The solar terrestrial environment: an introduction to geospace - the science of the terrestrial upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere
Gespeichert in:
| Beteilige Person: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
1992
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Cambridge atmospheric and space science series
|
| Schlagwörter: | |
| Links: | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003688287&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| Umfang: | XIV, 420 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0521327482 0521427371 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The solar terrestrial environment |b an introduction to geospace - the science of the terrestrial upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere |c Hargreaves, J. K. |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a The solar-terrestrial environment |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 1992 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Atmosphere, Upper | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Atmospheric physics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ionosphere | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1819382322694193152 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
The Earth in space
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The sun and the solar wind
1.3 The atmosphere and the ionosphere
1.4 Geomagnetic field and magnetosphere
1.5 Nomenclature
1.6 Summary
2 r The physics of geospace
2.1 Useful units and fundamental constants
2.2 Properties of gases
2.2.1 Gas laws
2.2.2 Thermal equilibrium
2.2.3 Continuity
2.2.4 Collisions
2.2.5 Diffusion
2.3 Magnetoplasma
2.3.1 Electric and magnetic energy
2.3.2 Gyrofrequency
2.3.3 Betatron acceleration
2.3.4 Plasma frequency
2.3.5 Debye length
2.3.6 Frozen-in field
2.3.7 E x B drift
2.3.8 Fermi acceleration
2.4 Waves
2.4.1 Phase velocity
2.4.2 Refractive index
2.4.3 Group velocity
2.4.4 Polarization
2.4.5 Energy density
1
1
2
3
3
4
4
6
6
9
9
10
11
11
12
13
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
21
21
22
23
24
vii
viii Contents
2.5 Radio waves in an ionized medium 25
2.5.1 Magneto-ionic theory and the Appleton equation 25
2.5.2 Reflection of an HF radio wave from the ionosphere 27
2.5.3 Partial reflection at a sharp boundary 28
2.5.4 Full wave solutions 29
2.6 Radio propagation through an irregular plasma 29
2.6.1 Introduction 29
2.6.2 Diffraction by a thin screen of weak irregularities 30
2.6.3 Fresnel zone effects 33
2.6.4 Diffraction by strong irregularities 35
2.7 More waves in plasmas 35
2.7.1 Hydromagnetic and magnetosonic waves 35
2.7.2 Whistler and ion-cyclotron waves 36
2.7.3 Electron-acoustic and ion-acoustic waves 39
2.8 Instabilities 40
2.8.1 Introduction 40
2.8.2 Two-stream instability 40
2.8.3 Gradient drift instability 41
2.8.4 Kelvin-Helmholtz instability 43
Further reading 43
3 Techniques for observing geospace 44
3.1 The importance of observations 44
3.2 Direct sensing of a gaseous medium 45
3.2.1 Direct measurements of the neutral atmosphere 46
3.2.2 Langmuir probe and derivatives 49
3.2.3 Impedance and resonance probes 52
3.2.4 Mass spectrometers 53
3.3 Radiation sensors 54
3.3.1 Energetic particle detectors 55
3.3.2 Optical and other electromagnetic receivers 55
3.3.3 Magnetometers and electric field sensors 57
3.4 Indirect sensing of the neutral atmosphere 58
3.4.1 Falling spheres and dragging satellites 58
3.4.2 The measurement of upper atmosphere winds 61
3.5 Remote sensing by radio waves 61
3.5.1 Ionospheric sounding 61
3.5.2 Trans-ionospheric propagation 67
3.5.3 VLF propagation 73
3.5.4 Whistlers 74
3.5.5 Partial reflections 76
3.6 Scatter radar techniques 77
3.6.1 Volume scattering 77
3.6.2 Coherence 79
3.6.3 Coherent scatter radar 79
3.6.4 Incoherent scatter radar - principles 81
3.6.5 Incoherent scatter radar - measurements 86
3.6.6 MST radar 88
3.6.7 Lidar 90
Contents ix
3.7 Ionospheric modification 90
3.7.1 Plasma and beam injection 91
3.7.2 Heat injection 92
3.7.3 Wave injection 94
3.7.4 Water and hydrogen injection 95
Further reading 96
4 The neutral atmosphere 98
4.1 Vertical structure 98
4.1.1 Nomenclature of atmospheric vertical structure 98
100
102
103
105
112
112
113
117
117
124
124
128
129
130
132
132
132
133
134
136
137
141
143
143
143
144
145
149
150
150
153
154
155
156
156
156
160
163
4.1.2 Hydrostatic equilibrium
4.1.3 The exosphere
4.1.4 Heat balance and vertical temperature profile
4.1.5 Composition
4.2 Winds and tides
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 The measurement of high-altitude winds
