Unemployment and labour market flexibility: Finland:
Gespeichert in:
| Beteiligte Personen: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Geneva
Internat. Labour Office
1990
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003844694&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XIV, 222 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9221072738 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface v
1. Structural change in an open economy: Towards a Finnish model? 1
Introduction 1
Finland s economy: From safeguarded trade to structural adjustment? ... 3
Crises and the rise of negotiated incomes policy 5
The changing structure of employment 12
Public sector employment 16
Unemployment and the resurgence of the employment line 18
Concluding remarks 28
2. Changing patterns of unemployment 31
Introduction 31
Regional disparities 31
Women s position in the labour market 39
Youth unemployment 47
Older workers: Fortunate or victims of industrial restructuring? 53
The challenge of long term unemployment 61
Concluding remarks 65
3. Wage flexibility and employment 67
Introduction 67
The institutional framework for wage formation 68
Real wages and employment 72
The trade off between unemployment and wage inflation 77
Wages and labour mobility 80
Geographical mobility 81
Employment mobility 83
Wages and mismatch 88
Female wages and employment 90
Minimum wages and youth employment 94
Wages and older workers employment 97
Concluding remarks 98
4. Labour flexibility in enterprises 99
Introduction 99
Non wage labour costs 99
Employment security versus flexibility? 110
Rules of recruitment 113
Rules for individual dismissal or collective redundancy 113
The spread of atypical forms of employment 117
Flexible working time and cuts in standard hours 123
The pursuit of functional flexibility 125
Concluding remarks 139
f. Labour market policy against unemployment 141
Introduction 141
The evolution of labour market policy 142
Labour market policy for regional adjustment 153
The Employment Service: Aspirations versus reality 156
Labour market training 162
Older workers: Pushed towards early retirement? 169
Selective employment programmes 173
Concluding remarks 193
5. Labour flexibility: Options for the 1990s 195
Towards a Finnish model? 195
Demographic dilemmas for labour policy 198
Whither the employment line? 200
From an employment to a social adjustment line 204
Work flexibility and the strengthening of citizenship 207
Workforce flexibility 207
Early retirement 207
Cutting hours of work 208
Sabbatical leave 210
Education for flexibility 213
Citizenship income and full employment 214
Redundancy pay reappraisal 217
Tax reform 217
Negotiated incomes policy: The future or the past? 218
Profit related pay and employee investment funds 219
Labour market statistics: New directions 220
Concluding remarks 221
Figures
I. Relative changes in the volume of GDP and in employment, 1961 88 ... 12
I. Percentage of persons (aged 15 64) employed in certain occupational
categories, 1971 87 14
5. Annual employment changes in the production of government services and in
the business sector, 1961 88 17
. Labour force and employment, 1960 88 22
. The Beveridge curve, Finland, 1963 87 25
. Unemployment rates by labour district, 1971, 1978 and 1987 32
7. The regional incidence of absolute and relative unemployment, 1985 .... 33
8. Registered unemployed jobseekers as percentage of labour force in the whole
country and in three districts, 1971 88 37
9. Weekly flows into registered unemployment as percentage of labour force in
the whole country and in three districts, 1971 88 37
10. Labour force participation rates by age and sex, 1970 88 40
11. Age specific unemployment rates, 1972 88 48
12. Relative weekly flows into registered unemployment in certain age groups,
1971 88 49
13. Beneficiaries of national pension schemes by benefit, as a percentage of
population aged 55 64, 1970 87 54
14. Unemployment rate of persons aged 55 64, 1972 88, old and new definitions 56
15. Number of long term unemployed, monthly, 1981 88 63
16. The composition of changes in total labour costs and product prices in
manufacturing, 1962 88 69
17. Inter regional mobility of Finnish population, relative net migration in the
southern and northern districts, in percentage of respective population,
1961 87 82
18. Duration of employment tenure by age group, private sector employees,
completed and current contracts, 1972, 1982 and 1987 84
19. Five year survival rates of employment contracts, by tenure, age and sex,
private sector, 1972 87 86
20. Wage dispersion (weighted coefficient of variation) of employees between
industries, 1960 88 87
21. Inter industry wage differentials of manufacturing workers, 1960 88 .... 89
22. Wage differentials of manufacturing workers between agreement areas,
women and men, 1960 88 91
23. Hourly wages of women relative to those of men, manufacturing, 1960 86 93
24. Total hourly labour costs in manufacturing in five OECD countries, 1973 88 102
25. Percentage of firms expecting shortages of skilled labour, manufacturing,
1966 88 125
26. Finnish direct net investment abroad and foreign direct net investment in
Finland, 1975 88 129
27. Research and development expenditure and fixed investment in
manufacturing at constant prices, 1975 85 130
28. Dispersion of the average duration of job vacancies across occupations,
industries and labour districts, 1981 88 138
