The British Empire before the American revolution: 4. Zones of international friction.North America, South of the Great Lakes region 1748-1754.3.print.1967.XLVIII, 312, XLIV S.
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1967
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The British Empire before the American revolution |n 4. Zones of international friction.North America, South of the Great Lakes region 1748-1754.3.print.1967.XLVIII, 312, XLIV S. |c by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Knopf |c 1967 | |
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| adam_text | Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
The Dynamics of British Imperialism in North America,
1748-54 3
The British Empire and expansion in the middle of the eight¬
eenth century
3
Expansion the result of private enterprise and initiative
rather than of state planning
3
The lure of profits
3
Distinct interests involved
4
British manufacturers
4
British merchants
4
British and colonial shipowners
4
American seaboard merchants
4
American distillers
4
Tidewater planters
4
Frontier settlers
4
Inland trading companies
4
Indian traders
4
Indian middlemen
4
The far Indian trappers and hunters
4
Characterized by a perilous credit structure
4
Striking contrast with French imperial expansion
4
State action and private monopoly characteristic of the
French Empire
4
Inactivity of the Spaniards in Florida
4
Unsuccessful efforts on the part of individual colonies to
monopolize the Indian trade
4
Efforts of South Carolina, Georgia, and New York
5
XU CONTENTS
The
Colonies
appeal to seventeenth-century patents and to
early eighteenth-century treaties in promoting expan¬
sion
5
South Carolina and Virginia set forth their sea-to-sea
claims
5
Connecticut claims the northern part of Pennsylvania and
the Illinois country
5
Massachusetts Bay seeks to close the region south of the
St. Lawrence and north of the Acadian peninsula to
French enterprise
5
New Hampshire and Massachusetts Bay press upon New
York
5
New York lays claim to the Great Lakes region. Basis of
pretensions
5
The Treaty of Utrecht
5
The Iroquois treaty of
1702 5
A young American nation on the march
б
Blighting effects of state interference upon private under¬
takings in New France
6
Canada and Louisiana ruinous financial liabilities in the
middle of the eighteenth century
7
Galissonière s
testimony in
1750 7
Aggressive movements on the part of the English
7
The founding of Halifax and the settlement of Nova
Scotia
7
The drawing of the French Indians to Oswego
7
The pressing of Pennsylvania traders into the Ohio coun¬
try and the region south of Lake Erie
8
The appropriation of lands south of the Ohio by Virginians
8
The attempts of the South Carolina traders to win over the
Choctaw
8
The French counter-moves
8
The rebuilding of Louisbourg
8
The establishment of forts about the Nova Scotia isthmus
8
The strengthening of Crown Point on Lake Champlain
8
CONTENTS Xlii
The construction of Forts Presqu Isle and
Le Bœuf on
the
Lake Erie and Allegheny River portage
8
The building of the new
Fort Chartres
in the Illinois
country
8
The concentration of regular troops in Louisiana
8
Relations with the Indians
9
With the
Micmacs
and Abnaki in Nova Scotia
9
With the Hurons and Saulters of the Great Lakes
region
9
With the rebel village of La Demoiselle on the Great
Miami
9
With the
Delawares, Shawnee,
and
Mingo
about the
Ohio
9
With the Choctaw in the lower Mississippi basin
9
With the Six Confederated Nations
9
The expulsion of the English from the forks of the Ohio,
1754 9
Projected union of the American colonies for defence
9
Plan of the Albany Congress,
1754 10
Plan of the Board of Trade,
1754 10
The appeal to force
10
Chapter II
THE FLORIDA FRONTIER
Florida
11
Stagnation within the Province
11
Its dependence upon the
alcabalas
of the
Puebla de los
Angeles, Mexico
11
Ineffectual efforts to promote the growth of population
12
By marriage of the soldiers at the posts
12
By immigration of agriculturalists
12
Food supplies and the Province
13
From Mexico
13
The
Compañía de la Habana
and trade monopoly
13
XIV CONTENTS
Sources of food supplies
13
New York
13
New Orleans
13
Plans to cultivate the land
14
The British and Spanish trade restrictions and the Flor¬
ida trade
15
Spanish settlements at St. Augustine, Apalache, and Pen-
sacola
16
Weakness of their military defences
16
Reputed boundaries of the Province
17
Counter-claims of South Carolina
17
Indian relations
17
With the Uchize or Lower Creeks
17
Royal orders of
1744
for promoting intercourse
17
An asylum for runaway slaves from South Carolina and
Georgia
19
The royal decree of
1750
giving them freedom
20
Efforts on the part of South Carolina to capture them
20
Glen s complaint to Montiano in
1749 20
Laguna s mission to New York to reclaim Florida cap¬
tives in
1752 21
Cause for its failure
21
The Province and buccaneering enterprises
22
Case of the schooner
Nuestra Señora
del Carmen
22
Georgia
23
The demoralization of the English settlements south of
the Altamaha
23
Captain Cadogan s description of
1750 24
Evidence of progress after the lifting of the restrictions
and with the coming of peace
24
The Trustees report on the Province of
1751 25
Georgia s inability to support its government
25
The machinery of government
25
Should Georgia be reincorporated into South Carolina?