4.2.3 Winds in the stratosphere and mesosphere
4.2.4 Thermospheric tides
4.3 Waves propagating in the neutral air
4.3.1 Theory of acoustic-gravity waves
4.3.2 Observations
4.4 Standard atmospheres and models
Further reading
5 The solar wind and the magnetosphere
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Solar radiations
5.2.1 Solar electromagnetic radiation
5.2.2 The phenomenon of the solar flare
5.2.3 Radio emissions from the Sun
5.2.4 Solar activity cycles
5.2.5 Proton emissions
5.3 The solar wind
5.3.1 Discovery
5.3.2 Theory of the solar wind
5.3.3 Properties of the solar wind
5.3.4 Interplanetary magnetic field and sector structure
5.3.5 The coronal hole and fast solar streams
5.4 The geomagnetic cavity
5.4.1 The geomagnetic field
5.4.2 The magnetopause
5.4.3 The magnetosheath and the shock
5.4.4 The polar cusps
5.4.5 The magnetotail
5.5 Circulation of the magnetosphere
5.5.1 Circulation patterns
5.5.2 Field merging in the neutral sheet and at the magnetopause
5.5.3 Magnetospheric electric fields
x Contents
5.6 Particles in the magnetosphere 164
5.6.1 Principal particle populations 164
5.6.2 The plasmasphere and its dynamics 164
5.6.3 The plasma sheet 169
5.6.4 Boundary layers 173
5.7 Van Allen particles 174
5.7.1 Discovery 174
5.7.2 Trapping theory 175
5.7.3 Sources, sinks and morphology 183
5.8 Magnetospheric current systems 189
5.8.1 The magnetopause current 190
5.8.2 The tail current 191
5.8.3 The ring current 191
5.8.4 Birkeland currents 194
5.9 Substorms in the magnetosphere 196
5.9.1 Consequences of intermittent merging 196
5.9.2 Substorm triggering and the influence of the IMF 200
5.9.3 Substorm currents 201
5.10 Magnetospheres of other planets 202
Further reading 205
6 Principles of the ionosphere at middle and low latitudes 208
6.1 Introduction 208
6.2 Physical aeronomy 209
6.2.1 Principles 209
6.2.2 The Chapman production function 210
6.2.3 Ionization by energetic particles 213
6.2.4 Principles of chemical recombination 218
6.2.5 Vertical transport 220
6.3 Chemical aeronomy 222
6.3.1 Introduction 222
6.3.2 E and Fl regions 225
6.3.3 F2 region and protonosphere 227
6.3.4 D region 229
6.4 Principles of airglow 233
6.5 Charged particle motions and electrical conductivity 236
6.5.1 Introduction 236
6.5.2 Particle motion in a magnetic field in the presence of collisions 237
6.5.3 Responses to a neutral-air wind 240
6.5.4 Response to an electric field 242
6.5.5 Conductivity 243
Further reading 247
7 Ionospheric phenomena at middle and low latitudes 249
7.1 Observed behaviour of the mid-latitude ionosphere 249
.1 E region and sporadic-E 250
.2 Fl region 253
.3 F2 region and its anomalies 253
.4 D region 261
.5 Effects of solar flares 261
Contents xi
7.1.6 Variations with sunspot cycle 263
7.1.7 Eclipse effects 266
7.1.8 Ionospheric models 269
7.2 Ionospheric electric currents 272
7.2.1 Generation of global ionospheric currents 272
7.2.2 SQ current system 272
7.2.3 F-region drifts 274
7.2.4 Ion drag effects 275
7.3 Peculiarities of the low latitude ionosphere 276
7.4 Storms 278
7.4.1 Introduction 278
7.4.2 Magnetic storm and the Dst index 279
7.4.3 The F-region ionospheric storm 279
7.4.4 D-region storms 285
7.4.5 Winter anomaly of radio absorption 289
7.5 Irregularities 295
7.5.1 Scintillations 295
7.5.2 Scintillation drifts 300
7.5.3 Spread-F, bubbles and F-region irregularities at low latitude 302
7.5.4 Irregularities in the equatorial electrojet 303
7.5.5 Travelling ionospheric disturbances 305
Further reading 310
8 The ionosphere at high latitude 312
8.1 Dynamics of the polar ionosphere 312
8.1.1 F-region circulation 312
8.1.2 Interaction with the neutral air 315
8.1.3 The SJ current system 317
8.1.4 Polar wind 318
8.1.5 The polar cusps 319
8.1.6 Troughs 321
8.2 High-latitude irregularities 323
8.2.1 Blobs, enhancements, or patches 323
8.2.2 Scintillation-producing irregularities 324
8.2.3 E-region irregularities 325
8.3 The aurora 327
8.3.1 Introduction 327
8.3.2 Luminous aurora: distribution and intensity 329
8.3.3 Luminous aurora: spectroscopy 335
8.3.4 Auroral electrons 335
8.3.5 Radar aurora 338
8.3.6 Auroral radio absorption 339
8.3.7 X-rays 339
8.3.8 VLF and ULF emissions 340
8.4 Magnetic storms and substorms at high latitude 341
8.4.1 Magnetic bays 341
8.4.2 Auroral electrojets 342
8.4.3 Magnetic indices 345
8.4.4 Substorm in the luminous aurora 346
8.4.5 The unity of auroral phenomena 348
xii Contents
8.5 Polar cap events 351
8.5.1 Introduction 351
8.5.2 Propagation from Sun to Earth 353
8.5.3 Proton propagation in the magnetosphere - Stormer theory 355