29. Employment appropriations for public works schemes as a percentage of
GDP, 1960 88 144
30. Percentage change in real GDP and in number employed in public works
schemes, 1961 88 144
31. Unemployment rate and total unemployment benefits as a percentage of
GDP, 1961 88 146
32. Replacement ratios of union fund benefits and real benefit index, 1964 84 148
33. Expenditure on selective employment measures, labour market training and
mobility grants as a percentage of GDP, 1960 88 149
34. Unemployed, recipients of unemployment benefits and participants in labour
market schemes as a percentage of the labour force, 1962 88 151
xi i Unemployment and labour market flexibility: Finland
35. Percentage change in the number covered by labour market schemes and the
ratio of unemployed to vacancies, 1961 88 152
36. New vacancies notified to the Employment Service and placements, monthly,
1987 and 1988 159
37. Unemployment rate and percentage change in the average number of labour
market trainees, 1961 88 164
38. Average number employed with wage related employment measures, by
employers status, monthly averages, 1970 87 175
39. Percentage changes in the monthly number of unemployed jobseekers, by
area, 1987 88 183
40. Cumulative distribution of the unemployment burden across unemployed
jobseekers (excluding lay offs), by area, December 1987 and 1988 .... 188
Tables
1. Sectoral distribution of employment, 1970 88 14
2. Growth rates of employment by public and private sectors, 1984 88 .... 16
3. Public sector employment by industry, 1984 and 1988 17
4. Active and full unemployment rates (ages 15 64), 1977 87 19
5. Unemployment rates, Finland, Nordic countries and OECD Europe, 1975 88 20
6 Special measures to promote employment or reduce unemployment, 1983 21
7. Estimates of the natural rate of unemployment , 1964 80 23
8. NAIRU estimates: (a) OECD estimates, 1976 85; (b) Pehkonen s estimates,
1965 82 23
9. Incidence of long term unemployment, selected countries, 1980 85 27
10. Changes in the industrial structure by region, 1977 88 34
11. Changes in labour force, employment and unemployment by region, 1977 88 35
12. Unemployed jobseekers (including temporary lay offs), long term
unemployed and recipients of unemployment pension by region, end 1987 36
13. Unemployment risk and eligibility for unemployment benefits by region,
population aged 15 64, autumn 1987 38
14. Women s labour force participation rates by marital status and presence of
children, 1978, 1982, 1986 and 1987 41
15. Public sector employment by sex, 1950 88 42
16. Growth rates of female employees by public and private sectors, 1984 88 42
17. Part time employment by sex, 1977 88 43
18. Unemployment rates by sex and proportion of women in total
unemployment, 1970 88 46
19. Unemployment rates by age, 1972 88 51
20. Older persons: Labour force participation rates, selected years, 1972 88 . . 57
21. Main types of employment pension schemes in the private sector, 1962 87 58
22. Number of new pensions in the private sector by type (aged 55 64), 1981 88 58
23. Recipients of early retirement pensions, by type of pension (aged 55 64), end
1988 59
24. Unemployment rates by age group, 1972 88 60
25. Termination of employment spells by reason, 1986 87 61
26. Unemployed jobseekers (excluding lay offs) by occupation and by duration
of unemployment, end August 1988 62
Contents xiii
27. Distribution of unemployment by duration, by age group, 1986 65
28. Share of employees compensation in value added and its components,
manufacturing, average annual changes, 1964 87 71
29. Breakdown of the change in unemployment by causal factors, 1956 66 to
1980 83, selected countries 74
30. Decomposition of real wages responsiveness, selected countries, 1952 85 75
31. Real wages gaps in manufacturing (percentage deviations from 1973),
selected countries, 1975 86 76
32. Changes in employment and average hourly wages in different manufacturing
industries, 1960 86 93
33. Non wage labour costs as percentage of total labour costs in manufacturing,
OECD, 1965 88 100
34. Total labour costs in manufacturing, OECD countries, selected years,
1973 87 101
35. Private employers contributions to social insurance, percentage of wage bill,
all industries, 1968 88 104
36. Total marginal tax rate on labour and its components, percentage of total
compensation, OECD countries, 1983 105
37. Contributions to changes in the tax wedge on labour, 1966 84 106
38. Estimates of (quasi )fixed and variable labour costs in manufacturing,
1960 85 108
39. Number of persons temporarily laid off and on shortened working weeks,
annual averages, 1965 88 108
40. Age distribution of persons in full time and part time employment, 1977 and
1987 118
41. Main reasons for working part time (as percentage of total part time
employed, aged 15 64), 1977 87 119
42. Willingness of employees (aged 15 64) to change to part time jobs, by
occupation, autumn 1987 120
43. Fixed term employment contracts by sex and employer (as percentage of total
employees, aged 15 64), 1981 87 122
44. Working hours per employee, by sector, annual averages, 1968, 1978 and
1988 123
45. Working hours and absenteeism, manufacturing workers, 1980 88 .... 124
46. Industrial enterprises by size and share in total employment, 1974 86 . . 126
47. Employment mobility, private sector employees, 1972 88 127
48. Finnish owned manufacturing companies operating abroad, 1981, 1987 and