25
Attitude of the South Carolina Commons House of As¬
sembly
26
Repudiation of the committee report in favour of union
26
CONTENTS
XV
Georgia
Assembly resolutions against union sent to the
Trustees
26
Edmund Gray s representation to the Board of Trade
of
1752 27
Opposition of the Georgia Trustees
28
The control in perpetuity of the undivided lands of Geor¬
gia by the Trustees
29
The voluntary surrender to the Crown of this control
29
The attempt of the people of the Province to influence the
choice of the royal Governor
29
John Reynolds, first royal Governor
30
His limited qualifications for the post
30
His disillusion as to the nature of his post
30
The problems confronting the Province
31
Irregular holding of lands
31
The attempt of Gray and his supporters to overawe the
government
32
The unsatisfactory condition of Savannah as the pro¬
vincial capital
33
Reynolds s efforts to remove the seat of government to
Hardwicke
33
Opposition to Reynolds in the Provincial Council
34
The struggle to control the Assembly
34
Indian relations
34
Indian groups embraced within the Province according
to Reynolds
34
The Lower Creeks
35
Their location and importance
35
Their land claims
35
The-early control of their trade by South Carolinians
36
The Trustees Act of
1735
regulating the Georgia In¬
dian trade
36
The founding of Augusta in
1735 37
Continued activity of the South Carolina traders among
the Lower Creeks
37
The role of Princess Mary
38
In the founding of Savannah as Mary Musgrove
38
XVI CONTENTS
At the forks of the Altamaha as Mary Mathews
38
At
Frederica
as Mary Bosomworth
39
Her vast claims to Georgia lands
40
Her attempt to overawe the government of Georgia in
1748 40
Effects of her actions upon the Lower Creeks
41
Sympathetic attitude of Governors Reynolds and Ellis
toward her claims
42
The award of
1759 43
The problem of the Florida frontier
43
Uncertainty respecting the southern bounds of the Prov¬
ince
43
The unhappy situation of the settlements to the south of
the Altamaha
44
Activities of Edmund Gray and others in this region
45
Close relations with the Lower Creeks
46
Long a haven of lawless men
47
Georgia in process of transformation
47
Chapter III
CHEROKEE PATHS
The Cherokee country
49
The Cherokee Nation
50
Numbers
50
Towns
51
Description of
51
Grouping of
52
The Over Hills
52
The Valleys
52
The Middle Towns
52
The Towns on the Keowee
52
The Lower Towns
52
Chief resources of
53
Horses
53
Deerskins
53
CONTENTS XVII
The deerskin trade
53
Early traffic by the Virginians,
1673 53
The Charleston traders
53
Export of deerskins from Charleston
53
Great annual slaughter of deer
54
Search for fresh hunting grounds by the Cherokee
54
Small average returns to individual Indian hunters
54
Indian indebtedness
55
Chaotic condition of the Indian trade
55
Its regulation
56
The South Carolina Act of
1707 56
A public monopoly in
1716 57
The founding of Fort Moore in
1716 57
The post on the
Congaree
in
1718 57
The breakdown of the monopoly
57
Activities of Virginia traders
57
The appearance of trading houses in the Cherokee country
57
The effect of the founding of Augusta
57
The re-establishment of private trade in
1721 58
The appointment of an Indian commissioner in
1724 58
Regulations in force in
1751 58
The system of exclusive licences for particular towns
58
Emphasis upon a fair trade
59
Limitation of Indian credit
59
Prohibition of rum
59
The establishment of trading districts in
1751 59
A serious crisis in Indian relations by
1751 60
The treaty of
1730
in England
60
Different interpretations placed upon this
61
Hostile attitude of the Cherokee in
1733 61
Departure of the Carolina traders
61
Efforts of the Virginians to seize this trade
61
Action of the South Carolina government
61
Christian
Priber
at Great Tellico
61
Appearance in
1736 61
His plans for an Indian empire
62
XVIII CONTENTS
His great influence
62
Inability of the South Carolina authorities to arrest him
62
His final capture among the Upper Creeks
62
Imprisonment by Oglethorpe and death
62
Dependence of the Cherokee upon the English
63
French traders and deerskins
63
Low value of skins and high price of trading goods in
Louisiana
63
King George s War and the Cherokee
63
Petition to the Crown of the South Carolina Assembly in
1747
for financial aid
63
The appropriation of funds in England for presents for
the southern Indians,
1748 64
To be divided between the South Carolina and Georgia
Indians
64
Opposition of the South Carolina government to the
plan of annual distribution of presents
64
The Cherokee-Creek War
65
Northern Indians in the Cherokee country
65
Attacks of these upon the Creeks
65
Outbreak of the Cherokee-Creek hostilities
66
The advantage enjoyed by the Creeks
66
Appeal of the Over Hills Cherokee for an English fort
66
Refusal of the Assembly to make provision for this
67
Appeal to the northern governors to hold back their In¬
dians
67
The Catawba at the Indian conference at Albany
68
Attacks on Carolina traders in the Cherokee country
68
The Lower Towns involved
68
Resentment of the Over Hills Cherokee at these attacks
69
South Carolina wards off attacks by Cherokee and north¬
ern Indians
70
Suspension of all intercourse with the Cherokee
70
