56
4.8 Combined Cycle with complete coal gasification 57
4.9 Efficiency of combined cycle (gas coal) 61
4.10 Coal or lignite fired unit with topping gas turbine 62
4.11 Binary Rankine Cycle (BRC) 64
5.1 Specific CO2 emission rates for different fuels used in power stations of
varying efficiency 70
5.2 Absorption equilibria of CO2 in various solvents 73
VI
5.3 Examples for the selection of a suitable scrubbing process 75
5.4 Basic flow scheme of an amine process (MEA) 77
5.5 Standard Rectisol process 82
5.6 Equilibrium curves of C02 in various solvents 85
5.7 Cryogenic fractionation process 87
5.8 Flowchart of a possible refrigeration process 89
5.9 Flowchart of a possible membrane process for the removal of CO2 from
flue gases 92
5.10 Flowchart of a membrane process for the removal of CO2 from synthesis
gases 93
5.11 Flowchart of a power plant equipped with an amine scrubbing process
for CO2 recovery 97
5.12 Comparison of the gas volumes 100
5.13 Different configurations for an IGCC poer plant with CO2 recovery . . 101
5.14 Simplified flowchart of a pure oxygen combustion power system 109
5.15 Phase diagram for carbon dioxide with typical ocean temperature profile
superimposed 114
5.16 Time scales for atmospheric exchange of CO2 disposed at various ocean
depths 115
5.17 Density of seawater and CO2 116
6.1 Crude oil prices: historic, successive IEW polls and projections of Energy
2010 124
6.2 Evolution of the final energy consumption for the reference case .... 125
6.3 Evolution of the final energy consumption in the different sectors . . . 126
6.4 Evolution of the primary energy consumption for the reference case . . 127
6.5 Evolution of the CO2 emissions for the reference case 128
6.6 Influences on the evolution of SO2 and NOX emissions 129
6.7 Influences of different reduction options on the evolution of CO2 emis¬
sions for the reference case 130
6.8 Evolution of the conversion efficiencies for electricity generation in the
central electricity supply sector 131
6.9 Evolution of the CO2 emissions 133
6.10 Cost for CO2 reduction 133
6.11 Evolution of primary energy consumption for the reduction scenarios . 135
VII
6.12 The relative share of the different C02 reduction options in the achieved
CO2 reduction 137
6.13 Evolution of SO2 emissions 138
6.14 Evolution of N0x emissions 138
6.15 Reduction of SO2 and NO^ emissions relative to CO2 reduction .... 139
6.16 Cost effectiveness of CO2 retention and disposal 140
6.17 Influence of CO2 retention and disposal on the intertemporal allocation
of CO2 reduction 140
6.18 Penetration of CO2 retention techniques 141
6.19 Electrical power used per year for CO2 removal and disposal 143
6.20 Exogenous definition of CO2 reduction pathways 144
6.21 Comparison of of optimized (endogenous) and exogenous emission re¬
duction pathways 145
6.22 CO2 reduction cost for exogenous and endogenous (optimal) reduction
pathways 147
6.23 Marginal cost of CO2 reduction 147
6.24 Influence of the discount rate on the intertemporal allocation of CO2
reduction 149
6.25 Influence of the discount rate on carbon dioxide tax (8% overall CO2
reduction) 150
6.26 Carbon dioxide taxes to achieve CO2 emission reductions 151
6.27 Differences in the evolution of CO2 emissions for the EFOM and the
MIDAS model 153
6.28 Comparison of the reduction of the cumulated CO2 emissions for the
EFOM and the MIDAS models 153
6.29 Comparison of the carbon tax necessary for CO2 emission reduction
obtained by the EFOM and the MIDAS models 154
6.30 CO2 intensity in Germany: Historic trends and future pathways .... 155
IX
List of Tables
2.1 The relative cumulative climate effect the man made emissions of 1990
and global warming potential (GWP) of the trace gases 8
3.1 Characterization of fuel properties 29
3.2 Fuel specific CO2 emission factors 31
4.1 Energy conservation measures incorporated in the EFOM ENV model
for Germany 44
4.2 Data on renewables in the EFOM model 49
4.3 Possible improvements of conventional Rankine Cycle Power plants . . 54
4.4 Overview of advanced coal gasification plants 59
4.5 Data of high efficiency energy conversion techniques used in the model 60
4.6 Cogeneration techniques included in the EFOM ENV model 67
5.1 Existing ME A systems for CO2 removal from flue gases 79
5.2 The Energy Requirement of different CO2 removal options 96
5.3 Comparison of different studies on the energy requirements for amine
scrubbing 98
5.4 Data for flue gas scrubbing with amines used in this study 99
5.5 Main Data for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power plants
with CO2 recovery used in this study 106
5.6 Energy requirement comparison for pure oxygen combustion process . . Ill
5.7 Data for pure oxygen combustion pulverized coal power plant used in
this study Ill
5.8 Data for transport and disposal in depleted gas wells 119
6.1 Survey of additional measures introduced in the EFOM ENV model . . 122
6.2 Projection of fuel prices used in this study 124
6.3 Evolution of the relative shares of the primary energy carriers for the
reference case 127
6.4 Penetration of CO2 retention techniques for different reduction levels . 142
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| spellingShingle | Ruß, Peter Cost effective strategies for an optimal intertemporal allocation of carbon dioxide emission reduction measures global warming strategies on a national level for the Federal Republic of Germany Emissionsverringerung (DE-588)4113432-1 gnd Kostengünstiges Verfahren (DE-588)4316132-7 gnd Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113432-1 (DE-588)4316132-7 (DE-588)4164507-8 (DE-588)4011882-4 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Cost effective strategies for an optimal intertemporal allocation of carbon dioxide emission reduction measures global warming strategies on a national level for the Federal Republic of Germany |
| title_auth | Cost effective strategies for an optimal intertemporal allocation of carbon dioxide emission reduction measures global warming strategies on a national level for the Federal Republic of Germany |
| title_exact_search | Cost effective strategies for an optimal intertemporal allocation of carbon dioxide emission reduction measures global warming strategies on a national level for the Federal Republic of Germany |
| title_full | Cost effective strategies for an optimal intertemporal allocation of carbon dioxide emission reduction measures global warming strategies on a national level for the Federal Republic of Germany von Peter Ruß |
| title_fullStr | Cost effective strategies for an optimal intertemporal allocation of carbon dioxide emission reduction measures global warming strategies on a national level for the Federal Republic of Germany von Peter Ruß |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cost effective strategies for an optimal intertemporal allocation of carbon dioxide emission reduction measures global warming strategies on a national level for the Federal Republic of Germany von Peter Ruß |
| title_short | Cost effective strategies for an optimal intertemporal allocation of carbon dioxide emission reduction measures |
| title_sort | cost effective strategies for an optimal intertemporal allocation of carbon dioxide emission reduction measures global warming strategies on a national level for the federal republic of germany |
| title_sub | global warming strategies on a national level for the Federal Republic of Germany |
| topic | Emissionsverringerung (DE-588)4113432-1 gnd Kostengünstiges Verfahren (DE-588)4316132-7 gnd Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Emissionsverringerung Kostengünstiges Verfahren Kohlendioxidemission Deutschland Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006708201&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rußpeter costeffectivestrategiesforanoptimalintertemporalallocationofcarbondioxideemissionreductionmeasuresglobalwarmingstrategiesonanationallevelforthefederalrepublicofgermany |