1988 129
49. Job content and working conditions according to the use of new information
technologies, 1984 134
50. Number of persons employed in information occupations, all industries, 1980
and 1985 135
51. Participation of employees in in plant training during the preceding 12
months, 1977 and 1987 136
52. Average duration of vacancies notified to the Employment Service, 1981 88 137
53. Regional distribution of unemployed jobseekers, persons employed with
selective employment measures and persons on labour market training, 1987 152
54. Public expenditure on labour market programmes, as percentage of GDP,
selected countries, 1987 154
55. Unemployed and vacancies by region, annual averages, 1971, 1978 and 1987 156
xiv Unemployment and labour market flexibility: Finland
56. Percentage share of vacancies notified and filled at the Employment Service,
STK member firms, 1985 157
57. Ratio of unemployed to registered vacancies, percentage change in registered
vacancies, by region, 1987 and 1988 160
58. Ratio of unemployed to registered vacancies, and percentage change in
registered vacancies, by occupation, 1987 and 1988 161
59. Labour market training, 1975 88 164
60. Age structure of course completers, 1978 88 166
61. Course completion and placement after two months, percentage distribution,
1977 88 168
62. Early retirement, number of new pensions by sex, private sector, 1981 88 173
63. Spells of unemployment terminated by employment measures for certain
categories of unemployed, 1984 87 176
64. Implementation schedules of statutory employment obligation 178
65. Persons employed with wage related employment measures, annual averages,
by area, 1987 88 179
66. Spells of unemployment terminated by employment measures for certain
categories of unemployed, by area, 1987 and 1988 180
67. Employment of the disabled, by area, 1987 and 1988 182
68. Age structure of the unemployed (excluding lay offs), by area, December
1987 and 1988 182
69. Unemployment rates by labour district, 1987 and 1988 184
70. Percentage distribution of the unemployed (excluding lay offs) by duration of
unemployment, by area, December 1987 and 1988 184
71. Percentage distribution of unemployment weeks (excluding lay offs) by
duration of spell in progress, by area, December 1987 and 1988 185
72. Unemployed jobseekers (excluding lay offs), weeks in unemployment and
duration of spell in progress, by area, December 1987 and 1988 186
73. Termination of unemployment spells by reason, monthly averages, by area,
1987 and 1988 189
74. Occupational structure of all employees and persons placed through selective
employment measures, by occupation of placement work, 1988 191
75. Educational level of all employees and of persons placed through selective
employment measures, by type of placement, 1988 191
76. Interest in different kinds of renewals in working time 211
77. The most preferred form of shortening working time 212
|
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| geographic | Finnland Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Finnland |
| id | DE-604.BV006088449 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T08:43:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9221072738 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003844694 |
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| publisher | Internat. Labour Office |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Lilja, Reija Santamäki-Vuori, Tuire Standing, Guy Unemployment and labour market flexibility: Finland Chômage - Finlande Marché du travail - Finlande Labor market Finland Unemployment Finland Arbeitsmarktpolitik (DE-588)4002737-5 gnd Arbeitslosigkeit (DE-588)4002730-2 gnd Arbeitsmarkt (DE-588)4002733-8 gnd Flexibilität (DE-588)4125037-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002737-5 (DE-588)4002730-2 (DE-588)4002733-8 (DE-588)4125037-0 (DE-588)4017243-0 |
| title | Unemployment and labour market flexibility: Finland |
| title_auth | Unemployment and labour market flexibility: Finland |
| title_exact_search | Unemployment and labour market flexibility: Finland |
| title_full | Unemployment and labour market flexibility: Finland Reija Lilja, Tuire Santamäki-Vuori, and Guy Standing |
| title_fullStr | Unemployment and labour market flexibility: Finland Reija Lilja, Tuire Santamäki-Vuori, and Guy Standing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unemployment and labour market flexibility: Finland Reija Lilja, Tuire Santamäki-Vuori, and Guy Standing |
| title_short | Unemployment and labour market flexibility: Finland |
| title_sort | unemployment and labour market flexibility finland |
| topic | Chômage - Finlande Marché du travail - Finlande Labor market Finland Unemployment Finland Arbeitsmarktpolitik (DE-588)4002737-5 gnd Arbeitslosigkeit (DE-588)4002730-2 gnd Arbeitsmarkt (DE-588)4002733-8 gnd Flexibilität (DE-588)4125037-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Chômage - Finlande Marché du travail - Finlande Labor market Finland Unemployment Finland Arbeitsmarktpolitik Arbeitslosigkeit Arbeitsmarkt Flexibilität Finnland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003844694&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT liljareija unemploymentandlabourmarketflexibilityfinland AT santamakivuorituire unemploymentandlabourmarketflexibilityfinland AT standingguy unemploymentandlabourmarketflexibilityfinland |