Little Carpenter heads a delegation to Virginia
70
Cherokee Plans to develop trade with the Virginians
71
Governor Glen s protest to the Virginia authorities
72
CONTENTS
XIX
South Carolina s privileged position with respect to the
Cherokee
73
Determination of the South Carolina authorities to pre¬
vent this trade
73
Measures taken
73
Conciliatory attitude of the Virginia Council
73
Georgia traders supply the Cherokee
74
Glen s protest to the Georgia authorities
74
The South Carolina Assembly votes the erection of a fort
in the Cherokee country
74
The Cherokee contemplate migration to the Ohio
75
Chief Blue Shadow at Lower Shawnee Town in
1752 75
Conditions in the Ohio country unfavourable for a set¬
tlement
75
The Cherokee appeal to Dinwiddie in
1752 76
Appearance in Virginia of Old Hop, the Emperor
76
The failure of the mission
77
The Cherokee now forced to turn to South Carolina
78
Glen s policy of appeasement
79
The Charleston conference of
1753 79
Peace with the Cherokee re-established
80
The land purchase of
1753 81
The erection of a fort on the Keowee
81
The South Carolina government and the Creeks
81
The Bosomworths sent into the Creek country
82
The Creeks in Charleston,
1753 82
The end of the Cherokee-Creek War
83
The problem of the northern Indians continues
83
The massacre at Buffalo Creek in
1754 83
Chapter IV
THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI BASIN
The charter claims of the southern colonies to the Mississippi
basin
84
XX
CONTENTS
The
reassertion
of these claims in the middle of the eight¬
eenth century
84
La Salle s efforts to establish a French colony in lower
Louisiana in
1684 84
Fort St. Louis,
1684-9 85
The Bienville brothers at Biloxi in
1699 85
Plans of the English in America to break up this settle¬
ment
85
The Carolina traders among the Chickasaw
86
The Choctaw Confederacy won to the French in
1702 86
Ambitious plans of Iberville to ruin the southern English
colonies
86
The French system of Indian alliances
86
The Crozat monopoly of Louisiana,
1712-17 86
Posts established on the Red and Alabama Rivers
87
The
Compagnie d Occident
and
Compagnie des
Indes
to
1731 87
Founding of New Orleans and the transfer of the provin¬
cial capital there in
1722 87
Rapid growth of population between
1717
and
1720 87
The nine districts of Louisiana
87
The Natchez War,
1730-1 87
Support of the Natchez by the Chickasaw
88
The construction of Fort Tombigbee in
1736 88
The Choctaw Confederation
88
Difficulties in retaining its friendship
88
Presence of the Jesuits
88
The Choctaw mission to Charleston,
1738 88
Its importance
89
Location, estimates of population
89
Towns and districts
89
The Six Towns
89
The Long People
89
The People of the Opposite Side
89
King George s War and the Confederation
89
CONTENTS XXI
Vaudreuil
and the Mobile meeting,
1745 89
The Chickasaw Indian traders and the Choctaw
90
Roles of James Adair and Red Shoe considered
90
The Long People attack the French
91
Departure of the French traders
92
The coming of the English traders
92
Efforts of the Chickasaw traders to secure a monopoly
of the Choctaw trade
92
The friendship treaty of Little King at Charleston in
1747 93
The so-called Sphynx Company and an exclusive trade
93
Lavish distribution of goods
93
Most of the Choctaw towns side with the English
93
The French recovery of influence
94
Bad effects on English trade of easy credit
94
Failure of the English ammunition to arrive
94
The assassination of Red Shoe,
1747 94
The reversal of
Vaudreuiľs
policy of non-intercourse
95
Friendly Choctaw supplied with ammunition
95
Desertion to the French of Choctaw towns
95
The bloody civil war
96
Divergence in French policy respecting this
96
The decisive role of
Grandpré
at Tombigbee
97
The peace treaty of
1750 97
The elimination of English political influence
98
South Carolina s support of the pro-English Choctaw
98
Continued desire of the Choctaw for English trade
99
The Upper Creeks and the war
99
A consistent policy of neutrality
100
Influence of the French at Fort Toulouse
100
The Chickasaw and the war
100
Efforts in
1750
to make peace with the French
101
Vaudreuil determines on their destruction
101
Louisiana in the middle of the eighteenth century
101
Population in
1744 101
Bossu s description of the Province in
1751 102
Condition of the various settlements
102
XXU CONTENTS
New Orleans as a provincial capital
103
Religious orders within the Province
104
The Ursuline sisters
104
The Capuchins
104
The Jesuits
104
The rivalry over the office of vicar-general
105
Military establishments
105
The skeleton companies
106
The
congés
106
The
ordonnance
of
1750
for thirty-seven companies at
full strength
106
Entrances to the Mississippi strengthened
107
Economic development
107
Agriculture
107
Land concessions
108
Efforts at a planned economy
108
Sugar-production discouraged
108
Tobacco, indigo, rice, and other commodities encour¬
aged
109
Poor quality of Louisiana tobacco
109
Indigo the most important export staple
109
Manufactures
109
Production of indigo
109
Preparation of rice for the market
110
Naval stores
110
Plans for shipbuilding 111
Construction limited to smaller river craft 111
Its relation to the future prosperity of the Province 111
Commerce, the limited nature of 111