8.5.4 Atmospheric effects of solar protons 359
Further reading 362
9 Magnetospheric waves 364
9.1 Wave generation by magnetospheric particles 364
9.2 Observations from the ground 367
9.2.1 VLF signals 367
9.2.2 Micropulsations 370
9.3 Space observations 375
9.4 Effects of waves on particles 379
9.4.1 Particle precipitation by waves 379
9.4.2 The Trimpi event 381
9.4.3 Controlled injection of whistler waves 382
9.4.4 Power-line effects 384
9.4.5 Cyclotron resonance instability 384
Further reading 388
10 Technological application of geospace science 390
10.1 Introduction 390
10.2 Communications 392
10.2.1 Radio propagation predictions 392
10.2.2 Satellite communications 395
10.2.3 Navigation, positioning and timekeeping 396
10.2.4 Effects on remote sensing systems 398
10.3 Power lines, pipelines and magnetic prospecting 400
10.4 Space operations 401
10.4.1 Effects on satellites 401
10.4.2 Effects on space travellers 401
10.5 Activity monitoring and forecasting 402
10.5.1 The users 402
10.5.2 Monitoring systems 402
10.5.3 Solar cycle predictions 406
10.5.4 Flare forecasting 406
10.5.5 Geomagnetic activity 410
10.6 Data services 411
Further reading 413
Index 415
|
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| author | Hargreaves, John K. |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)24173947 (DE-599)BVBBV005891981 |
| dewey-full | 551.5/14 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
| dewey-raw | 551.5/14 |
| dewey-search | 551.5/14 |
| dewey-sort | 3551.5 214 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV005891981 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T08:39:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521327482 0521427371 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003688287 |
| oclc_num | 24173947 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 |
| physical | XIV, 420 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
| publishDateSearch | 1992 |
| publishDateSort | 1992 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Cambridge atmospheric and space science series |
| spellingShingle | Hargreaves, John K. The solar terrestrial environment an introduction to geospace - the science of the terrestrial upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere Astrofysica gtt Atmosfeer gtt Atmosphere, Upper Atmospheric physics Ionosphere Magnetosphere Ionosphäre (DE-588)4130409-3 gnd Hochatmosphäre (DE-588)4139251-6 gnd Magnetosphäre (DE-588)4132479-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4130409-3 (DE-588)4139251-6 (DE-588)4132479-1 |
| title | The solar terrestrial environment an introduction to geospace - the science of the terrestrial upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere |
| title_alt | The solar-terrestrial environment |
| title_auth | The solar terrestrial environment an introduction to geospace - the science of the terrestrial upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere |
| title_exact_search | The solar terrestrial environment an introduction to geospace - the science of the terrestrial upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere |
| title_full | The solar terrestrial environment an introduction to geospace - the science of the terrestrial upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere Hargreaves, J. K. |
| title_fullStr | The solar terrestrial environment an introduction to geospace - the science of the terrestrial upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere Hargreaves, J. K. |
| title_full_unstemmed | The solar terrestrial environment an introduction to geospace - the science of the terrestrial upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere Hargreaves, J. K. |
| title_short | The solar terrestrial environment |
| title_sort | the solar terrestrial environment an introduction to geospace the science of the terrestrial upper atmosphere ionosphere and magnetosphere |
| title_sub | an introduction to geospace - the science of the terrestrial upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere |
| topic | Astrofysica gtt Atmosfeer gtt Atmosphere, Upper Atmospheric physics Ionosphere Magnetosphere Ionosphäre (DE-588)4130409-3 gnd Hochatmosphäre (DE-588)4139251-6 gnd Magnetosphäre (DE-588)4132479-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Astrofysica Atmosfeer Atmosphere, Upper Atmospheric physics Ionosphere Magnetosphere Ionosphäre Hochatmosphäre Magnetosphäre |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003688287&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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