With Mexico 111
With France
112
With the French West Indies
112
The Province does not appeal to the immigrant
112
Inability of the crown to attract settlers to it
113
Inability of French merchants to profit by intercourse with
Louisiana
113
The virtual bankruptcy of the population
114
CONTENTS
ХХШ
Louisiana
the prey of exploiters
116
The government of the Province
116
Concentration of authority in the hands of the governor
and the
ordonnateur
116
The system of checks and balances
116
The governor s functions
117
The
ordonnateurs
functions
117
Joint functions
117
The Superior Council
118
Limited powers of
118
The defects of the system
118
Mounting costs of government carried by the Crown
119
Disorganization of finances
119
Trading monopolies
120
Abuses of these
120
Chapter V
THE FRENCH NEW WORLD GRANARY
The beginnings of settlement in the Illinois country
123
The Mission of the Holy Family at Cahokia,
1699 123
The Kaskasia Mission of
1701 123
The appearance of
Fort Chartres
in
1718 123
The creation of the Illinois district in
1721 124
Illinois attached to the Province of Louisiana in
1717 124
The Parish of St. Philippe,
1725 124
The seigneury of Prairie
des Rocher
124
The post of Vincennes about
1732 124
Character of the earlier settlers
124
Coureurs de bois
124
Intermarriage with the natives
125
Miners and mechanics
125
Population of the district in
1752 125
Numerical weakness of the villages
125
Description of the villages
125
Predominance of agriculture
126
XXIV CONTENTS
Existence of slavery
127
Kaskasia in the middle of the eighteenth century
127
Religious activities
127
The Jesuits
127
The Seminary of Foreign Missions
127
Abbé Mercier
at Cahokia
128
The problem of the administration of the Illinois country
128
Should it be reattached to Canada?
128
Comte de Maurepas s
letter of
1748 128
Galissonière
supports the proposal
130
Weakness of the French possessions in North America
131
The growth in power of the English colonies
131
Plans to make Illinois the chief centre of man-power
for New France
132
Opposition of Vaudreuil to the proposal
133
The fall of
Maurepas
from power
135
The limitation under Vaudreuil as Governor General of
the Illinois Commandery to the region west of the
Wabash
135
Illinois a financial burden to the King
135
Great expense of the convoys up the Mississippi
135
Abuses connected with the convoys
135
The government of the Illinois commandery
136
The governmental hierarchy
137
The Major Commandant
137
The
Commis
Principal
137
Macarty Mactique
137
Description of his journey to the Illinois country in
1751 138
The instructions of
1751 138
Abuses to be corrected
138
Government support of religion
138
Opposition to mixed marriages
139
The commandery to be transferred to Kaskasia
139
Opposition to
Fort Chartres
139
The encouragement of agriculture and grazing
139
The utilization of the bison
140
CONTENTS XXV
The promotion of handicrafts
141
Indian relations
142
Opposition to brandy
142
The policy of annual gifts
143
Friendly tribes and the Chickasaw
143
The breaking up of English trading posts
144
The problem of a new stronghold in the Illinois country
144
The building of the new
Fort Chartres
145
Indian wars and the Illinois commandery
146
The Cahokia-Fox War
146
The serious situation on the Wabash
147
Rise in power of La Demoiselle
148
The Piankashaw and the Ouiatenon
148
Illinois the New World granary
149
Demands of the Canadian posts for food supplies
150
Partial failure of crops in Canada
150
Provisioning of Detroit, Vincennes, Ouiatenon, and
Miami
150
Chapter VI
THE VALLEY OF THE OHIO TO
1749
Scarcity of the native population living along the Ohio
153
Early territorial claims of
153
The Erie
153
The Wyandots
153
The Shawnee
153
The Catawba
153
The Cherokee
153
Dominating position of the Five Nations in the early part of
the eighteenth century in the Ohio Valley
154
The breaking of the power of the Shawnee and the Erie
154
The Miami wars
155
The extent of the Iroquois domains
155
The Iroquois claims
155
The Chippewa overrun the Iroquois beaver grounds
156
XXVI CONTENTS
The Shawnee on the Ohio
156
Removal of the upper Cumberland River Shawnee
156
French policy with respect to these Indians
156
The plan of a barrier between the French and the
Iroquois
156
The settlement at Old Shawnee Town about
1730 157
Other Shawnee settlements
158
Failure of the French to draw the Shawnee to Detroit
159
A reunion of the Cumberland River and Savannah River
Shawnee
160
The Savannah Shawnee in Pennsylvania
161
Settlement among the
Delawares
about the Dela¬
ware River
161
Removal to the Ohio country
161
The
Delawares
on the Ohio
161
Removal from the Delaware to the Susquehanna about
1742 161
Removal from the Susquehanna to the Ohio
161
Dependence in Pennsylvania upon the Six Nations
161
Governor Thomas s report of
1744 161
Concentration on the upper Ohio tributaries by
1751 162
Continued friendly relations with the Shawnee
162
Delicate nature of their relations with the Six Nations
162
The
Mingo
162
Appearance as a more or less distinct Iroquoian group
162
Settlements on the upper Ohio
162
Early trade relations with the Ohio River Indians
164
La Salle s activities in
1680 164
The Five Nations and this trade
164
Appearance of New York and Virginia traders in the val¬
ley of the Ohio
164
Importance of the English trade by
1730 165
The Wabash River as a trade centre
165
Pennsylvania traders on the Ohio
166
Sale of rum
166
The Five Nations protest in
1727
and in
1736 166
CONTENTS XXVU
Importance of their activities
167
Penetration of the Illinois country by
1742 168
The Five Nations on White River in
1743 168
Beauharnois and
Longueuil
plan to control this stream
168
Problem of identification of White River
169
King George s War and the Ohio country
170
Plans of the French to drive the English traders from the
Ohio,
1744 170
Failure of this plan
172
Difficulty of securing trading goods during the war
172
The Indians welcome the English
172
George Croghan s testimony
172
The Indian conspiracy of
1747 173
The Detroit Hurons under Chief Nicholas
173
Dissatisfaction with Detroit
173
Plan to move to the neighbourhood of Montreal
173
Opposition of Chief Angouirot
173
The Sandusky Hurons (Wyandots)
174
Inability of the French to retain their loyalty
174
Chief Nicholas joins Angouirot at Sandusky
174
The Pennsylvania traders at Sandusky
174
Preparations for defence in
1745 174
Arrival of ammunition in
1747 175
Massacre of Frenchmen at Sandusky in
1747 175
Nicholas works to destroy French power in the Great
Lakes region
176
Plans of the Indians:
176
The Detroit Hurons
176
The Potawatomi
176
The Miami
176
The Foxes
176
The Sioux and Sauk
176
The Shawnee
176
The Ottawa
176
The Saulteurs
176
The failure of the conspiracy
176
XXviil
CONTENTS
Céloron
brings reinforcements to Detroit
176
Nicholas leaves the Sandusky for White River,
1748 177
La Demoiselle retires to the Great Miami at Pickawil-
lany
177
The Ohio Valley Indians still hostile to the French
177
Pennsylvania and the Ohio and Lake Erie Indians
178
Pennsylvania and the conspiracy
178
George Croghan at Sandusky
178
A reversal of trans-Appalachian policy
179
The voting of aid to the Wyandot (Huron) on Lake
Erie
179
The Ohio Indians at Philadelphia, November
1747 181
The meeting at
Logstown,
April
1748 183
The Twightwee at Lancaster, July
1748 183
The
Logstown
Treaty, August
1748 184
The British trade supremacy in the valley of the Ohio
185
Chapter
VII
THE RISE AND FALL OF PICKAWILLANY
Existence within the Ohio Valley Indian tribes of pro-Eng¬
lish and pro-French groups
186
Unwillingness of these Indians, however, to engage in
inter-tribal or intra-tribal wars of extermination
186
Realistic attitude of the Indians in their relations with the
whites
187
Trading paths of the Ohio Valley
187
The paradox involved in the superior bargaining power of
the English
188
To keep the English from the Great Lakes the French
obliged to dominate the Ohio Valley
189
The French claims to the Ohio Valley
189
La Salle s voyage down the Mississippi,
1682 189
Batts and
Faliam
in the Ohio Valley in
1671 189
CONTENTS XXIX
Baron de
Longueuiľs
voyage
down the Ohio,
1739 189
The posts on the Wabash
189
The Iroquois claims to the Ohio
190
An embarrassment to the French
190
Galissonière s
policy in
1748 190
To eject the English traders
191
Not to rely upon Indian allies
191
Céloron de Blainville s
expedition,
1749 192
At the Chautauqua portage
193
On the upper Allegheny
193
At
Logstown
195
Perilous situation of the French force
195
The English traders ordered out of the country
196
At Lower Shawnee Town
196
The ceremony of the leaden plates and the King s arms
considered
199
At Pickawillany
200
Conflicting accounts of occurrences there
201
At Fort Miami
201
Céloron s
pessimistic report
202
Jonquière s
plans
203
A large force to the Ohio
203
Establishment of trading posts in the Ohio Valley
203
Disadvantage of having French trading posts in this
region
204
Galissonière
supports this reversal of earlier French
policy
204
La Demoiselle s conspiracy at Pickawillany
205
Support of the Shawnee, Ouiatenon, and Piankashaw
205
Importance of Pickawillany in
1752 206
The harassing of the English traders by French and Indian
raiding parties
206
Céloron
at Detroit
208
His responsibility for sending a force to the Ohio
208
XXX CONTENTS
Increased importance of the Detroit commandery
208
The posts among the Ouiatenon and on the Maumee
and the
White River
region placed under
Cé-
loron s command
208
Failure of the plans for a French expedition in
1751 208
A French trading post for the upper Ohio Valley
209
Joncaire sent to the Allegheny,
1750 209
His qualifications
209
His instructions
209
To support Guillot s trading enterprise
209
To persuade the Iroquois to return to their ancestral
homes
210
To erect a strong-house
210
To discover the Muskingum-Cuyahoga portage
211
To compel the English traders to retire
211
To win back the Shawnee
211
Failure to secure aid of the Five Nations
213
Slow movement down the Allegheny
213
The
Logstown
conference of May
1751 214
Joncaire warns away the English traders
214
The refusal of the Indians to permit their withdrawal
214
Croghan calls upon the Indians to resist the French
215
The Indians ask that the Pennsylvania government erect
a strong-house
215
The Montreal conference of
1751 216
The Five Nations assert their possession of the Ohio
Valley
216
Jonquière
acknowledges that the Iroquois are masters of
this region
217
A reversal of French policy
217
The repudiation of this acknowledgment by the French
ministry
217
The instructions to Duquesne,
1752 217
CONTENTS XXXI
Progress of events in
1751 218
Joncaire s pessimistic report
218
Strong attachment of the Indians to the English
218
Dangers of a general revolt
218
La Demoiselle s plans
218
Attacks upon the French
218
Near Fort Miami
218
OntheWabash
218
Longueuiľs
plans
219
Concentration of soldiers at Detroit in
1752 219
To attack Pickawillany in
1753 219
Failure of this plan
219
Shortage of food supplies in Canada
220
Danger of a great Indian war
220
Duquesne instructed to refrain from sending any expedi¬
tionary force against the rebel Indians
220
English traders alone to be molested
220
Progress of events in
1752 220
The Indian conference at Pickawillany in the winter of
1751-2 220
Croghan and Gist overawe the French emissaries
220
The lowering of the French colours
221
Croghan s unauthorized treaty with the Wabash River In¬
dians
221
Attempt to extend the authority of Pennsylvania to the
Wabash
221
Repudiation of the treaty by the Pennsylvania Assem¬
bly
221
The attack on Pickawillany,
1752 221
Langlade
leads the Chippewa and Ottawa against the
fort
222
The death of La Demoiselle
222
Appeal of the Twightwee to the Pennsylvania authorities
222
The significance of the fall of Pickawillany
223
XXXII CONTENTS
Chapter
VIII
THE OHIO COMPANY
Virginia territorial claims
225
The early letters patent
225
President Burwell s views
226
The importance of occupancy of the soil
226
Early interest of Virginia in the trans-Appalachian region
226
Discovery of a pass through the Blue Mountains,
1714 226
Settlements on New River and its tributaries
227
Lee s report of
1750 227
Land companies and trans-Appalachian Virginia
227
Unique position of the Ohio Company
228
Its privileges and obligations
229
The building of a fort
229
The settlement of families
229
Early activities of the Company
230
The setting up of the Wills Creek trading house
231
Efforts to develop the Indian trade
231
Opposition of the Pennsylvania traders
232
Negotiations between the Virginia and the Pennsylvania
authorities
233
For co-operation in the Indian trade
233
For the establishment of a boundary line
233
Difficulties faced in ascertaining the western and southern
limits of Pennsylvania
234
The Pennsylvania-Maryland boundary dispute
234
The dispute in chancery
234
Reluctance of the Indians to have a survey made of west¬
ern bounds of Pennsylvania
234
Plans for a secret survey of the charter limits of Pennsyl¬
vania
235
Lewis Evans and John Bartram
235
The Evans map of western Pennsylvania,
1750 236
CONTENTS
ХХХІІІ
Thomas
Penn s plan to erect
a
Pennsylvania
trading house
on the Ohio,
1750 237
His fear of the French designs
237
His offer to contribute funds for its erection and main¬
tenance
238
Opposition of the Pennsylvania Assembly
238
Desire of the Indians for a Pennsylvania strong-house
238
Governor Hamilton s views respecting the Pennsylvania and
Virginia claims to western lands,
1751 239
The great western sweep of Virginia
239
The unfairness of limiting Pennsylvania by the Appalach¬
ians
240
Efforts of Virginia to conciliate the Ohio Indians
241
The
Logstown
Treaty of
1748 241
Conrad
Weiser
takes service with Virginia
241
Plans for an Indian treaty at
Fredericksburg, 1750 241
Failure of Weiser s mission to Onondaga
243
Repudiation by the Onondaga Council of the authority of
the Ohio Indians to alienate lands, September
1750 243
Pro-French influence at Onondaga
243
The Ohio Company s quest for land
245
Instructions to Christopher Gist
245
Gist s journey into the Ohio country, October
1750 245
Co-operation of George Croghan and Andrew Montour
of Pennsylvania
246
Ohio Indians invited to
Fredericksburg 246
Difficulties facing the Company
247
Death of Colonel Thomas Lee, November
1750 247
Lawrence Washington in control
247
Efforts to bring Pennsylvania Germans to the Company
lands on the Ohio
247
The Virginia church establishment as a barrier to coloni¬
zation
247
Washington s plan to overcome this
247
The laying out of the road to the Youghiogheny
247
XXXIV CONTENTS
Gist s second trip to the Ohio, November
1751 248
Investigation of lands to the south of the Ohio
248
Logstown
Treaty of
1752 248
The plans for a treaty at
Fredericksburg
laid aside
248
The appointment of Indian commissioners
249
The role of Christopher Gist
250
Supports the Ohio Company interests
250
The Company not represented on the Indian Commission
or on the Assembly committee on instructions
251
Rivals of it in control of Indian negotiations
251
Significant nature of the presents provided for the treaty
252
Relation of this treaty to that at Lancaster,
1744 253
Dispute over the agreement of
1744 253
Extent of lands alienated at Lancaster
253
Agreement of the Indians to permit the building of a fort
254
The question of the settlement of the lands to the south of
the Ohio
254
Objections of the Indians temporarily removed
254
Pickawillany and Virginia
255
Trent and Montour sent to the town with presents,
1752 255
News of the disaster
255
Significance of the destruction of Pickawillany
255
Decline of English influence in the Ohio Valley
255
Trent and Montour at Lower Shawnee Town
256
The hoisting of the French colours
256
Unwillingness of Pennsylvania to aid the Shawnee
256
The Ohio Company after the
Logstown
Treaty
256
Plans to take up its grant in different surveys
257
Emphasis upon good lands
257
Its petition to the Governor s Council denied
257
Difficulty in securing a surveyor s commission
257
Overlapping claims of rival companies
257
The aggressive actions of the Blair or Russell Company
258
Determination to appropriate the lands about the
lower Monongahela
259
The Lewis survey of
1753 259
CONTENTS XXXV
The second petition to the Crown of the Ohio Company,
1753 260
Vast stretch of land now requested
260
Plans to submerge rival companies
260
Offer to settle three hundred families and to build two
forts
261
Failure of the Company to secure the desired grant
261
Opposition of rival companies
261
The memorial of the House of Burgesses, November
1753 261
Request for small individual grants free of obligations
262
Attack on the large grants
263
The order of the Lords of the Committee of Council, July
1754 263
Limitation on large grants west of the mountains
263
The Company and the Pennsylvania Proprietors
264
Negotiations between Hanbury and Thomas Penn
264
Agreement of
1754 264
Hanbury s refusal to deliver the papers
264
The Company and the continued hostility of the Pennsyl¬
vania traders
265
Virginia prepares for defence of her Ohio claims
265
Military supplies ordered,
1750
and
1752 265
The establishment of four military districts, November
1752 265
The appeal to England for cannon for the defence of the
Ohio, December
1752 266
The application before the Ordnance Board and the
Board of Trade
266
The granting of ordnance stores,
1753 266
The setting aside of
200,000
acres of Ohio lands as sol¬
dier bounties
267
Activities on the Ohio
267
The opening up of the road from the Potomac,
1752 267
Christopher Gist s New Settlement
268
Construction of the Redstone Creek supply house
268
The seating of the New River and Holston River regions
268
XXXVI CONTENTS
Chapter IX
THE COLLAPSE OF THE ENGLISH TRANS-
APPALACHIAN MOVEMENT
The new French policy under Duquesne
269
The rebel Indian groups not to be harassed
269
The English traders to be driven from the Ohio Valley
269
Indians of the Ohio to go without interference to the Eng¬
lish settlements
269
The French posts to be well supplied with goods
269
The Iroquois Confederation denied rights in the Ohio
country
270
Plan for a new expedition to the Ohio and for the building
of forts
270
Opposition of the French Minister to the building of forts
270
Duquesne nevertheless given full powers to act
270
The Lake Erie expedition of
1753 271
Shortage of food supplies in Canada
271
Requisition of flour by force
271
The arrival of French troops at Chautauqua River, April
1753 271
The plan for a fort there dropped
271
Marin in
command
271
Exploration of the southern shore of Lake Erie
271
Presqu Isle chosen as the new site for a fort
271
French troops on Lake Erie
272
Exaggerations as to the numbers
272
Impression of their movements upon the Indians
272
Upon the Iroquois
272
Upon other tribes
273
The building of Fort Presqu Isle and
Fort Le Bœuf
273
Failure of the expedition to reach the Allegheny
274
The problems of low water, sickness, and inadequate food
supplies
274
CONTENTS
XXXVII
Return of most of the troops to Canada
274
The portage between Lake Erie and Lake Chautauqua
opened up
274
Results of French activities in
1753 275
Most of the Ohio Indians make peace with the French
275
Active assistance given by
Delawares,
Shawnee, and
Seneca
275
Submission of the revolting Miami
275
Demoralization of the French troops
275
The British colonies and the Ohio Valley,
1753 276
Attitude of the Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania
Assemblies
276
Demoralization of English trade
276
Ineffectiveness of the
Logstown
Treaty of
1752 277
Attitude of the Onondaga Council toward it
277
Efforts of the Virginia authorities to bring leaders of the
Six Nations to Winchester
277
Failure of Montour s mission
277
French trading houses built at
Logstown
278
Loyal Indians at
Logstown
appeal for ammunition
279
Captain Trent brings up supplies
279
Conduct of Major Russell
279
The
Logstown
conference of July-August
1753 280
The retreat of the English traders
281
The Winchester conference, September
1753 283
Virginia takes the place of Pennsylvania in the dynamics
of British policy relating to the Ohio
283
Twightwee,
Mingo,
Shawnee, and Wyandots present
283
Reversal of the policy of the Ohio Indians
284
Scarouady s speech
284
William Fairfax s negotiations
284
Pennsylvania sends Conrad
Weiser
to the Six Nations, Au¬
gust
1753 285
Failure to reach Onondaga
285
The Half King at
Fort Le Bœuf
286
His humiliating treatment
286
XXXVIII
CONTENTS
The Indian conference at Carlisle, October
1753 286
The abortive release of Ohio lands to Pennsylvania
287
The Old Town Indian appeal to Pennsylvania and Vir¬
ginia
287
The British government and the crisis in the Ohio Valley
288
The Lords of Trade warn Holderness, March
16,1753 289
Halifax s letter to the Cabinet Council of August
15 289
Holderness s circular letter of August
28 289
Was Virginia dragging the British Empire into war?
290
Governor Hamilton s letter of November
26 291
Where were the western limits of Pennsylvania?
292
Efforts to ascertain these limits
293
Activities of the Virginians
293
The Ohio Company and the building of its fort
293
The Shurtees Creek site selected
293
Dinwiddie seeks to have Clinton of New York assume the
initiative
294
Decision of the Virginia Council to send a final warning
to the French
295
Failure of the first messenger to deliver the warning
295
Washington s journey to
Fort Le Bœuf
296
Logstown
conference with the Indians
297
Failure to secure a proper escort
297
With Joncaire at Venango
298
Washington and St. Pierre
298
Failure of the mission
298
Plans for an expeditionary force to the Ohio
299
Efforts to employ the draft
299
Appeals to the neighbouring colonies
300
The House of Burgesses summoned
300
Dinwiddie s appeal to the Burgesses
301
Funds appropriated for the expedition
302
The Ohio Company
302
Completion of the Redstone strong-house
302
Decision to build the fort not at Shurtees Creek, but at
the forks
302
CONTENTS
ХХХІХ
Captain Trent and Christopher Gist at the forks
303
The Indian conference, February
17,1754 303
Preparations for the building of the fort
303
The problem of food supplies
304
The expeditionary army
304
The Virginia forces under Colonel Fry
304
Dinwiddie recommends that New York and New Eng¬
land make a feint toward Canada to relieve the pres¬
sure
304
Appeal to the Cherokee and the Catawba
305
Poor quality of the troops
306
Washington s departure with the vanguard, April
2, 1754 306
The French preparations
307
The departure of Chauvignerie for
Logstown
in
1753 307
Duquesne s determination to follow Marin s plans
307
Contrecœur
in command
308
The French force departs from
Le Bœuf
308
^t
the forks of the Ohio,
1754 308
Trent returns to the Virginia settlements for supplies
308
Ensign Ward in command
309
The arrival of the French, April
17 309
The surrender of the fort
309
The extent of English settlement at the collapse of the trans-
Appalachian movement
310
Ma,
I.
Florida
in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century.
A Portion of a Map of Georgia and Florida, by
Thomas Wright,
1763.
(Public Record Office.
Hulbert Collection.
)
Facing page
10
II.
РЫп
of St. Augustine and its Environs, made by Justly
Watson,
1743.
(British Museum. Hulbert Collec¬
tion.
)
Facing page
11
III. The Lower and Upper Creek Towns in the Middle of
the Eighteenth Century. A Portion of A Map of
the British and French Dominions in North Amer¬
ica, by Dr. John Mitchell,
1755.
Facing page
42
IV. Georgia in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century. A
Portion of A Map of the British and French Do¬
minions in North America, by Dr. John Mitchell,
1755.
Facing page
43
V. The Cherokee Towns in the Middle of the Eighteenth
Century. A Portion of A Map of the British and
French Dominions in North America, by Dr. John
Mitchell,
1755.
Facing page
58
VI. The Chickasaw Country and Some of the Choctaw
Towns in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century.
A Portion of A Map of the British and French Do¬
minions in North America, by Dr. John Mitchell,
1755.
Facing page
106
VII.
Plan
de la Nouvelle
Orleans. (Paris
Serv. Hyd.
Kar¬
pinski
Collection. New York Public Library.)
Facing page
107
xlii
maps
VIII.
Carte
de la Louisiane,
by
Jean Baptiste d Anville.
Dressée en Mai
1732.
Publiée en
1752.
(Atlas
d Anville.)
Facing page
122
IX.
Phn des différents Villages François dans le Pays des
Illynois avec une Partie de la Rivière
Mississipi
et
des Confluents des Fleuves Missouri et Illynois.
(Paris,
Serv. Hyd.
Karpinski Collection. New
York Public
Library.)
Facing page
123
X. The Ohio
Valley
and Lake Erie Regions in the Middle
of the Eighteenth Century. A Portion of A Gen¬
eral Map of the Middle British Colonies, by Lewis
Evans,
1755.
Facing page
188
XL Survey for John Blair and Company, by Andrew
Lewis. (Reproduced from Kegley s Virginia
Frontier.
)
Facing page
250
|
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| spellingShingle | Gipson, Lawrence Henry 1880-1971 The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_auth | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_exact_search | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_full | The British Empire before the American revolution 4. Zones of international friction.North America, South of the Great Lakes region 1748-1754.3.print.1967.XLVIII, 312, XLIV S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
| title_fullStr | The British Empire before the American revolution 4. Zones of international friction.North America, South of the Great Lakes region 1748-1754.3.print.1967.XLVIII, 312, XLIV S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
| title_full_unstemmed | The British Empire before the American revolution 4. Zones of international friction.North America, South of the Great Lakes region 1748-1754.3.print.1967.XLVIII, 312, XLIV S. by Lawrence Henry Gipson |
| title_short | The British Empire before the American revolution |
| title_sort | the british empire before the american revolution |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002374187&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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